LINUX ADMINISTRATION GUIDE

Shadow Password Suite

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Thu, 21 Jan 2010 03:50:00 +0000

It has all the commands used for managing Linux users and groups. Red Hat Linux uses this suite to provide additional security apart from the encrypted passwords in the /etc/shadow and /etc/gshadow files.

The encrypted password files have more restrictive permissions as compared to /etc/password or /etc/group; and only root user is allowed to view these files, as they are not writable by default.

However these additional efforts from Red-Hat may not do much good unless users select and Administrators allot strong passwords to users. One similar program named “CRACK” can be used to check the strength of the password. A version of it is available as part of the cracklib* RPM package.

Simple passwords based on the dictionary words or simple recognizable pattern such as abcd can be easily decipher with the password-cracking program within minutes. A strong password should comprise upper and lower case letters and numbers, such a password can take upto weeks for some program to decipher. Example

“I ran a mile in 3 minute on Wednesday”

“Irani3moW”- can be your password

Two commands can be used for converting user passwords in the shadow passwords suite:-

1. pwconv:-

It converts a password already existing /etc/passwd and replaces it by “x”; the encrypted username and other information are transferred to the /etc/shadow file.

If new users are added by editing /etc/passwd file, run this command again. This works even if other passwords are already encrypted in /etc/shadow.

2. pwunconv:-

It transfers password back to /etc/passwd and deletes the /etc/shadow file. Be careful using it because it also deletes any password-aging information otherwise saved in /etc/shadow.

Installing Thunderbird E-mail client on Red-hat/CentOS Linux

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Wed, 16 Dec 2009 15:41:00 +0000

Mozilla thunderbird 2 is a full featured email, RSS and newsgroup client which manages your e-mails making it safer, faster and easier than ever before and it is more powerful than ever.

The key features which differentiate “Mozilla Thunderbird” from others are-
Adaptive junk mail controls, saved search folders, global inbox support, message grouping, mail migration from other mail clients, search with filtering tools, tabbed e-mail messages, smart folders, column headings, activity manager, improved address book, gmail integration and much more.

This installation is suitable for all the Linux platforms.

Download the Thunderbird
visit here download Thunderbird

Simply copy the downloaded file to your desktop

Lets first install it as a user "Ankit" under his home directory which is /home/Ankit . open the X terminal and type the following command in it

# cd /home/Ankit/Desktop
# tar -zxvf thunderbird-2.0.0.23.tar.gz
"It will untar the thunderbird download for you and you get output as shown under"-

thunderbird/

thunderbird/removed-files

thunderbird/chrome/

thunderbird/chrome/installed-chrome.txt

thunderbird/chrome/en-US.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/en-US.jar

thunderbird/chrome/toolkit.jar

thunderbird/chrome/comm.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/comm.jar

thunderbird/chrome/toolkit.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/classic.jar

thunderbird/chrome/classic.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/pippki.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/pippki.jar

thunderbird/chrome/messenger.jar

thunderbird/chrome/icons/

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/abcardWindow.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/addressbookWindow.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/msgcomposeWindow.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/abcardWindow16.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/addressbookWindow16.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow16.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/msgcomposeWindow16.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/US.jar

thunderbird/chrome/newsblog.jar

thunderbird/chrome/messenger.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/newsblog.manifest

thunderbird/components/

thunderbird/components/xpcom_base.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_ds.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_io.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_components.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_threads.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_xpti.xpt

thunderbird/components/proxyObjInst.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_obsolete.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpconnect.xpt

thunderbird/components/unicharutil.xpt

thunderbird/components/uconv.xpt

thunderbird/components/locale.xpt

thunderbird/components/intl.xpt

thunderbird/components/lwbrk.xpt

thunderbird/components/chardet.xpt

thunderbird/components/storage.xpt

thunderbird/components/libjsd.so

thunderbird/components/jsdservice.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsProxyAutoConfig.js

thunderbird/components/necko_cookie.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_dns.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_socket.xpt

thunderbird/components/mimetype.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_strconv.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_cache.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_about.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_data.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_res.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_file.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_http.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_viewsource.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_ftp.xpt

thunderbird/components/libjar50.so

thunderbird/components/jar.xpt

thunderbird/components/uriloader.xpt

thunderbird/components/exthandler.xpt

thunderbird/components/prefetch.xpt

thunderbird/components/pref.xpt

thunderbird/components/caps.xpt

thunderbird/components/rdf.xpt

thunderbird/components/saxparser.xpt

thunderbird/components/htmlparser.xpt

thunderbird/components/gfx.xpt

thunderbird/components/imglib2.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_base.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_canvas.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_core.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_html.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_events.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_stylesheets.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_views.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_css.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_sidebar.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_traversal.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_range.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_xbl.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_xpath.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_loadsave.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_xul.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_storage.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom.xpt

thunderbird/components/widget.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_base.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_html.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_htmldoc.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_xmldoc.xpt

thunderbird/components/xuldoc.xpt

thunderbird/components/xultmpl.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_xslt.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_xtf.xpt

thunderbird/components/layout_base.xpt

thunderbird/components/layout_printing.xpt

thunderbird/components/layout_xul.xpt

thunderbird/components/layout_xul_tree.xpt

thunderbird/components/inspector.xpt

thunderbird/components/shistory.xpt

thunderbird/components/docshell.xpt

thunderbird/components/webshell_idls.xpt

thunderbird/components/embed_base.xpt

thunderbird/components/windowwatcher.xpt

thunderbird/components/find.xpt

thunderbird/components/webbrowserpersist.xpt

thunderbird/components/commandhandler.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsHelperAppDlg.js

thunderbird/components/progressDlg.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsProgressDialog.js

thunderbird/components/jsconsole.xpt

thunderbird/components/webBrowser_core.xpt

thunderbird/components/editor.xpt

thunderbird/components/txtsvc.xpt

thunderbird/components/txmgr.xpt

thunderbird/components/composer.xpt

thunderbird/components/appshell.xpt

thunderbird/components/accessibility-atk.xpt

thunderbird/components/accessibility.xpt

thunderbird/components/chrome.xpt

thunderbird/components/profile.xpt

thunderbird/components/mozbrwsr.xpt

thunderbird/components/mozfind.xpt

thunderbird/components/windowds.xpt

thunderbird/components/filepicker.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsFilePicker.js

thunderbird/components/xpautocomplete.xpt

thunderbird/components/jsconsole-clhandler.js

thunderbird/components/history.xpt

thunderbird/components/bookmarks.xpt

thunderbird/components/toolkitremote.xpt

thunderbird/components/urlformatter.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsURLFormatter.js

thunderbird/components/alerts.xpt

thunderbird/components/fastfind.xpt

thunderbird/components/autocomplete.xpt

thunderbird/components/feeds.xpt

thunderbird/components/FeedProcessor.js

thunderbird/components/downloads.xpt

thunderbird/components/url-classifier.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierTable.js

thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierLib.js

thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierListManager.js

thunderbird/components/commandlines.xpt

thunderbird/components/appstartup.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsCloseAllWindows.js

thunderbird/components/nsDefaultCLH.js

thunderbird/components/toolkitprofile.xpt

thunderbird/components/xulapp.xpt

thunderbird/components/extensions.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsExtensionManager.js

thunderbird/components/update.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsUpdateService.js

thunderbird/components/xpinstall.xpt

thunderbird/components/libxpinstall.so

thunderbird/components/pipboot.xpt

thunderbird/components/pipnss.xpt

thunderbird/components/pippki.xpt

thunderbird/components/mozldap.xpt

thunderbird/components/libmozgnome.so

thunderbird/components/mozgnome.xpt

thunderbird/components/mailnews.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgbase.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgsearch.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgdb.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgnews.xpt

thunderbird/components/msglocal.xpt

thunderbird/components/mime.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgcompose.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgimap.xpt

thunderbird/components/addrbook.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsLDAPPrefsService.js

thunderbird/components/nsAbLDAPAttributeMap.js

thunderbird/components/import.xpt

thunderbird/components/impComm4xMail.xpt

thunderbird/components/mdn-service.js

thunderbird/components/mailview.xpt

thunderbird/components/offlineStartup.js

thunderbird/components/msgsmime.xpt

thunderbird/components/smime-service.js

thunderbird/components/wallet.xpt

thunderbird/components/walleteditor.xpt

thunderbird/components/signonviewer.xpt

thunderbird/components/walletpreview.xpt

thunderbird/components/libspellchecker.so

thunderbird/components/spellchecker.xpt

thunderbird/components/libmyspell.so

thunderbird/components/autoconfig.xpt

thunderbird/components/websrvcs.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsInterfaceInfoToIDL.js

thunderbird/components/nsComposerCmdLineHandler.js

thunderbird/components/mailprofilemigration.xpt

thunderbird/components/shellservice.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsSetDefaultMail.js

thunderbird/components/nsMailDefaultHandler.js

thunderbird/components/nsPhishingProtectionApplication.js

thunderbird/components/newsblog.js

thunderbird/defaults/

thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/

thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/prefcalls.js

thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/platform.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/

thunderbird/defaults/pref/mdn.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/smime.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/mailnews.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/thunderbird-branding.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/composer.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/all-l10n.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/all-thunderbird.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/channel-prefs.js

thunderbird/defaults/messenger/

thunderbird/defaults/messenger/mailViews.dat

thunderbird/defaults/messenger/US/

thunderbird/defaults/messenger/US/mailViews.dat

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/DistinguishedSchema.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/FieldSchema.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/VcardSchema.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/SchemaConcat.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/SchemaStrings.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/PositionalSchema.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/StateSchema.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/profile/

thunderbird/defaults/profile/mimeTypes.rdf

thunderbird/defaults/profile/localstore.rdf

thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/

thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/mimeTypes.rdf

thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/localstore.rdf

thunderbird/defaults/profile/prefs.js

thunderbird/dependentlibs.list

thunderbird/dictionaries/

thunderbird/dictionaries/en-US.dic

thunderbird/dictionaries/en-US.aff

thunderbird/extensions/

thunderbird/extensions/{972ce4c6-7e08-4474-a285-3208198ce6fd}/

thunderbird/extensions/{972ce4c6-7e08-4474-a285-3208198ce6fd}/install.rdf

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/chrome.manifest

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/XTalkback.ad

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/talkback.so

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/master.ini

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/talkback

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/libqfaservices.so

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/qfaservices.xpt

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/install.rdf

thunderbird/greprefs/

thunderbird/greprefs/security-prefs.js

thunderbird/greprefs/all.js

thunderbird/greprefs/xpinstall.js

thunderbird/icons/

thunderbird/icons/mozicon50.xpm

thunderbird/icons/mozicon16.xpm

thunderbird/init.d/

thunderbird/init.d/README

thunderbird/isp/

thunderbird/isp/SpamAssassin.sfd

thunderbird/isp/SpamPal.sfd

thunderbird/isp/movemail.rdf

thunderbird/isp/en-US/

thunderbird/isp/en-US/gmail.rdf

thunderbird/isp/rss.rdf

thunderbird/libfreebl3.chk

thunderbird/libfreebl3.so

thunderbird/libldap50.so

thunderbird/libmozjs.so

thunderbird/libnspr4.so

thunderbird/libnss3.so

thunderbird/libnssckbi.so

thunderbird/libnssdbm3.so

thunderbird/libnssutil3.so

thunderbird/libplc4.so

thunderbird/libplds4.so

thunderbird/libprldap50.so

thunderbird/libsmime3.so

thunderbird/libsoftokn3.chk

thunderbird/libsoftokn3.so

thunderbird/libsqlite3.so

thunderbird/libssl3.so

thunderbird/libxpcom_compat.so

thunderbird/libxpcom_core.so

thunderbird/libxpcom.so

thunderbird/libxpistub.so

thunderbird/license.html

thunderbird/LICENSE.txt

thunderbird/mozilla-installer-bin

thunderbird/mozilla-xremote-client

thunderbird/README.txt

thunderbird/res/

thunderbird/res/entityTables/

thunderbird/res/entityTables/htmlEntityVersions.properties

thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Latin1.properties

thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Symbols.properties

thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Special.properties

thunderbird/res/entityTables/transliterate.properties

thunderbird/res/charsetalias.properties

thunderbird/res/charsetData.properties

thunderbird/res/unixcharset.properties

thunderbird/res/langGroups.properties

thunderbird/res/language.properties

thunderbird/res/sample.unixpsfonts.properties

thunderbird/res/fonts/

thunderbird/res/fonts/fontEncoding.properties

thunderbird/res/fonts/pangoFontEncoding.properties

thunderbird/res/hiddenWindow.html

thunderbird/res/dtd/

thunderbird/res/dtd/xhtml11.dtd

thunderbird/res/forms.css

thunderbird/res/ua.css

thunderbird/res/html.css

thunderbird/res/quirk.css

thunderbird/res/broken-image.gif

thunderbird/res/EditorOverride.css

thunderbird/res/grabber.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-column-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-column-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-column.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-row-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-row-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-row.gif

thunderbird/run-mozilla.sh

thunderbird/thunderbird

thunderbird/thunderbird-bin

thunderbird/updater

thunderbird/updater.ini

thunderbird/updates/

thunderbird/updates/0/

thunderbird/xpicleanup

thats itYour software is successfully installed now. To start the thunderbird mail client, enter:

#cd thunderbird

# ./thunderbird

Now you are ready to use it. But if you like to install it for everyone loging on to Linux server you can do it with the root user account.
You will need to install the thunderbird in /opt directory. Login as root user

#cd /opt
#mkdir thunderbird
#cd thunderbird
#cp /home/Ankit/Desktop/Thunderbird-2.0.0.23.tar.gz /opt/thunderbird

#tar -zxvf Thunderbird-2.0.0.23.tar.gz

thunderbird/
thunderbird/removed-files
thunderbird/chrome/
thunderbird/chrome/installed-chrome.txt
thunderbird/chrome/en-US.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/en-US.jar
thunderbird/chrome/toolkit.jar
thunderbird/chrome/comm.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/comm.jar
thunderbird/chrome/toolkit.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/classic.jar
thunderbird/chrome/classic.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/pippki.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/pippki.jar
thunderbird/chrome/messenger.jar
thunderbird/chrome/icons/
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/abcardWindow.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/addressbookWindow.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/msgcomposeWindow.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/abcardWindow16.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/addressbookWindow16.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow16.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/msgcomposeWindow16.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/US.jar
thunderbird/chrome/newsblog.jar
thunderbird/chrome/messenger.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/newsblog.manifest
thunderbird/components/
thunderbird/components/xpcom_base.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_ds.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_io.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_components.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_threads.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_xpti.xpt
thunderbird/components/proxyObjInst.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_obsolete.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpconnect.xpt
thunderbird/components/unicharutil.xpt
thunderbird/components/uconv.xpt
thunderbird/components/locale.xpt
thunderbird/components/intl.xpt
thunderbird/components/lwbrk.xpt
thunderbird/components/chardet.xpt
thunderbird/components/storage.xpt
thunderbird/components/libjsd.so
thunderbird/components/jsdservice.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsProxyAutoConfig.js
thunderbird/components/necko_cookie.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_dns.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_socket.xpt
thunderbird/components/mimetype.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_strconv.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_cache.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_about.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_data.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_res.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_file.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_http.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_viewsource.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_ftp.xpt
thunderbird/components/libjar50.so
thunderbird/components/jar.xpt
thunderbird/components/uriloader.xpt
thunderbird/components/exthandler.xpt
thunderbird/components/prefetch.xpt
thunderbird/components/pref.xpt
thunderbird/components/caps.xpt
thunderbird/components/rdf.xpt
thunderbird/components/saxparser.xpt
thunderbird/components/htmlparser.xpt
thunderbird/components/gfx.xpt
thunderbird/components/imglib2.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_base.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_canvas.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_core.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_html.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_events.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_stylesheets.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_views.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_css.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_sidebar.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_traversal.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_range.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_xbl.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_xpath.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_loadsave.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_xul.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_storage.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom.xpt
thunderbird/components/widget.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_base.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_html.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_htmldoc.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_xmldoc.xpt
thunderbird/components/xuldoc.xpt
thunderbird/components/xultmpl.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_xslt.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_xtf.xpt
thunderbird/components/layout_base.xpt
thunderbird/components/layout_printing.xpt
thunderbird/components/layout_xul.xpt
thunderbird/components/layout_xul_tree.xpt
thunderbird/components/inspector.xpt
thunderbird/components/shistory.xpt
thunderbird/components/docshell.xpt
thunderbird/components/webshell_idls.xpt
thunderbird/components/embed_base.xpt
thunderbird/components/windowwatcher.xpt
thunderbird/components/find.xpt
thunderbird/components/webbrowserpersist.xpt
thunderbird/components/commandhandler.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsHelperAppDlg.js
thunderbird/components/progressDlg.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsProgressDialog.js
thunderbird/components/jsconsole.xpt
thunderbird/components/webBrowser_core.xpt
thunderbird/components/editor.xpt
thunderbird/components/txtsvc.xpt
thunderbird/components/txmgr.xpt
thunderbird/components/composer.xpt
thunderbird/components/appshell.xpt
thunderbird/components/accessibility-atk.xpt
thunderbird/components/accessibility.xpt
thunderbird/components/chrome.xpt
thunderbird/components/profile.xpt
thunderbird/components/mozbrwsr.xpt
thunderbird/components/mozfind.xpt
thunderbird/components/windowds.xpt
thunderbird/components/filepicker.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsFilePicker.js
thunderbird/components/xpautocomplete.xpt
thunderbird/components/jsconsole-clhandler.js
thunderbird/components/history.xpt
thunderbird/components/bookmarks.xpt
thunderbird/components/toolkitremote.xpt
thunderbird/components/urlformatter.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsURLFormatter.js
thunderbird/components/alerts.xpt
thunderbird/components/fastfind.xpt
thunderbird/components/autocomplete.xpt
thunderbird/components/feeds.xpt
thunderbird/components/FeedProcessor.js
thunderbird/components/downloads.xpt
thunderbird/components/url-classifier.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierTable.js
thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierLib.js
thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierListManager.js
thunderbird/components/commandlines.xpt
thunderbird/components/appstartup.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsCloseAllWindows.js
thunderbird/components/nsDefaultCLH.js
thunderbird/components/toolkitprofile.xpt
thunderbird/components/xulapp.xpt
thunderbird/components/extensions.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsExtensionManager.js
thunderbird/components/update.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsUpdateService.js
thunderbird/components/xpinstall.xpt
thunderbird/components/libxpinstall.so
thunderbird/components/pipboot.xpt
thunderbird/components/pipnss.xpt
thunderbird/components/pippki.xpt
thunderbird/components/mozldap.xpt
thunderbird/components/libmozgnome.so
thunderbird/components/mozgnome.xpt
thunderbird/components/mailnews.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgbase.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgsearch.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgdb.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgnews.xpt
thunderbird/components/msglocal.xpt
thunderbird/components/mime.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgcompose.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgimap.xpt
thunderbird/components/addrbook.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsLDAPPrefsService.js
thunderbird/components/nsAbLDAPAttributeMap.js
thunderbird/components/import.xpt
thunderbird/components/impComm4xMail.xpt
thunderbird/components/mdn-service.js
thunderbird/components/mailview.xpt
thunderbird/components/offlineStartup.js
thunderbird/components/msgsmime.xpt
thunderbird/components/smime-service.js
thunderbird/components/wallet.xpt
thunderbird/components/walleteditor.xpt
thunderbird/components/signonviewer.xpt
thunderbird/components/walletpreview.xpt
thunderbird/components/libspellchecker.so
thunderbird/components/spellchecker.xpt
thunderbird/components/libmyspell.so
thunderbird/components/autoconfig.xpt
thunderbird/components/websrvcs.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsInterfaceInfoToIDL.js
thunderbird/components/nsComposerCmdLineHandler.js
thunderbird/components/mailprofilemigration.xpt
thunderbird/components/shellservice.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsSetDefaultMail.js
thunderbird/components/nsMailDefaultHandler.js
thunderbird/components/nsPhishingProtectionApplication.js
thunderbird/components/newsblog.js
thunderbird/defaults/
thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/
thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/prefcalls.js
thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/platform.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/
thunderbird/defaults/pref/mdn.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/smime.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/mailnews.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/thunderbird-branding.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/composer.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/all-l10n.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/all-thunderbird.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/channel-prefs.js
thunderbird/defaults/messenger/
thunderbird/defaults/messenger/mailViews.dat
thunderbird/defaults/messenger/US/
thunderbird/defaults/messenger/US/mailViews.dat
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/DistinguishedSchema.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/FieldSchema.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/VcardSchema.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/SchemaConcat.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/SchemaStrings.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/PositionalSchema.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/StateSchema.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/profile/
thunderbird/defaults/profile/mimeTypes.rdf
thunderbird/defaults/profile/localstore.rdf
thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/
thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/mimeTypes.rdf
thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/localstore.rdf
thunderbird/defaults/profile/prefs.js
thunderbird/dependentlibs.list
thunderbird/dictionaries/
thunderbird/dictionaries/en-US.dic
thunderbird/dictionaries/en-US.aff
thunderbird/extensions/
thunderbird/extensions/{972ce4c6-7e08-4474-a285-3208198ce6fd}/
thunderbird/extensions/{972ce4c6-7e08-4474-a285-3208198ce6fd}/install.rdf
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/chrome.manifest
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/XTalkback.ad
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/talkback.so
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/master.ini
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/talkback
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/libqfaservices.so
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/qfaservices.xpt
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/install.rdf
thunderbird/greprefs/
thunderbird/greprefs/security-prefs.js
thunderbird/greprefs/all.js
thunderbird/greprefs/xpinstall.js
thunderbird/icons/
thunderbird/icons/mozicon50.xpm
thunderbird/icons/mozicon16.xpm
thunderbird/init.d/
thunderbird/init.d/README
thunderbird/isp/
thunderbird/isp/SpamAssassin.sfd
thunderbird/isp/SpamPal.sfd
thunderbird/isp/movemail.rdf
thunderbird/isp/en-US/
thunderbird/isp/en-US/gmail.rdf
thunderbird/isp/rss.rdf
thunderbird/libfreebl3.chk
thunderbird/libfreebl3.so
thunderbird/libldap50.so
thunderbird/libmozjs.so
thunderbird/libnspr4.so
thunderbird/libnss3.so
thunderbird/libnssckbi.so
thunderbird/libnssdbm3.so
thunderbird/libnssutil3.so
thunderbird/libplc4.so
thunderbird/libplds4.so
thunderbird/libprldap50.so
thunderbird/libsmime3.so
thunderbird/libsoftokn3.chk
thunderbird/libsoftokn3.so
thunderbird/libsqlite3.so
thunderbird/libssl3.so
thunderbird/libxpcom_compat.so
thunderbird/libxpcom_core.so
thunderbird/libxpcom.so
thunderbird/libxpistub.so
thunderbird/license.html
thunderbird/LICENSE.txt
thunderbird/mozilla-installer-bin
thunderbird/mozilla-xremote-client
thunderbird/README.txt
thunderbird/res/
thunderbird/res/entityTables/
thunderbird/res/entityTables/htmlEntityVersions.properties
thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Latin1.properties
thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Symbols.properties
thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Special.properties
thunderbird/res/entityTables/transliterate.properties
thunderbird/res/charsetalias.properties
thunderbird/res/charsetData.properties
thunderbird/res/unixcharset.properties
thunderbird/res/langGroups.properties
thunderbird/res/language.properties
thunderbird/res/sample.unixpsfonts.properties
thunderbird/res/fonts/
thunderbird/res/fonts/fontEncoding.properties
thunderbird/res/fonts/pangoFontEncoding.properties
thunderbird/res/hiddenWindow.html
thunderbird/res/dtd/
thunderbird/res/dtd/xhtml11.dtd
thunderbird/res/forms.css
thunderbird/res/ua.css
thunderbird/res/html.css
thunderbird/res/quirk.css
thunderbird/res/broken-image.gif
thunderbird/res/EditorOverride.css
thunderbird/res/grabber.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-column-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-column-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-column.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-row-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-row-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-row.gif
thunderbird/run-mozilla.sh
thunderbird/thunderbird
thunderbird/thunderbird-bin
thunderbird/updater
thunderbird/updater.ini
thunderbird/updates/
thunderbird/updates/0/
thunderbird/xpicleanup

Now to start the thunderbird enter:
# cd /opt/thunderbird/thunderbird
# ./thunderbird

You can simply create a icon to launch the Mozilla Thunderbird from your desktop.

Simply Right click on your desktop
Select Create Launcher
Fill the necessary details as follows:

Set name to : Thunderbird
Set command to : /opt/thunderbird/thunderbird
Set comment to : My Email Client
Hit OK to create an ICON

Bash(bourne again shell)

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Mon, 30 Nov 2009 07:04:00 +0000

The bourne again shell(bash) is a user interface for the Linux operating system. Bash can be used to run program, manage files, interact with hardware through the Linux kernel. Shell such as bash are also known as command line interpreters in which a user inputs the commands and it responses to specific command such as ls, cd or cp. Linux is case sensitive. The main advantages of bash is it keeps history of the previous commands and completes a longer command with ease.

Features:-

1.Interactivity And History
Allows to run through previous and current commands use basic keys such as the home, arrow keys, Use the up and down keys to repeat the previous commands.
Other way is if you remember first letter of recent command use the exclamation point(!) followed by character to recall the earlier command.

2. Command Completion
The bash shell allows you to complete command by only partly typing it and using the . For example. To use ypdomainname command to find the NIS domain name for your system, type

#ypd

Now when you press tab key it completes the command for you. If there is more than one command starting with ypd, press again, to see list of these commands.

umask

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Thu, 26 Nov 2009 02:22:00 +0000

As Linux has the permission for all files and directories and each user can use a file according to the permissions assigned to him. This is increases the security feature of the Linux and make it more suitable for secure computing over the web.

Now when you create a new file or directory, the permissions you get depends on the value of what is known as the umask. Just simply type the umask at the command-line interface and notice the numeric masked value of the permissions:

#umask
0022
This number gives the values of the permission but in order to understand this you need to have the clear idea of the numeric value of the permissions. The first number (0) in the umask is currently unused. So this means the actual umask is 022.

Now if everyone has the permissions to your files and directory i.e read, write and execute so it corresponds to the number 7(r+w+x = 4+2+1). If you apply it to all the users than it corresponds to 777.

By convention the permission of 777 corresponds to the umask of 000. But However, umask does not allow to configure execute(x=1) permissions on any file. Now if we again consider the 022 value it will correspond to the permission of 644(rw+w+w does"t provide execute permission), or rw-r--r--; this means the owner has the read and write permissions, the member of the group that own the file have read permissions, and all others users have read permissions.

About LDAP

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Tue, 10 Nov 2009 14:28:00 +0000

LDAP stands for Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. It is application protocol used for querying and modifying the directory services which run over TCP/IP. The LDAP is used by programs like e-mail and other programs to look an information from a server. "LDAP-aware" client programs are used to query the LDAP servers to look up the desired entries in a number of ways. LDAP servers indexes all the data in their entries, and the "filters" are used to select the desired data and return the desired information only.

Take an example translated in the plain english- "Search for all the people located in washington whose name contain "john" that have the e-mail address . Return their full name, contact number, description, e-mail, title and work-profile.

LDAP are used for the encryption certificates, pointers to printers and other services available over the network. LDAP can be used for any kind of directory-like information, where you require the fast lookups and less-frequent updates.

As LDAP is a protocol, LDAP doesn"t define how the programs work on either the client or server side what It defines is the "language" used by client programs to talk to servers (and servers to servers).It is possible that on the client side, a client may be an email program, a printer browser, or an address book. LDAP doesn"t includes the security or encryption, so updates usually requires the additional protection such as an encrypted SSL(Secure Shell) connection to the LDAP server.

LDAP also defines: Permissions, which are set by the administrator to allow only certain group of people to access the LDAP database, and optionally keep certain data private.

The LDAP server daemon is refered as Slapd. Slapd supports a variety of different database backends which can be used with it.

These includes the primary choice BDB, which is a high-performance transactional database backend; LDBM, a lightweight DBM based backend; SHELL, a backend interface to arbitrary shell scripts and PASSWD, a simple backend interface to the passwd file.

Linux ARP And Commands

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Mon, 09 Nov 2009 13:11:00 +0000

The (ARP) stands for Address Resolution Protocol. The ARP work is to define the define the network interfaces connected to an ethernet media segment (hardware addresses) to map an IP address (logical addresses assigned to machines) to a link layer address which it do on demand. The link layer address is the correct term although it is interchangeably used with Ethernet addresses, Media Access Control (MAC) addresses.

ARP is commonly used to translate the protocol addresses to hardware interface addresses. Modifying the ARP cache can change which interfaces handles the specific requests. ARP cache entries may be marked with the following flags:
C (complete), M (permanent), and P (publish)

While arp can create a proxy for a single system, subnet proxies can be handled by the arp kernel module.

arp [-evn] [-H type] [-i if] -a [hostname]
arp [-v] [-i if] -d hostname [pub]
arp [-v] [-H type] [-i if] -s hostname hw_addr [temp]
arp [-v] [-H type] [-i if] -s hostname hw_addr [netmask nm] pub
arp [-v] [-H type] [-i if] -Ds hostname ifa [netmask nm] pub
arp [-vnD] [-H type] [-i if] -f [filename]

-a [hosts] , --display [hosts] It displays the entries for hosts, if none of them are specified, all entries.

-d host [pub] , --delete host [pub] Removes the specified host's entry. To delete a proxy entry, add the pub argument and specify the interface associated with the proxy using -i.

-D, --use-device Use the hardware address associated with the specified interface. This may be used with -s when creating a proxy entry.

-f file, --file file Read the entries from a file and add them.

-H type, --hw-type type, -t type Search for type entries when examining the ARP cache. type is usually ether (Ethernet), which is the default, but may be ax25 (AX.25 packet radio), arcnet (ARCnet), pronet (PROnet), or netrom (NET/ROM).

-i interface, --device interface Select an interface. If you need to dump the ARP cache, this option will cause the command to display the entries using that interface. When setting entries, this will cause the interface to be associated with that entry. If you do not use this option when setting an entry, the kernel will guess.

-n, --numeric Display host IP addresses instead of their domain names.

-s host hardware-address [netmask mask] [pub] , --set host hardware-address [pub] It Adds a permanent entry for host at hardware-address. A hardware-address for type ether hardware is 6 hexadecimal bytes, colon-separated. The pub argument can be used to set the publish flag, creating a proxy entry.

-v, --verbose Verbose mode.

Here are all the possible states for entries in the neighbor table.

Table 2.1. Active ARP cache entry states

ARP cache entry state	meaning	action if used
permanent	never expires; never verified	reset use counter
noarp	normal expiration; never verified	reset use counter
reachable	normal expiration	reset use counter
stale	still usable; needs verification	reset use counter; change state to delay
delay	schedule ARP request; needs verification	reset use counter
probe	sending ARP request	reset use counter
incomplete	first ARP request sent	send ARP request
failed	no response received	send ARP request

Understanding ext3 file system and its advantages

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 03:21:00 +0000

The ext2 file system of Linux is a well-tested subsystem and very well optimized. But as of now, the other file systems that were in there experimental stage when ext2 was created have optimized, tested, matured and have become available for Linux.

There are four file systems which one might consider to replace the aging ext2 with: ext3, ReiserFS, XFS, and JFS. All the four of these file systems offers features that might be tempting in various circumstances, but the most important enhancement offered by all the four is called journaling. Considering the Traditional file systems (such as ext2) must search through the directory structure and find the right place on disk to lay out the data, and then lay out the data. (Linux is capable of cache the whole process mentioned above, including the directory updates and thereby making the process faster to the user.)

The problem with this method is that in the event of an unexpected crash of Operating system due to some reasons, the fsck program has to go in and follow up on all of the files that are on the disk in order to make sure that they don’t contain any dangling references (for example, i-nodes that point to other, invalid i-nodes or data blocks). As the disks expands in size and shrink in price, the availability of these large capacity disks means more of us will have to deal with the aftermath of having to fsck a large disk. And anyone who had done that before can tell you, it isn’t fun. The process can take long time to complete, and that means downtime for your users, which is not exceptable in the organizations .

With journaling file systems, the new way of getting data out to disk, instead of finding the right place, the file system simply writes the data out in any order it can, as fast as it can. Each time, it logs the location of these data blocks.For eg:- You can think of it as being like using the same spiral notebook for multiple classes without prepartitioning the notebook. It would be wiser to simply take notes for each class in chronological order instead of grouping all of one class together. A journaled file system is like such a notebook, with the beginning of the notebook containing an index telling you which pages contain all the notes for a single class. Once the data is written, the file system can go move things around to make them optimal for reading without risking the integrity of the file.

This means to you as a system administrator is that the amount of time it takes for the disk to write out data is much less, while at the same time the safety of getting the data written out to disk quickly means that in the event of a system crash, you won’t need to run fsck exhaustively under pressure. Even when you do run fsck, it only has to check recently modified data, so instead of interminable times, you’ll find that the checks go very quickly.

So the last question arises, which of the four journaling systems should you choose? That is entirely up to you. But the only one we have discussed is ext3, which is the default file system in Red Hat Linux.

Concept of the i-Nodes and Superblocks in Linux/Unix System

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Thu, 29 Oct 2009 12:54:00 +0000

The fundamental building block of UNIX file systems (including Linux’s ext2/ext3) is the i-node. An i-node is a control structure that points either to the other i-nodes or to data blocks.

The control information in the i-node includes the file’s owner, permissions, size, time of last access, creation time, group ID, etc. ( the entire kernel data structure is available in /usr/src/linux/include/linux/ext3_fs.h—assuming, of course, that you have the source tree installed in the /usr/src directory.) The one thing that an i-node doesn"t keep is the file’s name.

While the directories themselves are special instances of the files. And this means that each directory gets an i-node, and further the i-node points to data blocks containing information (filenames and i-nodes) about the files in the directory. The i-nodes are used to provide the indirection so that more data blocks can be pointed to—which is reason why each i-node does not
contains the filename. (Only one i-node works as a representative for the entire file which contains the filename; thus it would be a waste of the space if every i-node contains the filename information.) Each indirect block can be used to point in turn to other indirect blocks if necessary.

Superblocks:-
The very first information which is read from a disk is its superblock. This small data structure reveals the several key pieces of the information, which includes the disk’s geometry, the amount of available space, and, most important of the all, the location of the first i-node. In the absence of a superblock, a file system is useless.

Something as important as the superblock cannot be left to the chance. Thus the Multiple copies of this data structure are scattered all over the disk to provide backup in case the one is damaged. Under the Linux’s ext2 file system, a superblock is placed after every group of blocks, which contains an i-nodes and data. One group consists of 8,192 blocks; thus this means the first redundant superblock is at 8193, the second at 16385, and so on.

Remote Shell: rsh

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Thu, 29 Oct 2009 02:56:00 +0000

As you might have seen with telnet, that you must enter a username and password in order to log on to another host. This may not work out well for those people who need to remotely log in to other hosts often . They want that the other host automatically to trust them so that when issued a remote login request, the system would allow them access without asking for a login and password.

The double-win has a feature like that and has the ability to automate tasks that require one host to invoke a program on another host.

To accommodate this in Linux, the rsh command was created. In its simplest form, specify the name of the host you wish to log in to, same as the way you would do for telnet. For example:
[rwhite@workbox rwhite]$ rsh gregory

If you have set up your configuration files so that gregory knows to trust you, the system will automatically give you a shell prompt. If the configuration file does not automatically trust you, you will need to enter your password again.

To set up the configuration file, edit the .rhosts file ( there is a period in front of the filename) in your home directory. Open the .rhosts file and create a line that looks like this:
host_to_trust your_username

And If you want to rsh from workbox to gregory without being prompted for a password, create the following file in an .rhosts file in your home directory on gregory:
workbox rwhite

And thats it you are ready to go!

The rsh enables you to login remotely at shell prompt of other server but than again there is a utility known as ssh(secure shell client). Just have a look at that too and than decide which one you would like to use.

Languages Internal/external to Oracle database and developers suite

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Wed, 21 Oct 2009 16:00:00 +0000

The SQL is a language which cannot be avoided in accessing a database but it can”t be used alone by itself to develop the applications as it does not have facilities for developing the user interfaces and lacks the procedural structures needed for manipulating rows individually.

PL/SQL is a proprietary language to Oracle. PL/SQL has the usual procedural constructs (such as conditional branching based on if-then-else and iterative looping) and facilities for user interface design. With the PL/SQL code calls can be embed to SQL. PL/SQL application have the ability to use SQL to retrieve one or more rows from the database, then perform various actions based on their content, and then issue more SQL to write rows back to the database.

The other languages are also available which run external to the database such as C or Java and also many 3GL languages can also be used. For most of the languages oracle provides the OCI (Oracle Call Interface) libraries which let the code written in these languages to connect to the database and invoke the SQL commands. But remember that these libraries are proprietary to the Oracle which means the code would run for oracle database only and would have to be rewritten for it to run on other database but Java applications can avoid this problem. So it is quite clear that many organizations will not want to use the 3GL to develop the applications for database. Due to this Oracle Corporation provides application development tools as part of the Oracle Developer Suite. With these tools the programmers can be far more productive than if they were working with a 3GL.

Linux text to speech festival

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Fri, 16 Oct 2009 04:03:00 +0000

About Festival:-
The festival is a application that lets you text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis in unix like system. Festival is basically a free software framework for the Unix Like system that can convert the plain tet into audible speech which you can hear from your speakers. The festival can work on Uni like system if configured through an rpm package while on RedHat/Centos you can simply install it via yum. Apart from this there are also other text to speech applications are available but as a beginner you can start with the festival. This text to speech reader can also be used in reading the pdf document by using applications like kpdf or adobe, so again you will not be needing to stare at your screen for reading a ebook or so just use this reader, it will do it all for you.

First check that if any festival package is installed or not just type the following command at your terminal:
# which festival

the above command shows that festival isn"t installed.

than just give the following command
#yum install festival

thats it you"re done, yum will now communicate with the repositories of CentOS and resolve all the dependencies and software for you.

Next just try playing a text with it with following command.
#echo "you have finally configured festival bookmark linuxadministrationguide site now" | festival --tts

Installing vlc player in Fedora/Red Hat/ CentOS

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 16:22:00 +0000

VLC Player:-
Video Lan is one of the most popular and famous media player which supoort various file types and can play almost ll types of file from .wmv, 3gp, mp3 and many others. VLC is also available for various linux. You can download it from here according to your distros and for fedora, Red Hat and CentOS you can simply download through yum by issuing the following command

# yum install vlc

Yum will download all the dependencies and relevant files which are needed for using the vlc. However, note that you cant open the vlc as the root user this is due to the security purposes. You must login through another user to use it and you should always login through a user always and use root account only when you don"t have other option.

Virtualization Grid Computing

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 08:46:00 +0000

The concept of the grid deals critically with the virtualization, which means that at all levels there exist a layer of the abstraction as to what is requested and what is provided(service).Grid computing makes it possible to create a single IT infrastructure that can be shared by multiple business processes.

This can be better understand by considering an Oracle"s Grid environment, where the end users as for an application service and the grid works out as to which clustered J2EE application server can best provide it.

Consider an Oracle application server model in which an Application server asks for the database service from an RAC database and Grid work out from which RAC instance the data service can best be provided. Within the Grid there is indexing of all the possible services to available service provider and the algorithms for assinging the worload and resource appropriately. Due to this the end user neither needs nor have the capacity to know from where the computing resources are actually being provided.

The Grid is not only exclusive to Oracle but at the physical level, some O.S and hardware vendors have the capabilities to partition the server into virtual machines, which can be alloted RAM and CPUs dynamically according to the demand. Thus it is conceptually similar to the Oracle"s approach of dynamically assinging application server and database server resources. Thus there is no reason for which the two approaches can"t be combined and work towards the same goal and can work together. The result of a such a approach would be an environment where adequate resources will always be available on demand, without facing the issues of excess capacity or underperformance at times. It should be possible to design a Grid environment with no single point of failure, and thus achieving 100% uptime, which is demanded by many organizations.

The Oracle"s Application Server

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Fri, 09 Oct 2009 09:27:00 +0000

Understanding Need
The need for application servers has come with the potential realization of the Web as the standard platform for delivering the applications to end users. An application server has replaced the client-side software which is traditionally installed on end-user computers: it runs applications centrally on the server and presents it to users by displaying it locally in web browsers like mozilla, internet explorer. These applications make use of the data stored in one or more database servers.

Model
Oracle Application Server provides a platform for developing, deploying, and managing web applications. A web application is any application with which
users communicate via HTTP. Web applications usually run in at least three tiers environment:First is a database tier which manages access to the data, the client tier which is often implemented as a web browser and handles the local window management(web browser here) for communications with the users, and an application tier in the middle of the two which executes the program logic that generates the user interface transferred to the browser of user and the SQL calls to the database. This is the model by which corporate companies provides its services to the users over internet and thus you can realize the need of an application server.

Advantages, Conforming standards and contribution to grid
For developing Web applications there are a number of technologies, among which most dominant today is Java. Applications which are written in Java should conform to the J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition) standard, which defines how the java applications should be packaged and deployed. J2EE standards are controlled by Sun Microsystems(currently takeover by Oracle corporation) and accepted virtually by all major software developers. Oracle Application
Server is a fully J2EE-compliant application server. Oracle’s implementation of the standards has allowed the automatic load balancing and fault tolerance across the multiple application servers on multiple machines though J2EE clustering. The clustering virtualizes the provision of the application service i.e. users ask for an application, which may be available from a number of locations, the cluster works out from where the session or request can best be serviced. If one location fails due to some error, others can take up the load, and thus the more resources can be made available for an application as necessary. Oracle Application Server’s has majorly contributed to the Grid with the ability to separate the request for a service from the location provision and adding or removing the J2EE servers from a cluster dynamically.

Global Approach
Oracle has commitment to the international standards i.e. Applications which are running in the Oracle Application Server environment can connect to any databases which has the Java-compliant drivers which means it is not necessary to use an Oracle database only. Applications which are developed with the Oracle Application Server toolkits can be deployed to a third-party J2EE-compliant application server. Although, the Oracle product set is particularly powerful and will often be the best choice.

Connection pooling model
For the connection with the database generally connection pooling model is used instead a one-for-one mapping of end-user session as it is more efficient. In connection pooling, the application server establishes a small number of persistent database sessions and makes them available on demand (queuing requests if necessary) to a relatively large number of end-user sessions against the application server.

Opening And Extracting .rar Files in Linux/Unix system

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Thu, 08 Oct 2009 16:51:00 +0000

Rar is a very famous compression technique used for compressing the file. Most files from internet can be downloaded from internet in the form of zip or rar files. But unlike zip for which we can directly use the unzip command same can"t be follow until you install unrar utility.

RAR is a proprietary file format for data compression and archiving which is developed by Eugene Roshal. You can find the official site in here.

Under Linux and Unix OS the command used is unrar but since by default unrar is not installed on the OS , so you need to install it with the help of yum command.

For Fedora Linux you can simply install it with the help of the Yum whose command is as follows
#yum install unrar

Another way which i used to install the package is directly downloading from its site. You can download it from here

since the file you downloaded is in gunzip format use;
# tar -zxvf rarlinux-3.6.0.tar.gz

when you use above command it will show you output like

rar/
rar/file_id.diz
rar/license.txt
rar/Makefile
rar/order.htm
rar/rarfiles.lst
rar/rar.txt
rar/readme.txt
rar/technote.txt
rar/whatsnew.txt
rar/rar
rar/rar_static
rar/unrar
rar/default.sfx

do ls it would have now created a rar subdirectory. just go to rar directory as follows:-

$ cd rar $ ./unrar

Now copy rar and unrar to /bin directory:
# cp rar unrar /bin

that is you are done now go and open your file with following command:
$ unrar e file.rar

Option with rar	Description
unrar l filename.rar	List file inside rar archive
unrar x filename.rar	Open (x) files
unrar t filename.rar	Test the integrity of the archieve

Install WEBMIN to Graphically Administer Your Linux Server

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Wed, 07 Oct 2009 13:34:00 +0000

Although Red Hat includes all tools and packages required for system administration ,One of the popular system management tool available under Linux and UNIX is called Webmin. It works with a Graphical environment within your browser.

Introduction:-
Webmin provides a variety of functionality for administrators, especially for those who want to manage multiple servers at work. Installing Webmin can be useful for a wide variety of reasons some of which are:-

Easy to setup user accounts and configuring quota and rights etc
Setup Apache, DNS, file sharing and much more with ease
With Webmin you do not need to manually edit Unix/Linux configuration files like /etc/passwd.
Helps you manage a system from the console or remotely.

If you like to check the modules included in a standard edition you can have a look here

Installing WEBMIN:-
Step by Step Guide

1. Go to the Webmin site at http://webadmin.sourceforge.net./download.html and download the latest webmin software suitable to your Linux distribution in my case its CentOS so i downloaded the noarch.rpm whose version is 1.490 .

2. Install the Webmin RPM package using rpm –U. (specify the name of the RPM package file.)
# rpm -U webmin-1.490-1.noarch.rpm

3. The Webmin package will determine the operating system version being run, and then install its contents. When installation is finished, you will be presented with a address that you should put in a web browser like mozilla firefox to log in to Webmin as root .

4. Point your browser to http://yourservername:10000 and log in using the root account and its password, . Set yourservername to be the name of the server as described by the Webmin installation message.

5. Go have a look around with Webmin, explore and see what options are available to you.

Tracking Processes In UNIX/LINUX System

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Tue, 06 Oct 2009 10:31:00 +0000

In Linux (and UNIX in general), each program which is running comprises a process.From the operating system’s point of view, each process is independent of the others. Unless it specifically asks to share resources with other processes, a process is confined to the memory and CPU allocation assigned to it. If a Process oversteps its memory allocation and could corrupt another running program and make the system unstable are immediately killed by Linux. This method of handling processes has resulted as a major contributor to the stability of UNIX/LINUX systems: User applications cannot corrupt other user programs or the operating system.
                    There are tools provided by which you can manually list and manipulate processes. These are very important elements of a system administrator’s daily work.

Command used for Listing Processes: ps
               The ps command lists all the processes in a system, their state, size, name, owner, CPU time, wall clock time, and much more. There are many command-line parameters available; the majoy one are

Options for ps	Description
–a	Shows all the processes with a controlling terminal and not just the current user’s processes.
–r	Show only running processes
–x	Show processes that do not have a controlling terminal.
–u	Show the process owners.
–f	Display parent/child relationships among processes.
–l	Produce a list in long format.
–w	Shows a process command-line parameters (up to half a line).
–ww	Show all of a process’s command-line parameters.

The most commonly used parameters used with ps command is –auxww. These parameters show all the processes (regardless of whether they have a controlling terminal),each process’s owners, and all the processes’ command-line parameters.

Brief Introduction To Oracle And Database Management System

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Tue, 06 Oct 2009 02:30:00 +0000

About ORACLE:-
The oracle is the global leaders in the field of software and provides solutions for every tier of business. It specializes the enterprise software products particularly "Database Management Systems". It was founded in 1977 by the CEO of oracle corporation LARRY ELLISON. Oracle has the third largest software revenue after IBM and Microsoft. The company is well known for its database and provides a number of other products including database development, middle-tier software, enterprise resource planning software (ERP), customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) software. The Oracle database is Relational database management system(RDMS).

DATABASE:-
In most simple form, a database is a mechanism for storing the data. This data may be logical like values stored in computer program, or may be physical like a file.

Types Of Database:-

Hierarchical
Network
Relational

The Oracle is a Relational Database Management System(RDBMS).

Relational Model:-
In it the data is broken into the collection of objects and relations that store the actual data. The database contains many table and the data in it is related with other tables data. The Tables that have related data need not to know where related information is stored physically.
The whole Relational Model concept was first intoduced by E. F. Codd in his article of relational model which can be founded here

Querying the Database:-
RDBMS allows you to manipulate relational tables and their contents and provides a language that allows you to create , modify, remove objects in database as well as add, change and delete data. The language used is "Structured Query Language".

SQL is actually a collection of several different languages each having a particular purpose. It is made up of:

1. DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE:-
It is used to Create and modify database objects Includes CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME and TRUNCATE.

2. DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:-
It is used to modify the data in the tables in the database. Includes INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. It also includes the extensions to control the transactions in database includes COMMIT , ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT.

3. DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE:-
It is used to Configure security to perform database tasks and Manipulate database objects . It includes GRANT and REVOKE.
3. DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE:-

Install Skype(pc2pc calling software) On Linux 64 bits

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Sat, 03 Oct 2009 14:25:00 +0000

Well as you must be familiar with Skype software which allows you to make pc calls to any computer worldwide connected via internet absolutely free with excellent sound quality. Not only this with credit you can even make cheap calls on phones in any country, moreover share files, chat and more.

To begin with Installation check this installation is for Red hat enterprise Linux and CentOS Enterprise Linux 64bit operating system.

1. Download the software from here
2. Once it is download open the terminal
3. Move to location were you download the setup file
4. issue the following command

#tar -xvjf skype_static-.tar.bz2
it will show you the following result-

skype_static-2.1.0.47/
skype_static-2.1.0.47/skype.conf
skype_static-2.1.0.47/skype.desktop
skype_static-2.1.0.47/README
skype_static-2.1.0.47/LICENSE
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Boarder.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Fax Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype-ahoy.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Headset.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Artiste.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/College Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/The Skypeness.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Extreme.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Chic Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Architect Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Devil Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Jah.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Metal Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Party Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Time.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Travel Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Christmas Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Aid.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Sushi Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Bling.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Rice Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Yin Yang Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Cola.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Jyve.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Call Me Sweetheart.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Star Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Make Skype Not War.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype 502.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype-a-Manger.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Wetsuit Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Earbud Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Beach Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Smiley.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype-in-one.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skypers of the Caribbean.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Geisha Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Designer Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Ninja Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Pop Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Candy.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/DJ Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Business Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Safety.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Behind Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Hula Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Beauty.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Shorty.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skypahontas.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Carnaval Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Goaaaaal.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Desert Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Angel Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/DIY Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Cool Shades.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype in a Bag.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype San.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Skype Brrr... .png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Call Me.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/avatars/Empire Skype.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_it.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_th.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_pl.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_ko.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_et.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_fr.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_es.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_pt_br.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_zh_t.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_zh_s.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_en.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_ja.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_de.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_bg.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_ru.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_pt_pt.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_tr.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_lv.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_ro.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_lt.ts
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_bg.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_de.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_en.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_es.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_et.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_fr.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_it.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_ja.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_ko.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_lt.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_lv.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_pl.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_pt_br.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_pt_pt.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_ro.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_ru.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_th.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_tr.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_zh_s.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/lang/skype_zh_t.qm
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/CallHold.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/CallRingingOut.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/CallFailed.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/CallRingingIn.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/VoicemailReceived.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/CallBusy.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/CallHangup.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/ContactAdded.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/ChatIncomingInitial.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/TransferComplete.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/ChatIncoming.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/ContactOnline.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/ContactOffline.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/TransferRequest.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/CallResume.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/ChatOutgoing.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/CallRemoteHangup.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/TransferFailed.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/ContactAuthRequest.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/SkypeLogout.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/SkypeLogin.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/sounds/CallConnecting.wav
skype_static-2.1.0.47/icons/
skype_static-2.1.0.47/icons/SkypeBlue_48x48.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/icons/SkypeBlue_32x32.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/icons/SkypeBlue_16x16.png
skype_static-2.1.0.47/skype

5. After this check our it would have created a directory of kype_version issue the following command to move to this directory

#cd skype_static-

6. Now you can run skype by issuing following command

#./skype

7. Now if you want to make it available to other users on system also than use
following commands

# mkdir /usr/share/skype
# cp -a * /usr/share/skype/
# cd /usr/share/skype/
# mv skype /usr/bin/
# mv skype.conf /etc/dbus-1/system.d/
# chown . skype.desktop
# mv skype.desktop ~/Desktop

Basics of User and Group Management

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Thu, 01 Oct 2009 17:04:00 +0000

Everyone on Linux server requires an user account. Every account has its rights and privileges associated with it, which vary depending on the command and the directory. Maintaining and Organizing each user account can be difficult if you have large number of users in an organization, so Linux user groups are organized into groups. While default users are member of their default groups, users can be organize into new groups, and rights and priviledges varies differently by group.

In Red Hat Linux, user accounts are organized in /etc/passwd. Passwords are made more secure in /etc/shadow. For Red Hat Linux groups, the analogous files are /etc/group and /etc/gshadow.

While creation of new account, the default parameters are configured in /etc/login.defs; configuration files are normally copied to the new user"s home directory from the /etc/skel directory.

Install Vuze(Azureus) Bittorent client on Linux 64 bit

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Tue, 29 Sep 2009 16:40:00 +0000

About Vuze:-
Vuze is torrent p2p client which helps you to download files across various torrents present world wide. Obviously there are other clients like bittorrent and more but Vuze is one of the best choice for Linux and also because i never faced any problem with it.

So here are the steps how i installed vuze on my CentOS 5.3 which is a 64 bit OS:-
Note:- You must have Java Runtime Environment installed already before installing Vuze.

1. Download the vuze software by visiting here. Choose Linux AMD64 as shown in screen

2. Save it on Desktop or were ever you like.

3. If you are not Login as root check for appropriate permissions.

4. Move to location were your software is initially installed i.e. Desktop in my case.

5.open terminal and type following command

# cd /root/Desktop

# ls

you will see here a file as: "Vuze_4.2.0.8_linux-x86_64.tar.bz2"

6. To run this .tar.bz2 file use the following command:-

# tar -jxvf filename.tar.bz2
in this case it is
# tar -jxvf Vuze_4.2.0.8_linux-x86_64.tar.bz2

7.You will see files like:

vuze/
vuze/Azureus2.jar
vuze/GPL.txt
vuze/README.txt
vuze/TOS.txt
vuze/azureus
vuze/plugins/
vuze/plugins/azplugins/
vuze/plugins/azplugins/azplugins_2.1.6.jar
vuze/plugins/azrating/
vuze/plugins/azrating/azrating_1.3.1.jar
vuze/plugins/azupdater/
vuze/plugins/azupdater/Updater.jar
vuze/plugins/azupdater/azureus.sig
vuze/plugins/azupdater/plugin.properties
vuze/plugins/azupdater/azupdaterpatcher_1.8.8.jar
vuze/plugins/azupnpav/
vuze/plugins/azupnpav/azureus.sig
vuze/plugins/azupnpav/plugin.properties
vuze/plugins/azupnpav/azupnpav_0.2.23.jar
vuze/swt.jar
vuze/updateAzureus
vuze/installer.log
vuze/vuze
vuze/vuze.png
vuze/ChangeLog.txt

8. Now use following command:

# cd Vuze

9. Once you are in type following command:

# ls
output of this would be like

azureus       ChangeLog.txt installer.log README.txt TOS.txt        vuze
Azureus2.jar GPL.txt        plugins        swt.jar     updateAzureus vuze.png

10. Now it is simple you just need to execute azureus file as

# ./azureus
what you will see now would be like

Starting Azureus...
Java is GCJ.. looking for Sun Java..
Java exec not found in PATH, starting auto-search...
Java exec found in /usr/java/latest/bin/
Suitable java version found [/usr/java/latest/bin/java = 1.6.0_16]
Configuring environment...
find: /root/.azureus/plugins: No such file or directory
Browser check failed with: InvocationTargetException, No more handles [Unknown Mozilla path (MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME not set)]
Auto-scanning for GRE/XULRunner. You can skip this by appending the GRE path to LD_LIBRARY_PATH and setting MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME.
checking /etc/gre.d/gre64.conf for GRE_PATH
GRE found at /usr/lib64/xulrunner-1.9.
setting LD_LIBRARY_PATH to: /usr/lib64/xulrunner-1.9
setting MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME to: /usr/lib64/xulrunner-1.9
Loading Azureus:
/usr/java/latest/bin/java -Xmx128m -cp "./Azureus2.jar:./swt.jar" -Djava.library.path="/root/Desktop/vuze" -Dazureus.install.path="/root/Desktop/vuze" -Dazureus.script="./azureus" -Dazureus.script.version=2 org.gudy.azureus2.ui.swt.Main
file:/root/Desktop/vuze/Azureus2.jar ; file:/root/Desktop/vuze/swt.jar ; file:/root/Desktop/vuze/
changeLocale: *Default Language* != English (United States). Searching without country..
changeLocale: Searching for language English in *any* country..
changeLocale: no message properties for Locale 'English (United States)' (en_US), using 'English (default)'
UIFunctions/ImageLoad took 32ms
new shell took 180ms
new shell setup took 38ms
skinlisteners init took 30ms
skin init took 83ms
MainMenu init took 166ms
createWindow init took 0ms
skin layout took 33ms
pre skin widgets init took 0ms
hooks init took 0ms
WARNING: already added UIUpdatable com.aelitis.azureus.ui.swt.views.skin.sidebar.SideBar@11568fb5
skin widgets (1/2) init took 201ms
skin widgets init took 111ms
pre SWTInstance init took 0ms
Init Core Columns took 68ms
SWTInstance init took 0ms
shell.layout took 0ms
---------SHOWN AT 1254240341193;1179ms
---------DONE DISPATCH AT 1254240342228;2214ms
---------READY AT 1254240342265;2251ms
shell.open took 1072ms
processStartupDMS took 0ms
vuzeactivities init took 0ms
Locale Initializing took 39ms
11498:    Core: 100ms for activity between 'Initializing Global Torrent Manager' and 'Loading Plugin: azupnpav'
11530:    Core: 59ms for activity between 'Loading Plugin: azupnpav' and 'Loading Plugin: azplugins'
11575:    Core: 16ms for activity between 'Loading Plugin: azupdater' and 'Loading Plugin: Start/Stop Rules'
11737:    Core: 96ms for activity between 'Loading Plugin: Buddy' and 'Initializing Plugin: Tracker Static Pages'
11737:    Core: 96ms for activity between 'Loading Plugin: Buddy' and 'Initializing Plugin: UPnP Media Server'
11769:    Core: 40ms for activity between 'Initializing Plugin: UPnP Media Server' and 'Initializing Plugin: Rating'
11802:    Core: 32ms for activity between 'Initializing Plugin: Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)' and 'Initializing Plugin: Distributed DB'
11899:    Core: 67ms for activity between 'Initializing Plugin: Friends' and 'Loading Plugin: azupnpav'
DEBUG::Tue Sep 29 21:50:43 NPT 2009::com.aelitis.azureus.core.impl.AzureusCoreImpl::start::1092:
Core Start Complete
    Initializer::run::383,Initializer::run::135,SWTThread$2::runSupport::179,AERunnable::run::38,Thread::run::-1
Core Initializing took 783ms

11. And what now your Vuze is ready to start go and download something and dont forget to remove vuze download file from desktop if you dont want the software to consume your extra disk.

12. Now in Linux you cannot provoke vuze by simply clicking .torrent file, when you do so it will ask you what program to use. So instead i use following procedure. Go to directory where your Azureus files are located and run vuze by using

# ./vuze

once vuze is opened, select file< open

Click on Add Url
Enter the Url of torrent file
Set the Path were you want to download the file default it is /root/Azureus Downloads.
click ok
Thats it your file is now being downloaded

If you still face any issues feel free to pose comment below.

NFS Overview

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Tue, 29 Sep 2009 10:02:00 +0000

NFS is commonly used to share files across Linux and Unix Networks. It is distributed file system that enables the local access to remote disks and file systems. In a properly designed and implemented NFS installation, it is totally transparent to clients using remote file system but Provided you have appropriate network connection, can allow you to access files and directories located on another system or even in a different city or country using standard Linux commands. No special procedures such as password are required. NFS is a common popular file sharing protocol, so its clients are available for many non-UNIX operating systems, including the various Windows versions, MacOS, OS/2, MVS.

Initialization Scripts

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 14:21:00 +0000

Network services like the Apache HTTP Server and DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) along with other programs such as cron ( Enables users to schedule jobs to run automatically at a certain time and date, used in administration, connecting to internet and downloading e-mail) and syslog require a daemon to be running at all times. The daemon performs actions like listening for connections for a service on specific ports, making sure commands are executed at specific times, and capturing data such as log messages sent out by other programs.

Programs that require a daemon to be started have an initialization script in the /etc/rc.d/init.d/ directory. This script can also be used to run a command at boot time such as the readahead_early and readahead_later scripts, which run the readahead utility which loads the programs used at startup into memory before they are needed. It decreases the amount of time it takes to start the system. While booting a Red Hat Enterprise Linux system, the init program is run last in the kernel boot process. This program first executes the /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit script to perform actions such as loading kernel modules for hardware support, loading the default keymap, and setting the hostname. The /etc/inittab script is run next, which then tells init which runlevel to start. The runlevel defines which services to start at boot time, or which initialization scripts to execute.

Lastly, the /etc/rc.d/rc.local script is executed. Commands can be added to this file for custom initialization. The initialization scripts enables user to start, stop, and restart services after the system has booted. These actions are performed with the service command as the root user. Each script has its own list of actions. Common actions defined include start, stop, conrestart (which stops and starts the service only if it is already running), and status.

To perform an action, use the following syntax:

service

For example, the following starts the OpenSSH service:
service sshd start

File Permissions 2

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Wed, 23 Sep 2009 15:58:00 +0000

This is in response to my earlier post on File permission. Read about basics of file permission in Linux in my earlier post here

Permission	Description
r	Read
w	Write
x	Execute (also gives permission to change into a directory)
X	Execute only if it is a directory or has execute permission for some user
S	Set user or group ID on execution
t	Sticky bit
u	Permission granted to user who owns the file
g	Permission granted to user in file"s group.

• The first three (r, w, x) read, write, and execute

• The “s” permission retain the user or group ID for a file created in the directory.

• To set the user ID for any new files created in the directory to the owner of the directory, use the chmod u+s command.

• To set the group ID for new files created in the directory to the directory’s group, use the chmod g+s command.

• If the sticky bit (the t permission) is set for a directory, the directory can only be unlinked or renamed by the root user or the owner of the directory. In its absence, anyone with write permission can delete or rename the directory.

• If the sticky bit is set for a directory, the permissions listing looks similar to the following (notice the t in the last set of permissions) :

drwxrwxrwt 22 root root 4096 Mar 30 10:57 /tmp

The last three permissions (u, g, o) are only used with the = operator to set permissions for the owner, group, others, equal to the existing permissions for the owner. For example, chmod g=u sets the group permissions
to the current permissions for the owner of the file.

TIP
To change permissions recursively (on all the files in a directory, all the files in its subdirectories, all the files in the subdirectories of the subdirectories, and so on) use the -R option to chmod such as chmod -R g+w output.txt.

Examples
. chmod ug+rw
Gives the user and group read and write permissions

. chmod -R g+r *
Gives the group read permissions for all files in the current directory and any files
and directories in the current directory, recursively

. chmod o-x
Does not let users who aren’t the owner or in the group change into the directory

File permissions can also be set graphically using the Nautilus file browser. From the desktop, click on the Places menu on the top panel and select Home Folder. Navigate to the file you want to view or change permissions for, right-click on it, and select Properties. Click on the Permissions tab as shown in Figure to view the existing permissions or change them.

File Permissions 1

noreply@blogger.com (Ankit) — Wed, 23 Sep 2009 15:10:00 +0000

In Red Hat Enterprise Linux, all files have file permissions which determine whether a user is allowed to read, write, or execute them, for greater security.Command ls –l list the file permissions in the first column. The first column have places for 10 letters or hyphens. The first space is either a hyphen, the letter d, or the letter l. A hyphen means it is a file. The letter d denotes that the file is actually a directory and the letter l, it is a symbolic link to a directory somewhere else on the filesystem.

The next nine spaces are divided into 3 sets of three as shown in Figure. The first set of three is the read, write, and execute permissions for the owner of the file. The second set of three is the read, write, and execute permissions for anyone who belongs to the user group for the file. The last set of permissions is for anyone who has a login to the system.

So its like owner permissions-group user permissions-anonymous user permission

Within each set of permissions, r stands for read, w stands for write, and x stands for execute. If the file is a script or command, you must have execute permission to run it. The execute permission is required to change into a directory. To change file permissions, you must be the owner of the file or directory or be the root user. The chmod utility is used to modify file permissions.
The basic syntax is as follows:
chmod [ugoa][+-=] filename

For the first argument, choose one or more letters ugoa, where u stands for the user who owns the file , g stands for everyone in the file’s group, o stands for other users not in the file’s group, and a stands for all users. The difference between specifying o and a is that o changes the third set of permissions for everyone and a changes the permissions for all three sets.

The second argument must be one of +, -, or =. If the plus sign (+) is used, the permissions that follow it are added for the users and groups provided by the first argument. If the minus sign (-) is used, the permissions that follow are removed for the users and groups in the first argument. However, if the equals sign (=) is used, the file will only have the permissions being specified (the existing permissions are overwritten and not retained).

The last argument is a filename or group of filenames on which you set the permissions. Multiple filenames can be listed using the * wildcard character such as *.txt for all files ending in .txt. The third argument is the list of permissions for the users and groups from the first argument.

Read rest of this post here