Late last week, a number of media outlets in the UK published a series of photographs of a dead blue whale that I took during a recent visit to Sri Lanka.

Dead blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus)

I thought it worth augmenting what appeared in the mass media with some additional background information for anyone who might be interested, as well as to add some personal thoughts about the experience.

Cause of Death
Let me start by stating that I cannot be 100% certain that the cause of death was a ship. It is impossible to know exactly what happened without witnessing the actual event.

I put together what I saw with the information I gleaned from other people, and I pieced together a narrative that seemed to make most sense.

The exact text I sent to my media rep was:

“I photographed this whale in the afternoon of 3 April 2012, between five and ten kilometres south of Weligama Bay, which is at the southern tip of Sri Lanka. Many people on whale watching boats saw it.

The whale was not significantly decomposed when I saw it, so it had probably not been dead for very long. My guess is that it may have been struck by a ship during the night, while the animal was resting at the ocean surface.

When whales die, internal decomposition causes gas to build up inside the whale’s body, causing the carcass to bloat. There was no visible bloating, so this suggests the whale had not been dead long when I photographed it.”

Dead blue whale adrift in an area of heavy shipping traffic

Note that I wrote “My guess is…”, because that’s precisely what it was, an informed supposition, based on the lack of significant decomposition, absence of bloating, the nature of the wound, and the circumstances in which the whale was found.

More specifically, the whale was in a zone of high shipping traffic. Shipping lanes in the vicinity pass through prime blue whale habitat. Humongous ships (ones so big I initially mistook them for islands) cruise through the area on a constant basis.

Another consideration was the fact that another blue whale had arrived in port perched on the leading edge of a ship’s bow just a couple of weeks before I photographed this one.

Of course, nothing is impossible, so there is some chance that the whale died of other causes and was subsequently struck by a passing ship, or that the wound was caused by something else.

One possibility I considered was scavenging by a large shark. The wound was huge, so had it been a shark, it would have been an enormous one. I looked for teeth that may have been lodged in the wound, as well as for scrapes or other signs of scavenging, but was unable to see anything to suggest a large predator was the cause of the wound.

Moreover, there were no signs of any sharks (or any other scavengers) during the entire day, despite the fact that the whale carcass was leaking bodily fluids into the water. If a shark had been nearby, it would be difficult to imagine the fish passing up a free meal as tempting as a dead blue whale.

In the final analysis, the most probable cause of death seemed to be a ship strike.

Surface view of the dead blue whale

How Can a Whale be so Stupid? How Can a Ship be so Careless?
It is perhaps natural to wonder how a blue whale, a highly intelligent animal with senses finely attuned to surviving in its environment, could possibly let a loud, gigantic ship sneak up and clobber it.

Similarly, it is probably natural to wonder why ships don’t have a system to avoid such collisions.

Well…I don’t believe it’s really a case of unintelligent whales or negligent ships. It’s probably fair to say that whales avoid ships when they can, and most ships would probably choose to avoid whales as well. In other words, ship strikes happen despite the best of intentions by cetacean and human alike.

There was a good opinion piece that came out in the Independent discussing some of the possible reasons why whales sometimes aren’t able to avoid ships and vice versa. It’s worth a read, as the author does a better job of explaining the scenarios that I probably can.

But in any event, ship strikes on cetaceans are not a particularly unusual occurrence.

In fact, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) has a database of documented ship strikes, which you can access on this page: http://iwcoffice.org/sci_com/shipstrikes.htm

If you download and view the Excel file, you’ll see that there are a lot of entries, from all over the world, involving many cetacean species.

The IWC database is neither comprehensive nor definitive. There is inherent uncertainty when considering ship strikes, because there is no way that every incident is reported, and there is always the possibility of mistakes being made.

But…if you look at the table…there is little doubt that ship strikes are a serious issue. And with levels of commercial maritime traffic on the rise, it stands to reason that the chances of ship strikes are also growing. Of course, not all ship strike incidents are by large commercial vessels. Some involve whale-watching boats, military vessels, or private leisure craft.

One other thing worth noting from the file is the range of species: blues, fins, humpbacks, rights, orcas, sperms, Bryde’s, grays, and more.

Many people understandably get upset about the practice of whaling. It’s bloody, cruel, and arguably unnecessary. But whaling is targeted to specific species, mostly minke whales. By most estimates, there are hundreds of thousands of minke whales. That’s not an endorsement of whaling by any means (i.e., don’t flame me for stating a fact).

But the thing about ship strikes is that they are indiscriminate. Ships inadvertently injure and kill many species, including ones that are in serious trouble, such as blue whales or right whales in the North Atlantic, both listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List.

That’s an issue worth mulling over. The loss of a single blue whale or North Atlantic right whale represents a disproportionately large impact on those species’ depleted populations. And yet, there is not nearly as much public concern about ship strikes as there is about whaling.

Doesn’t seem right, does it?

For reference, here are whale population estimates from the IWC: http://iwcoffice.org/conservation/estimate.htm

Close-up view of the dead blue whale’s wound

A Bit of Math
To provide a sense of scale and perspective for what happens when a large commercial vessel and a whale meet, here are some representative numbers:

Blue whale: Let’s way(!) overestimate and say 30 metres long and 200 metric tonnes (200,000kg).

vs.

Example large container ship: 350 metres in length carrying 10,000 TEUs, with each TEU representing an average of 15,000kg = 150,000 metric tonnes, before accounting for the ship’s mass

You can certainly dispute my very-rough assumptions, but the end conclusion remains the same: a blue whale, as large as it seems to us, is puny by comparison to a large commercial vessel, both in size and mass.

In addition, large commercial ships can cruise at 20+ knots in open ocean (37km/ hr, 23mph), which means any cetacean that happens to be in the way doesn’t stand a chance. It also means that it’s very difficult for a large ship to change course quickly, even if it notices something in its path and tries to avoid it.

Thoughts About Sri Lanka
Although this specific experience was in the waters of Sri Lanka, I think it important to underscore that this is not an issue that is unique to that country. In fact, as is apparent in the IWC file, this is a global dilemma. Cetacean deaths from ship strikes occur in shipping lanes around the world.

It just so happens that there are active shipping lanes just south of Sri Lanka, where many large ships travel at high speed, ferrying consumer goods and supplies among major ports. And it just so happens that there is a nascent whale-watching industry in Sri Lanka, which is how I and other people ended up seeing this specific blue whale.

My view is that the development of a whale-watching industry in Sri Lanka is positive. It generates tourism revenue, introduces people (both locals and visitors) to the wonders of the oceans, and hopefully, in the long run, provides incentive to protect the whales, other marine organisms, and aquatic ecosystems in general.

Sri Lanka is a wonderful place, somewhere I may have never had the opportunity to visit were it not for the whales.

There are, however, challenges to be overcome, the most immediate of which stems from the rapid profusion of boats and visitors. As in other locations where marine-based tourism is popular, boating discipline on the water is of paramount importance.

Lots of boats trying to please lots of people, all of whom want to see lots of whales..is a situation that can potentially lend itself to less-than-ideal behaviour at sea. The challenge for all concerned is to understand and accept that in the long-term, safe encounters that don’t harass animals or place people at risk are the only way to ensure a solid reputation, ongoing revenue and happy cetaceans.

Rear view of the dead blue whale

The Silver Lining?
Whenever something bad happens, it’s a good idea to look for the silver lining.

I don’t know yet if there will be one that appears from this situation, but I’m hoping that documentation of this dead blue whale, as well as the one that was photographed in March this year, may give occasion for pause…for concerned people from many different walks of life to consider whether there may be a constructive way to reduce the chances of ship strikes taking place in Sri Lanka, with minimal, or ideally no, disruption to the flow of commercial shipping traffic.

On the positive side, there are existing examples of shipping companies, cetacean researchers and conservationists working together to do exactly this, notably in the North Atlantic to protect the few remaining North Atlantic right whales.

But to get to such a position, there must be consensus that this issue needs to be studied and addressed, and then, there needs to be sufficient funding dedicated to this task…funding for data collection about the ocean, about the blue whales and other large marine fauna in the area, and about shipping traffic…in order to derive conclusions and recommendations based on fact.

It’s easy, and tempting, to demand justice now(!) for the whales. But getting emotional rarely solves problems; it often exacerbates them.

In the long run, only meticulous gathering and analysis of data can lead to positive change.

Close-up view of the dead blue whale’s throat grooves

Dead Blue Whale

Rob Dunford, an amateur artist based in Reading in the United Kingdom, contacted me some time ago to ask if it would be OK to use my photos of humpback whales as reference materials for a painting.

Rob recently completed his painting, and sent me a nice photo:

Acrylic painting by Rob Dunford,
based on some of my humpback whale photographs

It’s sort of a composite of two photos I took: one in 2005 of a male and female humpback whale engaged in courtship; and the other of the first baby whale I photographed in the 2007 calving season in Tonga, which I nicknamed Hina Hina. (Amazing how I can remember each whale I’ve met, but can never recall where I left my keys, isn’t it?)

Rob took this painting to the Reading Guild of Artists last month for comment, and apparently, they would like him to present it again to the Exhibiting Panel in August. He’s also in discussion with a fine art gallery about the possibility of exhibiting this painting and creating more marine art.

Congratulations Rob!

I’ve written in the past about how uncool it is for people to paint replicas of photographs and try to pass it off as “original” work, but it can be different when people like Rob contact me in an open, honest manner.

We’re in regular communication now, and I’m hoping to see more of Rob’s work in the future.

Related posts:
Rant, Rave, Respect
Whale Painting

Rob’s Rorqual Rendition

It has become all-too-apparent of late that certain denizens of the sea, namely sharks, have been receiving disproportionate attention relative to their peers. By many estimates, over 100 million of these cartilaginous fish are killed each year, mostly for their fins.

For too long, sharks have been getting all the attention.

It is not that I object to the mass extermination of ecologically important apex predators per se.

Shark fin soup is, after all, a vital part of Chinese culture and history. Moreover, as any reasonable person knows, consuming shark fin is proven to cure all manner of ills; provide otherwise “ineffective” men with that special “oomph” required in conjugal (and extra-conjugal) activities; and confer exceptional and undeniable social status on otherwise undistinguished persons who, through quirk of circumstance, possess a more substantial ratio of monetary means than good sense or moral propriety.

No…my singular objection is to the plight of certain kin of sharks…specifically, mantas and their smaller brethren mobula rays.

Consider for a moment the fact that these rays have received nowhere near the level of attention that sharks have in recent years.

One doesn’t, after all, visit an exclusive dining establishment to sample an overpriced bowl of chicken broth labelled “manta fin soup”, does one? Neither does one come across canned “manta fin soup” on grocery store shelves, or contend with obstinate parents demanding the serving of “manta fin soup” to mark the joyous nuptials of daughters and sons.

Such is my inherent sense of fair play that I find this imbalanced state of affairs outrageous and entirely unacceptable. The paucity of attention afforded to mantas hardly seems just, particularly in light of the many similarities between sharks and large oceanic rays.

Besides being cartilaginous and living in the sea, both sharks and rays are at the top of their respective food chains, meaning their numbers are inherently sparse. Both often roam great distances, which complicates any effort to track and monitor them.

Both also have long, drawn-out reproductive cycles, characterised by infrequent mating and extended gestation periods, as well as by low numbers of progeny.

Finally, sharks and rays require many years to mature, meaning that populations of both types of fish are susceptible to overhunting.

It is thus, after exhaustive analysis, painstaking deliberation and measured consideration, that I have arrived at a simple conclusion…expeditious action is required to rectify this abhorrent situation.

As such, I hereby present for general consideration the following modest proposal:

• Whereas the market for shark fins is already well established and highly profitable, but global shark populations are disappearing en masse as a result;
• Whereas manta ray populations are as-yet relatively unharmed, but have long been underappreciated, existing in the shadow of their close cousins…sharks; and
• Whereas credulous Chinese (and other Asian) consumers seem forever eager to overpay for miscellaneous parts of rare animals in a never-ending search for elusive magical healing powers and self esteem;

The conclusion is inescapable: The time to exploit mantas is now.

The time to exploit mantas is now!

Please allow me to elaborate.

Sharks have been the centre of attention for many years in no small part because of their fins…their “unique selling proposition” so to speak. People go to great lengths to kill sharks for their fins.

Mantas and mobulas are filter feeders; they use gill rakers (branchy filaments of cartilage) to extract life-giving sustenance from the vast, seemingly empty ocean…almost as if by magic.

It doesn’t, therefore, take an inordinate degree of imagination to recognise the compelling market opportunity represented by this situation: Gill rakers are the perfect “unique selling proposition” for mantas rays, just as fins are for sharks.

If consuming over-boiled, congealed strands of cartilage from the fins of sharks can impart great power and prestige, then it only stands to reason that anyone consuming the cartilage comprising gill rakers would be the beneficiary of unique energy, longevity, wisdom and healing powers that can be imparted only via the transcendental essence of large oceanic rays.

Manta ray gill rakers: the perfect market opportunity

By hunting mantas and mobula rays in great numbers across the world’s oceans in order to harvest their gill rakers for sale at exorbitant prices to gullible Asian consumers…everyone wins:

• Mantas and mobulas get to bask in the limelight along with sharks;
• Purveyors of animal parts throughout Asia benefit from a new, remunerative business; and
• Asian consumers have the opportunity to lavish extravagant sums of money on quixotic potions and elixirs in the name of vanity and superstition.

Genius like this, my friends, is why Homo sapiens rule the planet.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Note: Just in case you haven’t figured out that I’m being ridiculous to illustrate a point…let me just state, for the avoidance of doubt, that I’m being ridiculous to illustrate a point.

The links below are a good place to start getting the facts:

Manta Trust
Manta Trust Facebook Page
Manta Ray of Hope Project
WildAid

Gill rakers, extracted from a mobula ray to cater to gullible consumers

A Modest Proposal

On one level, this is a photograph of a female sperm whale executing a playful flick of her fluke at the ocean surface.

Stories are to images as souls are to people

The thing about photography though, at least for me, is that images should be about more than just taking a snapshot of a particular moment in time.

Compelling photos, those that make you sit and stare for a while, are ones that convey stories. In fact, the more intricate the stories are, and the “deeper” (excuse the pun) the tales go…the more memorable the image.

Take the photo above. It’s by no means the most exciting picture of a sperm whale I’ve ever taken, but I like it…in large part because there are multiple stories embedded within the image.

I could, for instance, describe the immediate experience of having a 12-metre toothed cetacean swim up, take a look at you, then saunter off in a nonchalant manner. Woohoo!

Or…to look beyond the actual encounter…I could tell you about the series of events that led up to this face-to-face rendezvous: the dozens of whales we came across, the interactions among them, and how this particular individual seemed to fit in to the cetacean family’s activities for the day.

To go beyond even that, I could tell you about the hundreds of hours I’ve devoted over the years to sitting and waiting for whales like this…enduring extreme boredom in the process but also loving every second.

I could elaborate, and talk about how little knowledge we have about large marine mammals in general, because…well…they just don’t spend much time in places and conditions that make it easy for us to observe them. And even when they do, they often have more pressing matters to attend to than entertaining inquisitive landlubbers.

I could tell you about how this whale and its family group were similar to, and different from, other sperm whale families I’ve encountered in the past.

I could tell you about the first time I met a sperm whale, about how scared I was due to ignorance (they do have big mouths and big teeth, after all); how it decided to take my leg into its mouth (which, naturally, exacerbated my trepidation); and how I finally ended up making friends with the inquisitive animal (after taking back possession of all my limbs), resulting an experience that literally changed the course of my life.

Stepping back even more, I could tell you about the sad history of men and leviathans, about how “intelligent” humans, for many years, saw these majestic animals as a source of blubber and spermaceti…used to make truly important things like margarine.

My point is this: Stories are to images as souls are to people.

There has been and continues to be a lot of chatter on the net about gear…new cameras, different formats, amazing lenses, manufacturer A vs. manufacturer B, lighting modifiers, and so forth.

Gear is important. There is no question about it.

But when it comes time to create an image, it’s what you do with the gear that matters. It’s the story/ stories you convey.

In the final analysis, it’s the soul of the image that counts, not your choice of hardware.

The Soul of an Image

So I’m cruising along, and I see a blue whale take a massive dump. Naturally, I get in and swim through it:

That’s no surprise really, given my “talent” for being poo-ed upon by massive marine mammals (sperm whale poo, humpback whale poo, humpback whale poo too).

The unexpected, and entertaining part of the experience though, was that my (previously dignified) friend Serene also jumped in and swam through the pungent potage.

After we got back on the boat, she said: “That has to be the grossest thing I’ve ever done.”

To which my reply was: “See how much your life has improved since getting to know me?”

(Julia also jumped in, but I already expected nothing less from her.)

Blue Whale Poo

Having good food is important to me. I’m Chinese. It’s in my genes.

It’s so important, in fact, that it’s a determining factor in where I spend time, as well as how long I can stay.

Yummy food = I can stay a while. Not so yummy = I want to go somewhere with yummy food.

During my recent visit to Sri Lanka, I was fortunate enough to sample a lot of great cuisine, courtesy of my new friend Chef Champika. Suffice it to say that I scarfed down everything he made, no matter the quantity.

Delicious food in Sri Lanka

Of all the dishes I tried, my favourite was coconut sambal. It’s not too difficult to make, so I got the recipe…both so I can make it at home, and also to share with anyone else who might want to give it a try:

Ingredients:
1 freshly grated coconut
6 cloves garlic
8pc small purple shallots (bawang)
1 1/2 tsp salt
2 tsp chili powder
Juice of 1 1/2 limes

Procedure:
1. Roughly chop garlic and shallots.
2. Put into a pestle add salt. Pound the mixture.
3. Add chili powder and pound again until quite fine.
4. Add a handful of the grated coconut and mix.
5. Add this mixture to the rest of the grated coconut, pour in lime juice. Mix well.
6. Enjoy!

Chef Champika making delicious coconut sambal

Delicious Food in Sri Lanka

It’s been a hectic couple of months. Of the past 10 weeks, I’ve spent eight getting jet-lagged, being jet-lagged, or trying to un-jet-lag myself.

With the input of friends, I’ve settled on the term “discombobulated desynchronosis” to describe my state of being. Basically, it’s a fancy way of saying that I feel perpetually dazed and confused (no comments from my “friends” please).

Anyway…updating my blog has sort of fallen by the wayside for a while as a result. I’ll try to get back into the swing of things now, starting with this photo from Sri Lanka:

Meeting Asha de Vos, with my friends Serene and Julia

I travelled to Sri Lanka recently with my friends Serene (left) and Julia (right). It was only my second visit to the country, and like last year, I had a wonderful(!) time.

One of the highlights of the trip was seeing friends I made last year, and also making new ones.

One of the new friends I made was Asha de Vos, an energetic and charismatic young cetacean researcher who is studying the blue whale population around Sri Lanka. I had been communicating with Asha for nearly a year, but this was the first time we met.

She and her family were kind enough to drive several hours to meet us for a chat. Even though our time together was brief, I could tell right away that we are kindred spirits, and I’m hopeful that our ongoing exchange of information and cooperation will result in lots of positive things to come.

Asha hasn’t known me long enough to know how silly I can be, so for the time being…I think she still takes me seriously. (Serene and Julia don’t though.)

Meeting Asha de Vos

My blog got hacked last year in a big way:

This is how my Google entry looked after my site was hacked

I’m not sure exactly when it happened, or how (since I update software as soon as possible and switch randomly generated passwords often), but somehow, someone got in and inserted a bunch of nasty code, and probably left a few backdoors for multiple points of entry.

The sneaky thing about this attack was that it didn’t bring down my site, or deface it in any obvious manner. It employed, at least in part, what’s become known as the Pharma Hack (Google it, there’s a lot of information.) to insert malicious code and junk text to redirect searches related to my blog to sites selling pharmaceuticals.

This is part of the cr*p that was inserted into my site code

So if you visited my site during the affected period, the malicious code probably slowed the loading time for my blog, but chances are that you may not have noticed much else.

The all-seeing, all-knowing Googlebot, however, picked up on the shenanigans, and effectively stopped indexing my site, which is something akin to being excommunicated from the internet:

Google basically stopped crawling my site after the hack

It took a lot of time and work to pinpoint the problems and clean all the bad stuff out, but even after I exterminated the bugs and got the all-clear from Google, it took Googlebot a long time to return to a normal pace of indexing:

It took a long time for the Googlebot crawl rate to return to normal

I’m posting this in case you’re running a self-hosted WordPress site, and like me, you don’t have a coding/ IT background. This is what I did to fix things and try to limit the risk of future attacks:

1. There had to be a point of entry, so the first thing I did was remove all un-necessary stuff from my server, delete plugins I haven’t used in a while, and change all passwords. Make sure you’re using SFTP for file uploads.

2. The default user account for self-hosted WordPress installs is “admin”. Hackers must know this. If you keep the admin user active, you’re giving the bad guys half the information they need to get into your WordPress install, the other half being a password, which they may be able to figure out. Change the admin account to something else. Google “how to change wordpress admin username” for simple explanations on how to do this.

3. Use Google Webmaster Tools to help manage the situation. If you don’t have an account, get one for your site(s). The diagnostics available to you will help you pinpoint/ understand any problems, and if Google does put your site on a watchlist or blacklist, this is where you resubmit your site after you fix the problems.

4. I worked with my website designer for several iterations to try to remove the bad stuff. He’s really good, and found a lot of it, but the problems didn’t go away. Basically, the hackers had done a superb job of inserting lots of code. I turned to a service called Sucuri for help.

I submitted my site for a free scan, and sure enough, Sucuri indicated that there were multiple problems. I signed up for the Premium service (US$89.99/ year) and submitted a help request. Within minutes, they responded and removed all the code. There was a lot.

Sucuri.net removed the malicious code and has fixed a subsequent hack attack

I couldn’t believe how quickly they responded, but as I went through the process of rechecking my site via Google Webmaster Tools, it became clear that Sucuri had succeeded.

In short, the company is competent, and the turnaround was lightning quick.

In fact, while I was away in PNG, Sucuri reported another possible intrusion to me via Twitter. I didn’t have high bandwidth or frequent access to the internet, so all I could do was submit a support ticket and ask for help.

As soon as I did so, Sucuri again removed the malicious code within minutes, and sent me a report with the details.

5. I also signed up with Cloudflare, which helps to speed up loading times for my site, but also monitors and challenges potential threats:

Threat control panel from Cloudflare, showing challenges to attempted intruders

I’ve set my threat control threshold in Cloudflare to “High”, so if your computer or network has potential problems with viruses, botnets, and other bad stuff, you may see a challenge from Cloudflare when you try to access my site.

6. Back everything up. I used to do manual backups of my site, but I don’t have the time to do this consistently, so I use an automated service called Vaultpress. There are other similar services.

7. Change passwords often. I know, it’s such a pain. Everything requires passwords, PINs, etc. It’s impossible to remember all of them, and it sucks being locked out of a site or service if you can’t remember. Consider using a password manager. I use 1Password and sync my passwords across devices with Dropbox, which has made life a lot easier for me in this regard.

To sum up…every site on the web today is subject to attacks, and I’m sure the bad guys are developing new tricks all the time, so there’s no way to be 100% safe.

I’m no IT guru (not even a Padawan learner), and it’s quite possible that there are better approaches to addressing actual and potential hacks than what I’ve spelled out above, but so far, this is working well for me, and I hope this helps you if you find yourself facing a similar predicament.

Note: The banner below is an affiliate link, so if you sign-up with Sucuri, I’ll get a commission, but to be clear…I am posting this because the service works.

Hack Attack

This is Dan of kozyndan, getting in my way, on purpose, at Carl’s Ultimate dive site in the Eastern Fields of Papua New Guinea:

Dan doing what he does best: annoy me.
(animation courtesy of Eric)

And just to give you an idea of what I have to put up with on trips…this is what Dan and Eric did to me with the aid of an iPhone (using the Face Fighter app) and a Go Pro camera:

With “friends” like this, I prefer enemies.

My Friends…Sigh

This is Nana. In her natural state. Aboard MV Golden Dawn, on my recent trip to the Eastern Fields:

Our instructor for today…Nana

Following is Nana’s simple 3-Step Guide on how to set up your underwater camera housing.

Step 1: Do a bunch of stuff.

Hold O-ring in dainty manner while polishing shiny area

Express disapproval of rectangular thing colour

Comment on cleverness of built-in mirror

Marvel at David‘s vacuum pump thingy

Try to look through the housing instead of the viewfinder

When all else fails…consult Colin

Step 2: Wait patiently for Colin to set up his housing, then get him to fix everything.

Nana frustrated that Colin is taking so long…

…reverting to her natural state

Step 3: Wake up. Play with Bunny while Colin toils.

It’s bunny time

Show off bunny’s bear behind

Bonus Tip for Advanced Learners: Repeat daily to ensure proper camera housing maintenance.

This is Colin, looking forward to working on Nana’s housing…again

How to Set Up a Camera Housing (by Nana)