
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
	<meta charset="utf-8">
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="/Magazine/core.css?p=7961467064994968">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="/Magazine/core.js?p=7961467064994968">
	
	<link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/0/8/548908_2cmw9c5_95026.jpg" imagesrcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/0/8/548908_2cmw9c5_95026.jpg 460w" />

	
	

<!-- Global JS Head Top -->
<!-- Resource hints -->
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/magazine/fonts/AvenirNextLight.woff" type="font/woff" crossorigin>
<link rel="preload" as="font"  href="/magazine/fonts/AvenirNextDemi.woff" type="font/woff" crossorigin>
<link rel="preload" as="font"  href="/magazine/fonts/AvenirNextMedium.woff" type="font/woff" crossorigin>
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/magazine/fonts/AvenirNextBold.woff" type="font/woff" crossorigin>
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/magazine/fonts/PlantinLight.woff" type="font/woff" crossorigin>
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/css/global_2024.css?v=202604281841">
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/eme/cw_eme_2026.css?v=202602241316">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha256-CSXorXvZcTkaix6Yvo6HppcZGetbYMGWSFlBw8HfCJo=" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://emeapi.abacusemedia.com">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com">
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://rum-static.pingdom.net/" > 
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://account.chemistryworld.com/">
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.ampproject.org/">
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://connect.facebook.net">
<!--<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com">
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.gstatic.com">-->


<!-- Spin CSS & JS versioning -->
<script>
var spinJsVersion = "202406110917";
var spinCssVersion = "202601211328";
</script>
<!-- OneTrust -->
<script type="text/javascript">
function OptanonWrapper() { 
	otShowCookieFooter();
	(function(){
  var script = document.createElement("script");
  script.type = "text/javascript";
  script.setAttribute("async", "true");
  script.setAttribute("src", 'https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js');
  script.setAttribute("data-ot-ignore","");
  script.setAttribute("crossorigin","anonymous");  
  document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(script);
})();
}
function otShowCookieFooter() {
	var geo = OneTrust.getGeolocationData().country + OneTrust.getGeolocationData().state.toUpperCase();
	var otCookieFooter = document.getElementById('ot-cookie-footer');
	if (geo.startsWith('BR')) {
	otCookieFooter.querySelector('li[data-locale="br"]').style.display = 'block';
    otCookieFooter.style.display = 'block';   
	}
        else if (geo === 'USCA') {
           otCookieFooter.querySelector('li[data-locale="ca"]').style.display = 'block';
    otCookieFooter.style.display = 'block';    
        }
	else {
	otCookieFooter.querySelector('li[data-locale="global"]').style.display = 'block';
   otCookieFooter.style.display = 'block'; 
	}
}
</script>
<!-- Initialise dL -->
<script>
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
</script>

<title>Chemistry news, research and opinions | Chemistry World</title>
<meta name="description" content="Chemistry, covered. Science news, research, reviews, features and opinions. Read Chemistry World to keep up with stories from across the chemical sciences." />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />


<meta name="momentnowdate" content="2026-06-11 21:04:02.471"/>
<meta name="momentlocale" content="en-gb"/>
<meta name="momentlocaleformat" content="D MMMM YYYY"/>
<meta name="momentrelative" content="false"/>
<meta name="momentrelativeformat" content="YYYY,MM,DD"/>
<meta name="momentrelativemorethan" content="10"/>

	
	<meta name="robots" content="noarchive" />
<meta name="blockthis" content="blockGA" />
<meta name="showwallpaper" content="true" />
<meta name="navcode" content="101600" />
<meta name="primarynavigation" content="Home" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com" />
	
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Chemistry World" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.chemistryworld.com"/>
<meta property="og:title" content="Chemistry news, research and opinions | Chemistry World"/>
<meta property="og:description" content="Chemistry, covered. Science news, research, reviews, features and opinions. Read Chemistry World to keep up with stories from across the chemical sciences." />
<meta property="twitter:title" content="Chemistry news, research and opinions | Chemistry World"/>
<meta property="twitter:description" content="Chemistry, covered. Science news, research, reviews, features and opinions. Read Chemistry World to keep up with stories from across the chemical sciences."/>
<meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1024" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="536" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1024x536/P/web/i/b/a/CW-cutout-on-white-3.jpg" />
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="Chemistry World" />
<meta property="twitter:image:src" content="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1024x536/P/web/i/b/a/CW-cutout-on-white-3.jpg" />
<meta property="twitter:image:alt" content="Chemistry World" />

	



	
<link rel="icon" href="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" />
<!--[if IE]><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/favicon.ico" /><![endif]-->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/mstile-144x144.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff" />
	
	<link href="/Magazine/core.css?p=7961467064994968" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="/Magazine/print.css?p=7961467064994968" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print">


	
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha256-CSXorXvZcTkaix6Yvo6HppcZGetbYMGWSFlBw8HfCJo=" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
	
<script>var newLang={"more":{"default":"Show more","searchtype":"Show more","searchdates":"Show more"},"less":{"default":"Show fewer","searchtype":"Show fewer","searchdates":"Show fewer"},"show":{"default":"show"},"hide":{"default":"hide"},"caption":{"show":"show caption","hide":"hide caption"},"carousel":{"play":"play slideshow","pause":"pause slideshow"}};</script>
	
	<script type="text/javascript">
					var IPState = {
					
						useripstate: false,
						useripname: ''
						
					};
				</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
          
					window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
					window.dataLayer.push({'StoryID':undefined});
					window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFormatProperty':undefined});
					
					window.dataLayer.push({'StoryCategories':'null'});
					
					window.dataLayer.push({'StoryLayout':undefined});
					window.dataLayer.push({'StoryWidth':undefined});
					
					
					window.dataLayer.push({'StoryLayoutCode':undefined});
					
					window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFormatCode':'null'});
					
					window.dataLayer.push({'StoryTypeCode':'null'});
					
					window.dataLayer.push({'StoryCategoriesCodes':'null'});
					
					window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFullNavPath':'null'});
					       
					window.dataLayer.push({'UserID':undefined});
					window.dataLayer.push({'NavCode':'101600'});
					window.dataLayer.push({'MicrositeNavCode':'-1'});
					window.dataLayer.push({'NavKey':'73'});
          
          window.dataLayer.push({'NavigationAreaNavCode':'101600'});
          </script>
<script type="text/javascript">
window.dataLayer.push({'LoggedIn':'False'});
window.dataLayer.push({'UserStateLoggedIn':'False'});
window.dataLayer.push({'FullNavPath':'|1|101600|'});
window.dataLayer.push({'AccessStatus':'Granted'});
window.dataLayer.push({'Template':'SPIN'});
window.dataLayer.push({'Pubcode':'2'});
window.dataLayer.push({'PublicationName':'Chemistry World'});
window.dataLayer.push({'Title':'Chemistry news, research and opinions'});
window.dataLayer.push({'StoryAccessControl':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFormat':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'StoryType':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Headline':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'LongHeadline':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Intro':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Catchline':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Synopsis':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Standfirst':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Answer':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Source':undefined});
//window.dataLayer.push({'Refs':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Refs':undefined !== undefined ? undefined.slice(0,100) : undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Class':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Credits':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Postscript':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNav':'|Main Navigation|Home|'});
window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNavCurrent':'Home'});
window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNavCode':'|1|101600|'});
window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNavCodeCurrent':'101600'});
window.dataLayer.push({'Categories':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'CategoryCodes':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Tags':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'UserNeedsCodes':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'OverrideCodes':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'Bylines':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'FirstByline':undefined !== undefined ? undefined.slice(1,-1).split('|')[0] : undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'IssueDate':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'IssueDateTime':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'PublishDate':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'PublishDateTime':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'FullNavPath':'|1|101600|'});
window.dataLayer.push({'IPAccess':IPState.useripstate});
window.dataLayer.push({'IPOrg':IPState.useripname});
window.dataLayer.push({'HasReferrer':document.referrer !== '' ? 'Yes' : 'No'});
window.dataLayer.push({'ReferrerHostname':document.referrer !== '' ? new URL(document.referrer).hostname : null});
window.dataLayer.push({'AccessDeniedStoryID':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'AccessDeniedTitle':undefined});
window.dataLayer.push({'EmeReminder': localStorage.getItem('emeReminder') == null ? 'false' : Date.now() > JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('emeReminder')).expiresOn ? 'true' : 'false' });
window.dataLayer.push({'grecaptcha':'6LdWBLcnAAAAAP63g1FhMIsnUvW9oXipa06FmVhd'});
</script>
	<!-- Global_CSS Head -->
<!-- CW CSS -->
<link href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/css/global_2024.css?v=202604281841" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<!--<link href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/css/eme_2024.css?v=202408131429" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> -->
<link href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/eme/cw_eme_2026.css?v=202602241316" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">


<!-- Google News site verification Head-->
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="ukIIghja0jlEYTsO8a7IUxKoRlo_Mum0z_ZH9YtfRmI" />

<!-- Indexing and serving directives -->
<meta name="robots" content="max-snippet:160">
<meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large">
<meta name="robots" content="max-video-preview:-1">
<meta name="robots" content="noarchive">

<!-- Pinterest site verification-->
<meta name="p:domain_verify" content="3578264068c8ec673d41c1ec33e8f33c"/>

<!-- Facebook site verification-->
<meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="cyhpd7cvny3xvtnirap0htx4adr49p" />

<!-- Mobile theme -->
<meta name="theme-color" content="#000">
<meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000">

<!-- Hot fixes -->
<style type="text/css">.inline_image img[width][height]:not(.zoomable-image) {contain: unset;}</style>
<!-- EME story sponsor box -->
<style>
.story-sponsor-box {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: flex-start;
  border: 1px solid #000;
  border-radius: 0.5rem;
  padding: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  gap: 1rem;
}
.story-sponsor-box--logo img {
  max-width: 200px;
}
.story-sponsor-box--text {
  text-align: left;
  font-weight: 400;
  font-family: Avenir, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
.story-sponsor-box--text a {
  font-weight: 600;
}
.story-sponsor-box--text p {
  margin: 0;
}

@media screen and (min-width: 1280px) {
.story-sponsor-box {
    align-items: center;
    flex-direction: row;
  }
}
</style>
<style>
.groupBox-story-list ul li .selectedItem .group-panel-items .currentlyReading{
    font-size: .602rem;
}
</style>

<!-- SPIN CSS HEAD -->
<script>
(function(){
     var file = 'https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/css/spin_2024.css';
     var tag = document.createElement('link');
	  var cache = "?v=" + spinCssVersion;
	  tag.rel  = 'stylesheet';
	  tag.type = 'text/css';
     tag.href = file + cache;
     document.head.appendChild(tag);
}());
</script>
<!-- Global_JavaScript Head-->
<!--Pingdom RUM -->
<script>
var _prum = [['id', '5853c94daa695936ee7b23c6'],
             ['mark', 'firstbyte', (new Date()).getTime()]];
(function() {
    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]
      , p = document.createElement('script');
    p.async = 'async';
    p.src = '//rum-static.pingdom.net/prum.min.js';
    s.parentNode.insertBefore(p, s);
})();
</script>

<!-- AD Renewals Script -->
<script type="text/javascript">
    (function(d, s) {
        var config = {
            baseUrl:'account.chemistryworld.com',
            partyId: 0
        };

        var cacheDate = new Date();
        cacheDate.setHours(0,0,0,0);

        var _abacus_ = d.createElement('script');
        _abacus_.type = 'text/javascript';
        _abacus_.async = true;
        _abacus_.src = ('https:' == d.location.protocol ? 'https://' : 'http://') + config.baseUrl + '/templatejs?partyId=' + config.partyId + '&cacheDate=' + cacheDate.getTime();

        var sc = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
        sc.parentNode.insertBefore(_abacus_, sc);
    })(document, 'script');
</script>

	
	<!-- Chemistry World Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.setAttributeNode(d.createAttribute('data-ot-ignore'));j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MS3J9G');</script>

<!--Abacus Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PPW2GJH');</script>

<!-- Google AdSense -->
<!--<script data-ad-client="ca-pub-7021279776415627" async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>-->

<!-- AdManager  -->
<script type="text/javascript">
window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] };

googletag.cmd.push(function () {

  /* PAGE DETECTION */
  var isStory = document.querySelector('body#story') != null;
  var isSpin = document.querySelector('body#spin2') != null;
  var isAvStory = document.querySelector('body#story.story-style-6, body#story.story-style-5') != null;
  var isOther = (!isSpin && !isStory && !isAvStory);

  /* SIZE MAPPINGS */
  var mapMpuAD = googletag.sizeMapping()
    .addSize([0, 0], [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]])
    .build();
  var mapMpuB = googletag.sizeMapping()
    .addSize([1024, 0], [[300, 1050], [300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250]])
    .addSize([0, 0], [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]])
    .build();
  var mapMpuCEF = googletag.sizeMapping()
    .addSize([1024, 0], [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250]])
    .addSize([0, 0], [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]])
    .build();
  var mapLeaderboard = googletag.sizeMapping()
    .addSize([1024, 0], [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90]])
    .addSize([768, 0], [[728, 90], [468, 60]])
    .addSize([0, 0], [[320, 100], [320, 50]])
    .build();

  /* DATA LAYER HELPER */
  function dl(key) {
    return (window.dataLayer || [])
      .filter(function (el) {
        return el && el[key] && el[key] !== 'null';
      })
      .map(function (el) {
        return el[key];
      })
      .join('');
  }

  /* TARGETING */
  var targeting = {
    UserState: (!window.advanceData) ? 'Signed out' : 'Signed in',
    UserSubState:
      (!window.advanceData && window.IPState && IPState.useripstate)
        ? 'IP signed out'
        : (!window.advanceData)
          ? 'Casual'
          : (advanceData && advanceData.imis !== undefined)
            ? 'Member'
            : (advanceData && advanceData.products !== undefined)
              ? 'Subscriber'
              : (window.IPState && IPState.useripstate)
                ? 'IP signed in'
                : 'Registered',

    PrimaryNav: dl('PrimaryNavCurrent'),
    PageTitle: dl('Title'),
    HasReferrer: dl('HasReferrer'),
    IPAccess: dl('IPAccess'),
    IPOrg: dl('IPOrg')
  };

  if (isStory) {
    targeting.StoryID = dl('StoryID');
    targeting.Bylines = dl('Bylines');
    targeting.Categories = dl('Categories');
  }

  /* GLOBAL GPT CONFIG */
  googletag.setConfig({
    targeting: targeting,
    singleRequest: true,
    lazyLoad: {
      fetchMarginPercent: 4,
      renderMarginPercent: 2,
      mobileScaling: 2.0
    }
  });

  /* SLOT BUILDERS */
  function leaderboardTop() {
    return googletag.defineSlot(
      '/97414310/Leaderboard_Top',
      [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]],
      'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0'
    )
    .defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard)
    .addService(googletag.pubads());
  }
  function leaderboardBottom() {
    return googletag.defineSlot(
      '/97414310/CW_Bottom_Leaderboard',
      [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]],
      'div-gpt-ad-1579525223270-0'
    )
    .defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard)
    .addService(googletag.pubads());
  }
  function leaderboardInline(slotId, divId) {
    return googletag.defineSlot(
      slotId,
      [[320, 50], [970, 90], [970, 250], [980, 90], [980, 120], [468, 60], [320, 100], [728, 90]],
      divId
    )
    .defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard)
    .setConfig({ collapseDiv: "ON_NO_FILL" })
    .addService(googletag.pubads());
  }
  function mpu(slotId, divId, sizes, mapping) {
    return googletag.defineSlot(slotId, sizes, divId)
      .defineSizeMapping(mapping)
      .addService(googletag.pubads());
  }

  /* STORY SLOTS */
  if (isStory) {
    var storySlots = [
      leaderboardTop(),
		leaderboardBottom(),
      mpu('/97414310/CW_MPU_Related',
        'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-5',
        [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]],
		  mapMpuCEF
      ),
      mpu('/97414310/CW_MPU_Comments',
        'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-3',
        [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]],
		  mapMpuAD
      ),
      mpu('/97414310/CW_MPU_More',
        'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-4',
        [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]],
		  mapMpuCEF
      )
    ];
    googletag.enableServices();
  }

  /* AV STORY SLOTS */
  else if (isAvStory) {
    var avSlots = [
      leaderboardTop(),
		leaderboardBottom(),
      mpu('/97414310/MPU_Top',
		  'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-2',
		  [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]],
		  mapMpuAD
		  ),
		mpu('/97414310/CW_MPU_Related',
        'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-5',
        [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]],
		  mapMpuCEF
      ),
      mpu('/97414310/CW_MPU_Comments',
        'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-3',
        [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]],
		  mapMpuAD
      ),
      mpu('/97414310/CW_MPU_More',
        'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-4',
        [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]],
		  mapMpuCEF
      ),
		mpu('/97414310/CW_MPU_AV',
		  'div-gpt-ad-1594300296324-0',
		  [[300, 250], [160, 600], [300, 600], [320, 50], [200, 200], [320, 100], [250, 250], [336, 280], [120, 600]],
		  mapMpuCEF
		)
    ];
    googletag.enableServices();
  }

  /* SPIN SLOTS */
  else if (isSpin) {
    var spinSlots = {
      top: leaderboardTop(),
      inline1: leaderboardInline(
        '/97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_1',
        'div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-1'
      ),
      inline2: leaderboardInline(
        '/97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_2',
        'div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-2'
      ),
      inline3: leaderboardInline(
        '/97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_3',
        'div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-3'
      )
    };
    var primary = [spinSlots.top];
    var secondary = [spinSlots.inline1, spinSlots.inline2, spinSlots.inline3];
    googletag.setConfig({
      disableInitialLoad: true
    });
    googletag.enableServices();
    googletag.pubads().refresh(primary);
    googletag.pubads().refresh(secondary);
  }

  /* OTHER PAGES (not enhanced ads) */
  else if (isOther) {
    var otherSlots = [
      leaderboardTop(),
      mpu('/97414310/MPU_Top',
        'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-2',
        [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]],
		  mapMpuAD
      ),
      mpu('/97414310/MPU_Bottom',
        'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-1',
        [[300, 1050], [300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]],
		  mapMpuB
      )
    ];
    googletag.enableServices();
    googletag.pubads().refresh([otherSlots[0]]);
    googletag.pubads().refresh([otherSlots[1], otherSlots[2]]);
  }

});
</script>

	


</head>
<body id="spin2" class="SPIN2-master js-disabled enhanced-advertising enhanced-advertising-rhc-empty">
	
	<!-- Abacus Cloud Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PPW2GJH"
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->

<!-- Chemistry World Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MS3J9G"
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
	
<!--[if lte IE 10]>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/CSS/dest/notsupported.css">
<div class="notSupported">
	<div class="sleeve">
		<span id="logo" class="vector-icon i-brand-logo i-brand-logo-dims"></span>
		<h2>
			Your browser is not supported
		</h2>
		<p>
			Sorry but it looks as if your browser is out of date. To get the best experience using our site we recommend that you upgrade or switch browsers.
		</p>
		<p class="buttonContainer">
			<a class="button" href="https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=update+my+browser" target="_blank">Find a solution</a>
		</p>
	</div>
</div>
<![endif]-->
	<script type="text/javascript">document.body.className = document.body.className.replace('js-disabled', ''); document.cookie="_js=1; path=/";</script>
	


	<div id="wrapper">
		
<ul id="skiplinks"><li><a href="#wrapper_sleeve">Skip to main content</a></li><li><a href="#mainnav">Skip to navigation</a></li></ul>
		
<header id="masthead" class="masthead">
	<div class="htmlContent">
  
</div>
	<div class="hot-topics-container container showMenuPushed"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="hot-topics-item"><svg id="hot-topics-icon" viewBox="0 0 15 15" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>hot-topics</title><path d="M.31,7.44,7.56,14.7A1,1,0,0,0,9,14.7H9L14.7,9h0a1,1,0,0,0,0-1.45L7.44.31A1,1,0,0,0,6.79,0H1A.92.92,0,0,0,.27.27h0A.92.92,0,0,0,0,1V6.65a1,1,0,0,0,0,.14H0A1,1,0,0,0,.31,7.44ZM2.39,5.3a2.07,2.07,0,1,1,2.93,0A2.07,2.07,0,0,1,2.39,5.3Z" fill="#ababab" /></svg><span>Extras</span></li><li class="first"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/newsletters">Newsletters</a></li><li><a href="https://jobs.chemistryworld.com/">Jobs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/reading-room">Reading room</a></li><li class="last"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/puzzles">Puzzles</a></li></ul></div></div>
	
	<!-- RSC global header -->
<div id="global-rsc-bar" class="container">
	<div class="inner-sleeve" id="rsc-sleeve">
		<a id="rsc-logo-link" href="https://www.rsc.org">
			<svg version="1.1" id="rsc-group-logo" style="width:120px;" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="17 14 130 41" xml:space="preserve">
				<title>Royal Society of Chemistry</title>
				<style type="text/css">
					.rsc0{fill:#004976;}
					.rsc1{fill:#EEDC00;}
					.rsc2{fill:#97D700;}
					.rsc3{fill:#48A9C5;}
					.rsc4{opacity:0.5;fill:#48A9C5;}
					.rsc5{opacity:0.5;fill:#EEDC00;}
				</style>
				<g>
					<g>
						<path class="rsc0" d="M52.88,27.13h3.52c1,0,1.81,0.31,2.32,0.82c0.4,0.4,0.63,0.97,0.63,1.62v0.02c0,1.36-0.93,2.16-2.22,2.39
			l2.51,3.36h-1.13l-2.37-3.19h-0.02h-2.31v3.19h-0.92L52.88,27.13z M56.32,31.32c1.23,0,2.1-0.63,2.1-1.69v-0.02
			c0-1.01-0.77-1.62-2.09-1.62h-2.52v3.33H56.32z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M60.73,31.26v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02
			c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C62.4,35.49,60.73,33.53,60.73,31.26z M68.12,31.26v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39
			c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C66.79,34.63,68.12,33.13,68.12,31.26z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M72.65,32.1l-3.4-4.96h1.12l2.76,4.11l2.78-4.11h1.07l-3.4,4.95v3.26h-0.93V32.1z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M79.96,27.07h0.86l3.73,8.27h-0.99l-0.96-2.17h-4.45l-0.97,2.17h-0.95L79.96,27.07z M82.24,32.34l-1.86-4.19
			l-1.87,4.19H82.24z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M85.93,27.13h0.92v7.36h4.6v0.86h-5.53V27.13z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M95.66,34.15l0.57-0.68c0.85,0.77,1.67,1.16,2.8,1.16c1.1,0,1.82-0.59,1.82-1.4v-0.02
			c0-0.76-0.41-1.2-2.13-1.56c-1.88-0.41-2.75-1.02-2.75-2.37v-0.02c0-1.29,1.13-2.24,2.69-2.24c1.19,0,2.04,0.34,2.87,1.01
			l-0.54,0.72c-0.76-0.62-1.52-0.89-2.36-0.89c-1.06,0-1.74,0.59-1.74,1.33v0.02c0,0.77,0.42,1.21,2.22,1.6
			c1.82,0.4,2.66,1.07,2.66,2.32v0.02c0,1.41-1.17,2.32-2.79,2.32C97.7,35.46,96.64,35.03,95.66,34.15z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M103.08,31.26v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02
			c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C104.75,35.49,103.08,33.53,103.08,31.26z M110.46,31.26v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39
			c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C109.13,34.63,110.46,33.13,110.46,31.26z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M112.77,31.26v-0.02c0-2.32,1.73-4.25,4.14-4.25c1.48,0,2.37,0.53,3.19,1.3l-0.63,0.68
			c-0.69-0.66-1.46-1.13-2.57-1.13c-1.81,0-3.17,1.48-3.17,3.37v0.02c0,1.9,1.37,3.39,3.17,3.39c1.12,0,1.86-0.43,2.64-1.19
			l0.61,0.6c-0.85,0.87-1.79,1.44-3.27,1.44C114.51,35.49,112.77,33.62,112.77,31.26z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M121.62,27.13l0.92,0v8.22h-0.92V27.13z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M124.68,27.13l5.91,0v0.85l-4.99,0l0,2.81h4.46v0.85h-4.46v2.88l5.05,0v0.85l-5.97,0L124.68,27.13z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M134.43,27.99h-2.75v-0.86l6.43,0v0.86l-2.75,0l0,7.36h-0.93V27.99z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M142.16,32.1l-3.4-4.96h1.12l2.76,4.11l2.78-4.11l1.07,0l-3.4,4.95v3.26h-0.93V32.1z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M52.52,43v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02
			c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C54.19,47.22,52.52,45.26,52.52,43z M59.9,43v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39
			c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C58.57,46.37,59.9,44.86,59.9,43z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M63.05,38.87l5.88,0v0.86h-4.95v2.93h4.43v0.85h-4.43l0,3.58h-0.92L63.05,38.87z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M77.87,47.22c-2.41,0-4.19-1.87-4.19-4.23v-0.02c0-2.34,1.75-4.25,4.26-4.25c1.54,0,2.47,0.52,3.22,1.27
			l-1.14,1.33c-0.63-0.58-1.27-0.93-2.09-0.93c-1.38,0-2.37,1.15-2.37,2.56v0.02c0,1.41,0.97,2.58,2.37,2.58
			c0.93,0,1.51-0.38,2.15-0.96l1.15,1.16C80.38,46.66,79.45,47.22,77.87,47.22z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M88.13,47.08v-3.3h-3.32v3.3h-1.8l0-8.22h1.8v3.25h3.32l0-3.25h1.8v8.22H88.13z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M92.24,47.08v-8.22l6.17,0v1.61l-4.38,0v1.67l3.86,0v1.61l-3.86,0v1.73h4.44v1.61L92.24,47.08z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M106.81,47.08v-5.36l-2.3,3.51h-0.05l-2.28-3.47v5.33h-1.76l0-8.22h1.94l2.15,3.47l2.15-3.47h1.94l0,8.22
			H106.81z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M110.99,47.08l0-8.22h1.8v8.22L110.99,47.08z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M118.09,47.2c-1.24,0-2.49-0.43-3.47-1.31l1.06-1.28c0.74,0.61,1.51,1,2.44,1c0.74,0,1.18-0.29,1.18-0.77
			v-0.02c0-0.46-0.28-0.69-1.65-1.04c-1.65-0.42-2.71-0.88-2.71-2.51v-0.02c0-1.49,1.19-2.48,2.86-2.48c1.19,0,2.21,0.38,3.04,1.04
			l-0.93,1.36c-0.72-0.5-1.44-0.81-2.13-0.81c-0.69,0-1.05,0.32-1.05,0.72v0.02c0,0.54,0.35,0.72,1.76,1.08
			c1.66,0.43,2.59,1.03,2.59,2.46v0.02C121.09,46.28,119.85,47.2,118.09,47.2z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M126.54,40.53v6.55h-1.8l0-6.55h-2.49v-1.67l6.78,0v1.67H126.54z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M135.72,47.08l-1.75-2.63l-1.41,0v2.63h-1.8v-8.22h3.74c1.93,0,3.08,1.02,3.08,2.71v0.02
			c0,1.33-0.71,2.16-1.75,2.55l2,2.93H135.72z M135.75,41.67c0-0.77-0.54-1.17-1.41-1.17h-1.79v2.36h1.82
			c0.88,0,1.38-0.47,1.38-1.16V41.67z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M143.36,43.81v3.27l-1.8,0v-3.24l-3.14-4.98h2.1l1.95,3.3l1.99-3.3h2.04L143.36,43.81z" />
					</g>
					<g>
						<path class="rsc0" d="M48.41,25.16c-0.76-0.76-1.59-1.46-2.49-2.06c-0.89-0.61-1.85-1.13-2.86-1.56c-1.01-0.43-2.06-0.76-3.16-0.98
			s-2.23-0.34-3.39-0.34l0,6.64c0.7,0,1.39,0.07,2.06,0.21c0.66,0.14,1.31,0.34,1.92,0.6c0.61,0.26,1.19,0.58,1.73,0.95
			s1.05,0.79,1.51,1.25L48.41,25.16z" />
						<path class="rsc0" d="M43.73,44.36c-0.46,0.46-0.97,0.88-1.51,1.25s-1.12,0.69-1.73,0.95c-0.61,0.26-1.25,0.46-1.92,0.6
			c-0.66,0.14-1.35,0.21-2.06,0.21c-0.7,0-1.39-0.07-2.06-0.21c-0.66-0.14-1.31-0.34-1.92-0.6c-0.61-0.26-1.19-0.58-1.73-0.95
			s-1.05-0.79-1.51-1.25l-4.67,4.7c0.76,0.76,1.59,1.46,2.49,2.06c0.89,0.61,1.85,1.13,2.86,1.56c1.01,0.43,2.06,0.76,3.16,0.98
			c1.09,0.23,2.23,0.34,3.39,0.34c1.16,0,2.29-0.12,3.39-0.34s2.15-0.56,3.16-0.98c1.01-0.43,1.96-0.95,2.86-1.56
			c0.89-0.61,1.73-1.3,2.49-2.06L43.73,44.36z" />
					</g>
					<path class="rsc1" d="M29.3,44.36c-0.46-0.46-0.88-0.97-1.25-1.52s-0.68-1.13-0.94-1.74c-0.26-0.61-0.46-1.26-0.59-1.92
		c-0.14-0.67-0.21-1.36-0.21-2.07l-6.61,0c0,1.17,0.12,2.3,0.34,3.4c0.22,1.1,0.55,2.16,0.98,3.17c0.43,1.01,0.95,1.97,1.55,2.87
		c0.6,0.9,1.29,1.74,2.05,2.5L29.3,44.36z" />
					<path class="rsc2" d="M26.31,37.11c0-0.71,0.07-1.4,0.21-2.07c0.14-0.67,0.34-1.31,0.59-1.92c0.26-0.61,0.57-1.2,0.94-1.74
		c0.37-0.55,0.78-1.05,1.25-1.52l-4.67-4.7c-0.76,0.76-1.45,1.6-2.05,2.5c-0.6,0.9-1.12,1.86-1.55,2.87
		c-0.43,1.01-0.76,2.07-0.98,3.17s-0.34,2.24-0.34,3.4L26.31,37.11z" />
					<path class="rsc3" d="M29.3,29.86c0.46-0.46,0.97-0.88,1.51-1.25c0.54-0.37,1.12-0.69,1.73-0.95c0.61-0.26,1.25-0.46,1.92-0.6
		c0.66-0.14,1.35-0.21,2.06-0.21l0-6.64c-1.16,0-2.29,0.12-3.39,0.34c-1.09,0.23-2.15,0.56-3.16,0.98
		c-1.01,0.43-1.96,0.95-2.86,1.56s-1.73,1.3-2.49,2.06L29.3,29.86z" />
					<path class="rsc4" d="M40.15,18.35C38.97,18.12,37.76,18,36.52,18c-1.31,0-2.59,0.13-3.83,0.39s-2.43,0.63-3.57,1.11
		c-1.14,0.48-2.22,1.07-3.23,1.76c-1.01,0.69-1.95,1.47-2.81,2.33c-0.86,0.86-1.64,1.81-2.32,2.83l9.14,6.19
		c0.29-0.43,0.62-0.83,0.98-1.19c0.36-0.36,0.76-0.69,1.18-0.98c0.43-0.29,0.88-0.54,1.36-0.74s0.98-0.36,1.5-0.47
		c0.52-0.11,1.06-0.16,1.61-0.16c0.52,0,1.03,0.05,1.53,0.15L40.15,18.35z" />
					<path class="rsc5" d="M30.86,42.79c-0.36-0.36-0.69-0.76-0.98-1.19c-0.29-0.43-0.54-0.88-0.74-1.37c-0.2-0.48-0.36-0.99-0.47-1.51
		c-0.11-0.52-0.16-1.07-0.16-1.62c0-0.52,0.05-1.04,0.15-1.53l-10.82-2.11c-0.23,1.18-0.35,2.4-0.35,3.65
		c0,1.32,0.13,2.61,0.39,3.85c0.25,1.24,0.63,2.44,1.11,3.59c0.48,1.14,1.07,2.23,1.75,3.25c0.68,1.02,1.46,1.96,2.32,2.83
		c0.86,0.86,1.8,1.65,2.81,2.33l6.16-9.18C31.62,43.48,31.22,43.15,30.86,42.79z" />
				</g>
			</svg>
		</a>
		<div id="ip-auth0">
			<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="13.099969" height="17.959562" style="margin-top:12px;">
				<path xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" d="M 11.251854,7.8389094 H 3.3703797 V 5.8761746 c 0,-1.7532294 1.4264604,-3.1798594 3.1798594,-3.1798594 1.4316768,0 2.6934591,0.9633855 3.0687876,2.3427284 0.1229042,0.4519633 0.5889903,0.7186798 1.0410383,0.5958605 0.452048,-0.1229042 0.718807,-0.5890325 0.59586,-1.0410807 C 10.680422,2.477734 8.7452535,1 6.5501119,1 3.8613179,1 1.6738101,3.1875078 1.6738101,5.8763018 V 7.8574849 C 1.2895755,7.9381488 1,8.2795493 1,8.6874911 v 7.4238709 c 0,0.467782 0.3805025,0.8482 0.8482,0.8482 h 9.403569 c 0.467783,0 0.8482,-0.380503 0.8482,-0.8482 V 8.6874911 c 0,-0.4677823 -0.380502,-0.8482 -0.8482,-0.8482 M 7.6893293,14.185948 c 0.017303,0.09169 -0.04487,0.166713 -0.1381718,0.166713 H 5.5715859 c -0.093302,0 -0.155475,-0.07502 -0.1381717,-0.166713 l 0.3151911,-1.67053 C 5.5100066,12.297812 5.3602569,11.984444 5.3602569,11.636089 c 0,-0.657143 0.532712,-1.190025 1.1900246,-1.190025 0.657143,0 1.1900246,0.532712 1.1900246,1.190025 0,0.338898 -0.1419038,0.64442 -0.3692639,0.861135 z" id="ip-auth-padlock" />
			</svg>
			<div id="ip-auth--name"></div>
		</div>
		<ul id="rsc-list">
			<li><a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/">Publishing</a>
			</li>
			<li><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/">Education</a>
			</li>
			<li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/membership-and-community/">Membership</a>
			</li>
		</ul>
	</div>
</div>
<!-- Leaderboard advert-->
<div id="masthead-leaderboard-top-wrapper" class="leaderboard container sticky">
  <div class="inner-sleeve">
    <div class="ad">
    <!-- /97414310/Leaderboard_Top -->
      <div id='div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0' class="ad-ldrbrd">
        <script type='text/javascript'>
          googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0'); }); 
        </script>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>
<!-- Reader survey banner
<div id="eme-global-head" class="eme-completed" data-message="eme-global-head">
  <div class="container">
    <div class="inner-sleeve">
      <div id="eme-global-head-content" class="eme-data-set" data-eme-tribe="all" data-eme-exp="promotion" data-eme-state="reader-survey-202302">
        <p><span class="long">Tell us what you think. </span><a class="eme-trigger" href="https://www.smartsurvey.co.uk/s/HT5NHC/" data-eme-action="survey">Take part in our reader survey</a></p>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div> -->
	<div class="mast container full" role="banner" data-multi-toggle-menu>
		<div class="inner-sleeve" data-menu-open-pushed>
			<div class="mastheadLogo">
  <a href="/">
    <svg id="brand-logo" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 578.23 49.53"><title>Chemistry World</title><g id="letters"><path id="Path_10" data-name="Path 10" d="M434.38,48.73a24,24,0,1,1,24-24A24,24,0,0,1,434.38,48.73Zm0-40a16,16,0,1,0,16.06,16A16,16,0,0,0,434.38,8.74Z" transform="translate(0.01 0)" fill="#fff"/><path id="Path_11" data-name="Path 11" d="M84.43,48V1.56H111.6V8.91h-19V20h16.34V27.3H92.58V40.55h19.35V48H84.43Zm59.06,1.57L130,22.14,125,48h-7.77L126.8.06h.7L144,33.67,160.34.06h.7L170.5,48h-8.22l-5-25.81L144.36,49.53ZM178.2,48V1.56h8.41V48Zm30.57,1.57a29,29,0,0,1-12.53-2.75l-.07,0-.74-9.38.21.13c5,3.19,9,4.68,12.74,4.68,4.74,0,8-2.6,8-6.33,0-3.2-1.76-5.37-6.74-8.31l-3.46-2.09c-5.88-3.47-9.8-7-9.8-13.15C196.43,5.06,202.26,0,210.6,0a25.69,25.69,0,0,1,11.69,2.82l.07,0-.27,7.64-.17-.09c-4.56-2.48-8-3.64-10.72-3.64-4.16,0-6.74,2-6.74,5.16,0,2.86,2.21,4.69,6.28,7.07l3.33,2c7.75,4.58,10.78,8.71,10.78,14.71,0,8.3-6.46,13.88-16.07,13.88ZM243.55,48V8.85H227.93V1.56h39.58V8.85H252V48Zm55.74,0-14-19.17H281.5V48h-8.22V1.56h10.84c6.29,0,10.68.53,14.51,3.22a12.13,12.13,0,0,1,5.48,9.94c0,6.07-3.57,10.65-10.05,12.9l15,20.33h-9.78ZM285.1,22.62c7,0,10.66-2.51,10.66-7.25s-3.51-7-11.38-7H281.5V22.62ZM323,48V26.85L305.74,1.56h9.84L327.8,19.73,341.07,1.56h9.06l-18.7,25.23,0,21.17H323Z" transform="translate(0.01 0)" fill="#fff" opacity="0.8" style="isolation:isolate"/><path id="Path_12" data-name="Path 12" d="M489.61,48l-14-19.17h-3.74V48h-8.22V1.56h10.84c6.29,0,10.68.53,14.51,3.22a12.13,12.13,0,0,1,5.48,9.94c0,6.07-3.57,10.65-10.05,12.9l15,20.33h-9.78ZM475.43,22.62c7,0,10.66-2.51,10.66-7.25s-3.51-7-11.38-7h-2.88V22.62ZM505,48V1.56h8.35V40.49h19.86V48H505Zm34,0V1.56h11.3c17.17,0,27.83,8.89,27.83,23.2a21.7,21.7,0,0,1-11.5,19.73c-5.34,3-11,3.47-16.33,3.47h-11.3Zm12.34-7.61c11.42,0,18.24-5.83,18.24-15.59S562.85,9.17,551.42,9.17h-4.06V40.35h4.06ZM353.3,1.57h9.57l25,37.39-4,9.17Zm19.9,0h9.57l25,37.39-4,9.17Z" transform="translate(0.01 0)" fill="#fff"/><path id="Path_13" data-name="Path 13" d="M68.2,48V27.3H46.36V48H38.08V1.56h8.28V19.95H68.2V1.56h8.22V48ZM24,48.73a23.92,23.92,0,0,0,5.51-.65V39.8A16,16,0,1,1,24,8.74a15.86,15.86,0,0,1,5.51,1V1.45A24,24,0,1,0,24,48.73Z" transform="translate(0.01 0)" fill="#fff" opacity="0.8" style="isolation:isolate"/></g>
    </svg>
  </a>
<!-- 20th anniversary -->
<!--  
  <p>Celebrating twenty years</p>
  <style>
    .mastheadLogo > p  {
    text-transform: uppercase;
    font-family: Avenir,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
    font-size: 1rem;
    color: #fff;
    display: none;
    }
    @media screen and (min-width:1024px){
      .mastheadLogo > p  {
        display:inline-block
      }
    }
 </style>
 -->
</div>
<div class="mastheadBrand">
    <a href="/"><svg id="cw-logo" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 92.01 60"><title>cw-logo</title><path id="c" d="M20.4.1A30.88,30.88,0,0,0,29.35,60V42.89a13.81,13.81,0,0,1,.26-27.48Z" transform="translate(0.01)" fill="#fff" opacity="0.7" style="isolation:isolate"/><path id="w" d="M43,0h-18L60.46,58.91l7.93-16.71ZM66.63,0h-18L84.07,58.91,92,42.19Z" transform="translate(0.01)" fill="#fff" opacity="0.9" style="isolation:isolate"/></svg></a>
</div>
<!-- 20 anniversary -->
<!--<div class="mastheadBrand">
  <a href="/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="cw-logo" data-name="cw-logo" viewBox="0 1 90 60">
    <defs>
      <style>
        .cw-logo-w {fill: #e6e6e6;}
        .cw-logo-c, .cw-logo-w, .cw-logo-twenty {stroke-width: 0px;}
        .cw-logo-c {fill: #b3b3b3;}
        .cw-logo-twenty {fill: #1f92d1;}
      </style>
    </defs>
    <path class="cw-logo-c" d="m19.79,1.14C8.25,5.29,0,16.32,0,29.3c0,16.04,12.62,29.13,28.48,29.88v-16.58c-6.71-.72-11.94-6.4-11.94-13.3s5.36-12.72,12.19-13.33L19.79,1.14Z"></path>
    <polygon class="cw-logo-w" points="41.74 1.04 24.31 1.04 58.66 58.12 66.35 41.92 41.74 1.04"></polygon>
    <path class="cw-logo-w" d="m89.83,41.92l-7.69,16.2L47.79,1.04h17.43l24.61,40.89ZM66.18,2.63c-.06-.03-.13-.05-.19-.08-.26-.09-.53-.13-.81-.12-.28,0-.57.08-.86.21l.57,1.32c.26-.12.5-.16.73-.11.23.04.41.17.53.38.12.2.16.4.12.59s-.16.35-.36.46c-.16.1-.33.14-.51.14s-.37-.03-.58-.09l-3.14-.95-1.06.64,2.33,3.87,1.1-.66-1.32-2.18,1.85.57c.18.05.37.1.55.15.18.05.36.07.55.08.18,0,.37,0,.55-.05s.37-.12.56-.24c.28-.17.49-.37.63-.6.14-.23.23-.48.25-.74,0-.03,0-.06,0-.09l-1.51-2.51Zm2.71,4.51c-.24-.1-.49-.15-.75-.17-.36-.02-.73.04-1.11.17s-.77.31-1.15.54c-.38.23-.72.48-1.01.76-.3.28-.53.59-.68.91-.16.33-.23.67-.23,1.03,0,.36.12.73.35,1.11.23.38.5.65.81.82s.65.26,1.01.27c.36.01.73-.05,1.12-.18s.77-.31,1.15-.54c.38-.23.71-.48,1.01-.76s.52-.58.67-.9c.11-.23.18-.48.21-.73l-1.4-2.33Zm-1.85,3.74c-.22.1-.43.18-.64.23-.21.05-.4.06-.58.03-.18-.03-.32-.13-.42-.3-.1-.17-.12-.34-.07-.52.05-.18.15-.35.29-.51.14-.16.3-.32.5-.46s.37-.27.55-.37c.17-.1.36-.2.57-.3.21-.1.42-.17.63-.22.21-.05.4-.05.59-.02.18.03.32.13.42.3.1.17.12.34.07.51s-.15.34-.29.5c-.14.16-.31.31-.5.45-.19.14-.37.26-.53.36-.17.1-.37.21-.58.31Zm4.6.82c-.24-.1-.49-.15-.75-.16-.36-.02-.73.04-1.11.17-.39.13-.77.31-1.15.54-.38.23-.72.48-1.01.76-.3.28-.53.58-.68.91-.16.33-.23.67-.23,1.03,0,.36.12.73.35,1.11.23.38.5.65.81.83.31.17.65.26,1.01.27.36.01.73-.05,1.12-.18s.77-.31,1.15-.54c.38-.23.71-.48,1.01-.76s.52-.58.67-.9c.11-.23.18-.48.21-.73l-1.41-2.34Zm-1.85,3.74c-.22.1-.43.18-.64.23-.21.05-.4.06-.58.03-.18-.03-.32-.13-.42-.3-.1-.17-.12-.34-.07-.51.05-.18.15-.35.29-.51s.3-.32.5-.46.37-.27.55-.37c.17-.1.36-.2.57-.3.21-.1.42-.17.63-.22s.4-.05.59-.02c.18.03.32.14.42.3.1.17.12.34.07.51-.06.17-.15.34-.29.5-.14.16-.31.31-.5.45s-.37.26-.53.36c-.17.1-.37.21-.58.31Zm5.14,1.72l-4.25-.21-1.07.64,1.52,2.52-1.04.63.71,1.19,1.04-.63.44.73,1.03-.62-.45-.74,3.07-1.85-1-1.66Zm-2.77,2.34l-.78-1.29,2.75.08v.02s-1.97,1.19-1.97,1.19Zm2.5,5.25l.78-.47-1.55-2.57-.78.47,1.55,2.57Zm4.11-1.2c-.06-.03-.12-.05-.18-.07-.26-.09-.53-.13-.81-.12-.28,0-.57.08-.86.21l.57,1.32c.26-.12.5-.16.73-.11.23.04.41.17.53.38.12.2.16.4.11.59s-.16.35-.35.46c-.16.1-.33.14-.51.14-.18,0-.37-.03-.58-.09l-3.14-.95-1.06.64,2.33,3.87,1.1-.66-1.32-2.19,1.85.58c.18.05.37.1.55.15s.36.07.55.08c.18,0,.37,0,.55-.05s.37-.12.56-.24c.28-.17.49-.37.63-.6s.23-.48.25-.74c0-.03,0-.05,0-.08l-1.52-2.52Zm2.71,4.51c-.24-.1-.48-.15-.74-.16-.36-.02-.73.04-1.11.17-.39.13-.77.31-1.15.54-.38.23-.72.48-1.01.77-.3.28-.53.58-.68.91-.16.33-.23.67-.23,1.03s.12.73.35,1.11c.23.38.5.65.81.83.31.17.65.26,1.01.27.36.01.73-.05,1.12-.18.39-.13.77-.31,1.15-.54.38-.23.71-.48,1.01-.76s.52-.58.67-.9c.11-.23.18-.47.21-.73l-1.41-2.34Zm-1.84,3.74c-.22.1-.43.18-.64.23-.21.05-.4.06-.58.03-.18-.03-.32-.13-.42-.3s-.12-.34-.07-.52c.05-.18.15-.35.29-.51s.3-.32.5-.46c.19-.14.37-.27.54-.37.17-.1.36-.2.57-.3s.43-.18.63-.22c.21-.05.4-.05.59-.02.18.03.32.14.42.3.1.17.12.34.07.51-.06.17-.15.34-.29.5-.14.16-.31.31-.49.45-.19.14-.37.26-.53.36-.17.1-.36.21-.58.31Zm4.45.59c-.06-.03-.12-.05-.18-.07-.26-.09-.53-.13-.81-.12-.28,0-.57.08-.86.21l.57,1.32c.26-.12.5-.16.73-.11.23.04.41.17.53.38.12.2.16.4.12.59-.05.19-.16.35-.36.46-.16.1-.33.14-.51.14-.18,0-.37-.03-.58-.09l-3.14-.95-1.06.64,2.33,3.87,1.1-.67-1.32-2.19,1.85.57c.18.05.37.1.55.15s.36.07.55.08c.18,0,.37,0,.55-.05s.37-.12.56-.24c.28-.17.49-.37.63-.6.14-.23.23-.48.25-.74,0-.02,0-.05,0-.07l-1.52-2.53Zm3.29,5.47l-4.25-.21-1.07.64,1.52,2.52-1.04.63.71,1.19,1.04-.63.44.73,1.03-.62-.45-.74,3.06-1.84-1-1.67Zm-2.76,2.34l-.78-1.29,2.75.08v.02s-1.97,1.19-1.97,1.19Z"></path>
  <g>
    <path class="cw-logo-twenty" d="m30.02,57.23v-2.67l5.28-4.77c.33-.32.6-.64.8-.97.2-.33.31-.7.31-1.11,0-.48-.15-.87-.46-1.17-.31-.3-.71-.45-1.22-.45-.54,0-.97.19-1.31.56s-.54.87-.6,1.48l-3.08-.42c.08-.69.26-1.3.56-1.84.3-.54.68-1,1.14-1.37.46-.38.98-.67,1.58-.87s1.22-.3,1.88-.3c.62,0,1.23.08,1.82.25s1.11.42,1.57.76c.46.34.82.78,1.1,1.3.27.52.41,1.13.41,1.84,0,.48-.06.92-.19,1.31-.13.39-.3.75-.53,1.08-.22.33-.48.64-.76.93s-.58.57-.89.85l-3.13,2.79h5.52v2.79h-9.79Z"></path>
    <path class="cw-logo-twenty" d="m50.82,50.43c0,.96-.09,1.87-.29,2.73-.19.87-.5,1.63-.92,2.28-.42.66-.97,1.18-1.63,1.57s-1.48.58-2.44.58-1.77-.19-2.45-.58c-.68-.39-1.23-.91-1.65-1.57-.43-.66-.74-1.42-.93-2.28-.19-.87-.29-1.78-.29-2.73s.09-1.86.29-2.72c.19-.86.5-1.61.93-2.26.43-.64.98-1.16,1.65-1.54.68-.38,1.49-.57,2.45-.57s1.77.19,2.44.57,1.21.9,1.63,1.54c.42.64.73,1.4.92,2.26.19.86.29,1.77.29,2.72Zm-3.29,0c0-.42-.02-.89-.08-1.4-.05-.51-.15-.98-.29-1.42-.14-.44-.34-.81-.6-1.11-.26-.3-.6-.45-1.02-.45s-.76.15-1.03.45-.47.67-.62,1.11c-.15.44-.25.91-.3,1.42-.05.51-.08.97-.08,1.4s.02.91.08,1.42c.05.52.15.99.3,1.43.15.44.35.81.62,1.11.27.3.61.45,1.03.45s.76-.15,1.02-.45c.26-.3.46-.67.6-1.11.14-.44.23-.92.29-1.43.05-.52.08-.99.08-1.42Z"></path>
  </g>
</svg></a>
</div>-->
			
			<div class="mastControls">
				<nav data-multi-toggle-item="" class="mastNav loggedout hide"><span class="toggleIcon"><a href="#mastnav" data-toggle-button=""><span class="assistive">Mast navigation</span></a></span><ul id="mastnav" data-toggle-element=""><li><a class="popup signIn" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/sign-in">Sign In</a></li><li><a href="https://account.chemistryworld.com/register?campaigncode=CWRAN1704&amp;returl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.chemistryworld.com/">Register</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/subscribe?campaigncode=CWSubAN1904">Subscribe</a></li></ul></nav>
				<div class="mastheadSearch hide" data-multi-toggle-item="">
  <span class="toggleIcon">
    <a href="#search" data-toggle-button="">
      <span class="assistive">Search our site</span>
    </a>
  </span>
  <form action="https://www.chemistryworld.com/searchresults" method="get" id="mastsearch" data-toggle-element="">
    <fieldset>
      <div>
        <label for="search">Search our site</label>
        <input type="text" id="search" value="" name="qkeyword" class="text autocomplete" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search our site" data-minlength="0" data-autoselect="false" data-autoselectonblur="true" />
        <button class="mastSearch" type="submit">Search</button>
      </div>
    </fieldset>
  </form>
</div>
				

<div class="menuToggle">
	<span class="toggleIcon"><a href="#mobilemenu" data-menu-toggle-button=""><span class="assistive">Menu</span></a></span>
</div>
			</div>
		</div>
	</div>
	<div class="menuContainer">
		<div class="mobileMenu" id="mobilemenu">
  <div class="sleeve">
    <a class="menuClose" href="#wrapper">
      <span>Close<span class="assistive"> menu</span></span>
    </a>
    <ul class="main">
      <li class="home-icon">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/">
          <span>Home</span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li class="">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news">
          <span>News</span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li class="">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research">
          <span>Research</span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li class="">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry">
          <span>Industry</span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li class="">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion">
          <span>Opinion</span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li class="">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features">
          <span>Features</span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li class="">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture">
          <span>Culture</span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li class="">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers">
          <span>Careers</span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li class="">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts">
          <span>Podcasts</span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li class="">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars">
          <span>Webinars</span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li class="hasChildren ">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections" aria-expanded="false">
          <span>Collections</span>
        </a>
        <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide">
          <li class="parentBack">
            <a class="toolbar" href="#">
              <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span>
              <span class="btn backBtn">
                <i></i>
              </span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="parentNav">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections">
              <span>Collections</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/energy-storage-and-batteries">
              <span>Energy storage and batteries</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/framing-the-future-policies-to-catalyse-indias-innovation-ecosystem">
              <span>Framing the future: policies to catalyse India's innovation ecosystem</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/2025-in-review">
              <span>2025 in review</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/womens-health">
              <span>Women's health</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/solutions-for-indias-sustainability-challenge">
              <span>Solutions for India's sustainability challenge</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/the-future-of-analytical-chemistry">
              <span>The future of analytical chemistry</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemistry-of-the-brain">
              <span>Chemistry of the brain</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/water-and-the-environment">
              <span>Water and the environment</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="break">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemical-bonding">
              <span>Chemical bonding</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/antimicrobial-resistance">
              <span>Antimicrobial resistance</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/ai-and-automation">
              <span>AI and automation</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/sustainability">
              <span>Sustainability</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/research-culture">
              <span>Research culture</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/nobel-prize">
              <span>Nobel prize</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="partner-nav">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/food-science-and-cookery">
              <span>Food science and cookery</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/plastics-and-polymers">
              <span>Plastics and polymers</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/periodic-table">
              <span>Periodic table</span>
            </a>
          </li>
          <li class="">
            <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/coronavirus">
              <span>Coronavirus</span>
            </a>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li class="">
        <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/members">
          <span>Members</span>
        </a>
      </li>
    </ul>
    
  </div>
</div>
<div class="mobileMenuClose"></div>
		<div id="mainnav" class="desktopNavigation container" data-menu-open-pushed=""><div class="dropdown vanityPanel"><div class="inner-sleeve"></div></div><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul class="main preJS"><li data-navcode="101600" data-rootnavcode="101600" class="current home-icon"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101602" data-rootnavcode="101602"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news"><span>News</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101599" data-rootnavcode="101599"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research"><span>Research</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101608" data-rootnavcode="101608"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry"><span>Industry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101609" data-rootnavcode="101609"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion"><span>Opinion</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101639" data-rootnavcode="101639"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features"><span>Features</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101610" data-rootnavcode="101610"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture"><span>Culture</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101614" data-rootnavcode="101614"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers"><span>Careers</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101636" data-rootnavcode="101636"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts"><span>Podcasts</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101618" data-rootnavcode="101618"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars"><span>Webinars</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101018" data-rootnavcode="101018" class="hasChildren twoSubNav"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections"><span>Collections</span></a><div class="dropdown"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="subnav"><ul><li data-navcode="102017" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/energy-storage-and-batteries"><span>Energy storage and batteries</span></a></li><li data-navcode="102043" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/framing-the-future-policies-to-catalyse-indias-innovation-ecosystem"><span>Framing the future: policies to catalyse India's innovation ecosystem</span></a></li><li data-navcode="102003" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/2025-in-review"><span>2025 in review</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101845" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/womens-health"><span>Women's health</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101756" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/solutions-for-indias-sustainability-challenge"><span>Solutions for India's sustainability challenge</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101731" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/the-future-of-analytical-chemistry"><span>The future of analytical chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101684" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemistry-of-the-brain"><span>Chemistry of the brain</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101634" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/water-and-the-environment"><span>Water and the environment</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101621" data-rootnavcode="101018" class="break"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemical-bonding"><span>Chemical bonding</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="subnav"><ul><li data-navcode="101622" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/antimicrobial-resistance"><span>Antimicrobial resistance</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101624" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/ai-and-automation"><span>AI and automation</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101626" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/sustainability"><span>Sustainability</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101629" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/research-culture"><span>Research culture</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101625" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/nobel-prize"><span>Nobel prize</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101630" data-rootnavcode="101018" class="partner-nav"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/food-science-and-cookery"><span>Food science and cookery</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101633" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/plastics-and-polymers"><span>Plastics and polymers</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101627" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/periodic-table"><span>Periodic table</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100764" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/coronavirus"><span>Coronavirus</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></li><li data-navcode="102002" data-rootnavcode="102002"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/members"><span>Members</span></a></li><li class="more hide"><a href="#mobilemenu" data-menu-toggle-button="" aria-expanded="false"><span>
                More<span class="assistive"> navigation items</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="desktopNavigationSpace"></div>
	</div>
</header>


<!-- EME fixed banner -->
<div id="eme-fixed-banner"></div>
		<div id="wrapper_sleeve" role="main" data-menu-open-pushed>
			<div class="container">
				<div class="inner-sleeve">
					
	

	<div id="top" class="area">
		<div class="grid">
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="2024-in-review_120100" class="htmlContent spin-section-heading"><div class="sleeve">
<h2>Latest</h2>
</div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="threeColumns">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="headlines-1_115305" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/croatian-researchers-thrust-into-limelight-as-their-1990s-peptide-discovery-goes-mainstream-in-the-us/4023660.article" class="image"><img alt="Vial" class="lazyloaded" loading="eager" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/0/8/548908_2cmw9c5_95026.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/0/8/548908_2cmw9c5_95026.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/1.type" class="storyType">News</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/croatian-researchers-thrust-into-limelight-as-their-1990s-peptide-discovery-goes-mainstream-in-the-us/4023660.article">Croatian researchers thrust into limelight as their 1990s’ peptide discovery goes mainstream in the US</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{&quot;publishdate&quot;: &quot;2026-06-11T13:50:00&quot;}">2026-06-11T13:50:00+01:00</span></p><p class="intro">Trump administration hopes to approve peptides popular with MAHA wellbeing advocates. How are the researchers at the centre of this coping with sudden media fame?</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnTwo">
<div id="headlines-1_115306" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout half onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-setting-up-a-cafe-is-a-good-idea-for-chemistry-students/4023553.article" class="image"><img alt="Students" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/1021.type" class="storyType">Opinion</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-setting-up-a-cafe-is-a-good-idea-for-chemistry-students/4023553.article">Why setting up a café is a good idea for chemistry students</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{&quot;publishdate&quot;: &quot;2026-06-11T08:36:00&quot;}">2026-06-11T08:36:00+01:00</span></p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/australia-forges-closer-research-links-to-eu-as-it-gets-ready-to-join-horizon-europe-by-2027/4023666.article" class="image"><img alt="An Australian and an EU flag blowing in the wind" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/1/2/549012_wc_08_09_2025_gettyimages1134364011_905156_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/1/2/549012_wc_08_09_2025_gettyimages1134364011_905156_crop.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/1.type" class="storyType">News</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/australia-forges-closer-research-links-to-eu-as-it-gets-ready-to-join-horizon-europe-by-2027/4023666.article">Australia forges closer research links to EU as it gets ready to join Horizon Europe by 2027</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{&quot;publishdate&quot;: &quot;2026-06-11T08:30:00&quot;}">2026-06-11T08:30:00+01:00</span></p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/click-chemistry-marks-25-years-and-covalent-bonding-in-the-actinides/4023664.article" class="image layoutIcon audioLayout"><img alt="Close up of hands playing with colorful plastic bricks at a table" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/8/1/548981_shutterstock_1977661964_173655_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/8/1/548981_shutterstock_1977661964_173655_crop.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcast/1022.type" class="storyType">Podcast</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/click-chemistry-marks-25-years-and-covalent-bonding-in-the-actinides/4023664.article">Click chemistry marks 25 years & covalent bonding in the actinides</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{&quot;publishdate&quot;: &quot;2026-06-10T15:40:00&quot;}">2026-06-10T15:40:00+01:00</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnThree">
<div id="headlines-1_115307" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/1.type" class="storyType">News</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/outgoing-us-national-academy-of-sciences-head-warns-of-turmoil-in-her-final-state-of-science-address/4023662.article">Outgoing US National Academy of Sciences head warns of ‘turmoil’ in her final State of Science address</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/1.type" class="storyType">News</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/surprising-oxidising-power-of-carbon-dioxide-freed-by-photochemistry/4023659.article">Surprising oxidising power of carbon dioxide freed by photochemistry</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-penultimate"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/1021.type" class="storyType">Opinion</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/how-far-will-eu-push-for-fairer-trade-with-china/4023661.article">How far will EU push for fairer trade with China?</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-fourth item-last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a class="storyType" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry">Business</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/ukraine-war-sanctions-straining-russias-chemistry-sector/4023657.article">Ukraine war sanctions straining Russia’s chemistry sector</a></h2></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="highlights_115308" class="spinNavigation spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading">
  <div class="sleeve">
    <div class="scrollHead">
      <div class="sectionhead">
        <h2>Highlights</h2>
      </div>
      <ul class="scrollerControls">
        <li class="previous disabled">
          <span>Previous</span>
        </li>
        <li class="next">
          <span>Next</span>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/energy-storage-and-batteries">Energy storage and batteries</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/framing-the-future-policies-to-catalyse-indias-innovation-ecosystem">Framing the future: policies to catalyse India's innovation ecosystem</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/womens-health">Women's health</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/solutions-for-indias-sustainability-challenge">Solutions for India's sustainability challenge</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/the-future-of-analytical-chemistry">The future of analytical chemistry</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemistry-of-the-brain">Chemistry of the brain</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/water-and-the-environment">Water and the environment</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemical-bonding">Chemical bonding</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/antimicrobial-resistance">Antimicrobial resistance</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/ai-and-automation">AI and automation</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/sustainability">Sustainability</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/research-culture">Research culture</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/nobel-prize">Nobel prize</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/food-science-and-cookery">Food science and cookery</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/plastics-and-polymers">Plastics and polymers</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide  last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/periodic-table">Periodic table</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="twoColumnsSmallRight">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="highlights-1-2_115309" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout half onecol left item-first item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/wools-complex-chemistry-unlocks-sustainable-applications-beyond-textiles/4023578.article" class="image layoutIcon pictureLayout"><img alt="Wool" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:1023px) 50vw, (max-width:1279px) 275px, 374px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/4/3/9/548439_gettyimages1321005916_174672.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/4/3/9/548439_gettyimages1321005916_174672.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/4/3/9/548439_gettyimages1321005916_174672.jpg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/4/3/9/548439_gettyimages1321005916_174672.jpg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x183/4/3/9/548439_gettyimages1321005916_174672.jpg 275w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/4/3/9/548439_gettyimages1321005916_174672.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/feature/1020.type" class="storyType">Feature</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/wools-complex-chemistry-unlocks-sustainable-applications-beyond-textiles/4023578.article">Wool’s complex chemistry unlocks sustainable applications beyond textiles</a></h2><p class="intro">Once the cornerstone of industrial wealth, wool has struggled against synthetic fibres for decades. Now, its versatile protein structure, featuring keratin helices and sulfur-rich crosslinks, is inspiring innovative applications beyond traditional textiles.</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol right item-second item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/how-depolymerisation-could-enable-infinite-reuse-of-plastics/4023478.article" class="image layoutIcon pictureLayout"><img alt="Infinity sign showing recycling" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:1023px) 50vw, (max-width:1279px) 275px, 374px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/7/1/547771_gettyimages2264065292_800761.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/7/1/547771_gettyimages2264065292_800761.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/7/7/1/547771_gettyimages2264065292_800761.jpg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/7/7/1/547771_gettyimages2264065292_800761.jpg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x183/7/7/1/547771_gettyimages2264065292_800761.jpg 275w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/7/7/1/547771_gettyimages2264065292_800761.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/feature/1020.type" class="storyType">Feature</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/how-depolymerisation-could-enable-infinite-reuse-of-plastics/4023478.article">How depolymerisation could enable infinite reuse of plastics</a></h2><p class="intro">Nina Notman discovers how a type of chemical recycling – depolymerisation – could increase recycling rates, reduce plastic waste and enable a more circular economy</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnTwo">
<div id="highlights-1-2_115310" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle spin-1024-show-intro"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout half onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/vanadiums-promise-in-medicine-and-the-researchers-who-refuse-to-give-up/4023146.article" class="image"><img alt="Periodic table and people" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/1/547021_v2indexvanadiumpiececopy_535503.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/1/547021_v2indexvanadiumpiececopy_535503.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/0/2/1/547021_v2indexvanadiumpiececopy_535503.jpg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/0/2/1/547021_v2indexvanadiumpiececopy_535503.jpg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/2/1/547021_v2indexvanadiumpiececopy_535503.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research/28.type" class="storyType">Research</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/vanadiums-promise-in-medicine-and-the-researchers-who-refuse-to-give-up/4023146.article">Vanadium’s promise in medicine and the researchers who refuse to give up</a></h2><p class="intro">It mimics phosphate, kills cancer cells in the lab and almost changed how we treat diabetes. So why has a vanadium compound never made it to the clinic?</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol right item-second item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/when-vanadium-almost-changed-how-we-treat-type-2-diabetes/4023148.article" class="image"><img alt="Chris Orvig and John McNeill" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/1/8/547018_orvigcopy_499010.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/1/8/547018_orvigcopy_499010.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/0/1/8/547018_orvigcopy_499010.jpg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/0/1/8/547018_orvigcopy_499010.jpg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/1/8/547018_orvigcopy_499010.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/1021.type" class="storyType">Opinion</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/when-vanadium-almost-changed-how-we-treat-type-2-diabetes/4023148.article">When vanadium almost changed how we treat type 2 diabetes</a></h2><p class="intro">Chris Orvig tells the story of BEOV</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol left item-third item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/how-chemists-are-making-laboratories-more-sustainable/4023242.article" class="image"><img alt="Lab" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/9/0/546890_img_1736_291908_crop.jpeg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/9/0/546890_img_1736_291908_crop.jpeg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/8/9/0/546890_img_1736_291908_crop.jpeg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/8/9/0/546890_img_1736_291908_crop.jpeg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/8/9/0/546890_img_1736_291908_crop.jpeg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/1025.type" class="storyType">Careers</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/how-chemists-are-making-laboratories-more-sustainable/4023242.article">How chemists are making laboratories more sustainable</a></h2><p class="intro">A collection of articles sharing tips from researchers who reduced their environmental impact with support from the RSC’s&nbsp;Sustainable Laboratories grants</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<!-- Advertisement -->
<div class="leaderboard leaderboard-inline container ad-ldrbrd">
  <div class="ad">
<!-- /97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_1 -->
<div id='div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-1'>
  <script>
    googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-1'); });
  </script>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="research_115312" class="spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading">
  <div class="sleeve">
    <div class="scrollHead">
      <div class="sectionhead">
        <h2>
          <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research">Research</a>
        </h2>
      </div>
      <ul class="scrollerControls">
        <li class="previous disabled">
          <span>Previous</span>
        </li>
        <li class="next">
          <span>Next</span>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/analytical-chemistry/170.subject" data-story="4019003">Analytical</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/biology/145.subject" data-story="4019010">Biology</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/catalysis/206.subject" data-story="4019002">Catalysis</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/energy/103.subject" data-story="4019008">Energy</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/environmental/115833.subject" data-story="4019004">Environmental</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/food/151.subject" data-story="4019005">Food</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/inorganic-chemistry/183.subject" data-story="4019000">Inorganic</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/materials/194.subject" data-story="4019007">Materials</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/medicinal-chemistry/163.subject" data-story="4019009">Medicinal</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/nanoscience/115834.subject" data-story="4019006">Nanoscience</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/organic-chemistry/211.subject" data-story="4018999">Organic</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide  last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/physical-chemistry/191.subject" data-story="4019001">Physical</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="threeColumns">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="research-1_115313" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/extreme-weather-likely-to-increase-methane-emissions-from-landfills/4023651.article" class="image"><img alt="Landfill site" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/7/2/548872_shutterstock_597557036_118921.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/7/2/548872_shutterstock_597557036_118921.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/extreme-weather-likely-to-increase-methane-emissions-from-landfills/4023651.article">Extreme weather likely to increase methane emissions from landfills</a></h2><p class="intro">Observations and models reveal precipitation and temperature linked to 13% of emissions from these sites</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnTwo">
<div id="research-1_115314" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/warming-seas-impact-cell-structures-that-deliver-oxygen-to-coral/4023621.article" class="image"><img alt="Reef" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/9/2/548692_gettyimages1288857366_137272_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/9/2/548692_gettyimages1288857366_137272_crop.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/warming-seas-impact-cell-structures-that-deliver-oxygen-to-coral/4023621.article">Warming seas impact cell structures that deliver oxygen to coral</a></h2><p class="intro">Oxygen-sensitive nanoparticles reveal a new mechanism of coral stress</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnThree">
<div id="research-1_115315" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout list"><ul><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/could-ai-research-assistants-speed-up-scientific-discovery/4023645.article">Could AI research assistants speed up scientific discovery?</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/pigeons-navigate-with-gut-feeling-powered-by-paramagnetic-liver-cells-study-suggests/4023644.article">Pigeons navigate with ‘gut feeling’ powered by paramagnetic liver cells, study suggests</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/scattering-technique-probes-actinide-orbitals-to-present-experimental-evidence-of-covalency-trend/4023630.article">Scattering technique probes actinide orbitals to present experimental evidence of covalency trend</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/repurposed-anticancer-agent-becomes-sound-activated-antibacterial-drug-candidate/4023632.article">Repurposed anticancer agent becomes sound-activated antibacterial drug candidate</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/boron-equivalent-of-buckminsterfullerene-finally-observed-after-decades-of-research/4023612.article">Boron equivalent of buckminsterfullerene finally observed after decades of research</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/small-experimental-choices-undermine-flow-battery-comparisons/4023603.article">Small experimental choices undermine flow battery comparisons</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/25-years-ago-click-chemistry-changed-science-what-happened-next/4023588.article">25 years ago click chemistry changed science. What happened next?</a></h2></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="research_115316" class="spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading">
  <div class="sleeve">
    <div class="scrollHead">
      <div class="sectionhead">
        <h2>
          <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry">Industry</a>
        </h2>
      </div>
      <ul class="scrollerControls">
        <li class="previous disabled">
          <span>Previous</span>
        </li>
        <li class="next">
          <span>Next</span>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/pharmaceutical-industry/43.subject" data-story="4019018">Pharmaceutical</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/petrochemical-industry/42.subject" data-story="4019019">Petrochemical</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/agrochemical-industry/40.subject" data-story="4019017">Agrochemical</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/fine-and-speciality-chemicals/41.subject" data-story="4019020">Fine/speciality</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/regulation/143.subject" data-story="4019021">Regulation</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/mergers-and-acquisitions/45.subject" data-story="4019022">M&A</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide  last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/whitepaper/2061.type" data-story="4019023">Whitepapers</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="threeColumnsWideLeft">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="industry-1_115317" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/how-far-will-eu-push-for-fairer-trade-with-china/4023661.article" class="image"><img alt="Employee inspecting chemical plant" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/1/1/548911_gettyimages1452018361_243062.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/1/1/548911_gettyimages1452018361_243062.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/620x413/9/1/1/548911_gettyimages1452018361_243062.jpg 620w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/how-far-will-eu-push-for-fairer-trade-with-china/4023661.article">How far will EU push for fairer trade with China?</a></h2><p class="intro">Strengthening rules on pharmaceutical and chemical trade could protect critical industries</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnTwo">
<div id="industry-1_115318" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/ukraine-war-sanctions-straining-russias-chemistry-sector/4023657.article" class="image"><img alt="Worker inspecting fertiliser" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/9/7/548897_gettyimages1236978573_360901.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/9/7/548897_gettyimages1236978573_360901.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/ukraine-war-sanctions-straining-russias-chemistry-sector/4023657.article">Ukraine war sanctions straining Russia’s chemistry sector</a></h2><p class="intro">Domestic producers are adapting to fill gaps in supply chains</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnThree">
<div id="industry-1_115331" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout list"><ul><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/eu-looks-to-boost-protective-trade-policy-against-chinese-imports/4023623.article">EU looks to boost protective trade policy against Chinese imports</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/australia-sues-3m-over-firefighting-foam-pfas-contamination/4023610.article">Australia sues 3M over firefighting foam PFAS contamination</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/akzonobel-rejected-attempts-to-cut-in-on-axalta-merger/4023607.article">AkzoNobel rejected attempts to cut in on Axalta merger</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/11-presumed-dead-in-us-paper-mill-implosion/4023599.article">11 presumed dead in US paper mill implosion</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/uk-government-promises-350-million-support-for-the-chemicals-sector/4023584.article">UK government promises £350 million support for the chemicals sector</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/us-officially-moves-to-dismantle-drinking-water-pfas-regulations/4023580.article">US officially moves to dismantle drinking water PFAS regulations</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/detecting-airborne-pathogens-by-dna-sequencing/4023570.article">Detecting airborne pathogens by DNA sequencing</a></h2></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="spin-newsletters-section-heading_117568" class="htmlContent"><div class="sleeve">
<div class="htmlContent sectionhead spin-section-heading" style="margin-bottom: 0;">
<h2 id="Signup_To_Newsletters"><a title="Sign up to our newsletters" href="/newsletters">Newsletters</a></h2>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="threeColumns">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div class="newsletterSignup-widget" data-ajax-load-content="" data-url="/newslettersingleclick?wid=2084" data-cache-bust="true">
	
</div></div>
<div class="column columnTwo">
<div class="newsletterSignup-widget" data-ajax-load-content="" data-url="/newslettersingleclick?wid=2097" data-cache-bust="true">
	
</div></div>
<div class="column columnThree">
<div class="newsletterSignup-widget" data-ajax-load-content="" data-url="/newslettersingleclick?wid=2087" data-cache-bust="true">
	
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<!-- Advertisement -->
<div class="leaderboard leaderboard-inline container ad-ldrbrd">
  <div class="ad">
<!-- /97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_2 -->
<div id='div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-2'>
  <script>
    googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-2'); });
  </script>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="research_116360" class="spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading">
  <div class="sleeve">
    <div class="scrollHead">
      <div class="sectionhead">
        <h2>
          <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion">Opinion</a>
        </h2>
      </div>
      <ul class="scrollerControls">
        <li class="previous disabled">
          <span>Previous</span>
        </li>
        <li class="next">
          <span>Next</span>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/editorials/58.subject" data-story="4019209">Editorials</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion#CW_columnists" data-story="4019509">Columnists</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/profiles/92.subject" data-story="4019510">Profiles</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/interview/578.subject" data-story="4019511">Interviews</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide  last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/letters/64.subject" data-story="4019210">Letters</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="twoColumnsSmallRight">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="opinion-1-2_116389" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle spin-1024-show-intro"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-setting-up-a-cafe-is-a-good-idea-for-chemistry-students/4023553.article" class="image"><img alt="Students" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1179px) 100px, 220px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg 100w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/220x147/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg 220w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-setting-up-a-cafe-is-a-good-idea-for-chemistry-students/4023553.article">Why setting up a café is a good idea for chemistry students</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/mason-wakley/500630.bio">Mason Wakley</a></span></p><p class="intro">Where support benefits both mentors and mentees</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/how-far-will-eu-push-for-fairer-trade-with-china/4023661.article" class="image"><img alt="Employee inspecting chemical plant" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1179px) 100px, 220px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/1/1/548911_gettyimages1452018361_243062.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/1/1/548911_gettyimages1452018361_243062.jpg 100w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/220x147/9/1/1/548911_gettyimages1452018361_243062.jpg 220w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/how-far-will-eu-push-for-fairer-trade-with-china/4023661.article">How far will EU push for fairer trade with China?</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/phillip-broadwith/1882.bio">Phillip Broadwith</a></span></p><p class="intro">Strengthening rules on pharmaceutical and chemical trade could protect critical industries</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/what-do-university-chemistry-practicals-really-test/4023237.article" class="image"><img alt="Students in practical laboratory" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1179px) 100px, 220px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/5/1/548751_3cen24a_910089.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/5/1/548751_3cen24a_910089.jpg 100w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/220x147/7/5/1/548751_3cen24a_910089.jpg 220w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/what-do-university-chemistry-practicals-really-test/4023237.article">What do university chemistry practicals really test?</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/nitheeshan-gunanantham/500712.bio">Nitheeshan Gunanantham</a></span></p><p class="intro">In Nitheeshan Gunanantham’s experience, stamina can become a stand-in for skill</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-fourth item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/celebrating-click-chemistrys-25th-birthday/4023619.article" class="image"><img alt="Click chemistry celebration" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1179px) 100px, 220px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/1/0/548710_clickshutterstock_2638745795convertedcopy_501855.png" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/1/0/548710_clickshutterstock_2638745795convertedcopy_501855.png 100w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/220x147/7/1/0/548710_clickshutterstock_2638745795convertedcopy_501855.png 220w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/celebrating-click-chemistrys-25th-birthday/4023619.article">Celebrating click chemistry’s 25th birthday</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/mason-wakley/500630.bio">Mason Wakley</a></span></p><p class="intro">&nbsp;The field ‘is nowhere near mature – if not in its infancy, then perhaps enjoying a highly active childhood’, says one of click chemistry’s orignators</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnTwo">
<div id="opinion-1-2_115329" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle spin-1024-show-intro spin-show-separator-lines"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-i-think-its-time-to-change-how-we-teach-the-inductive-effect/4023597.article">Why I think it’s time to change how we teach the inductive effect</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/mark-elliott/500774.bio">Mark Elliott</a></span></p><p class="intro">New evidence challenges the idea of long‑range inductive transmission, highlighting that some textbook explanations of inductive effects are oversimplified and, in key cases, completely wrong</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/-conidiogenone-b/4023579.article">(±)-Conidiogenone B</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/chris-nawrat/1154.bio">Chris Nawrat</a></span></p><p class="intro">A beautiful synthesis that measures up to an ideal</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-penultimate"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/lessons-from-a-community-effort-to-fix-flow-battery-testing/4023601.article">Lessons from a community effort to fix flow battery testing</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/josh-bailey/500776.bio">Josh Bailey</a></span></p><p class="intro">First-hand account of an international collaboration to make flow battery testing more reliable and reproducible</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-fourth item-last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/ben-zhong-tang-if-you-have-to-do-something-try-to-do-it-well/4023199.article">Ben Zhong Tang: ‘If you have to do something, try to do it well’</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/mason-wakley/500630.bio">Mason Wakley</a></span></p><p class="intro">The polymer chemist on finding love for a subject, working with others and staying optimistic</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="webinars_115322" class="gridLayout  col4 colour1 hastitle spin-section-heading"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars">Webinars</a></h2></div><ul><li class="first"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/pushing-the-limits-of-capacity-the-future-of-battery-performance-and-design/4023031.article" class="image layoutIcon heropictureLayout"><img alt="Battery technology concept with power circuit board. The future of fast electric battery charging" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/1/2/2/546122_shutterstock_2694707163_511884_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/1/2/2/546122_shutterstock_2694707163_511884_crop.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/1/2/2/546122_shutterstock_2694707163_511884_crop.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/1/2/2/546122_shutterstock_2694707163_511884_crop.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/pushing-the-limits-of-capacity-the-future-of-battery-performance-and-design/4023031.article">Pushing the limits of capacity: the future of battery performance and design</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/the-faraday-institution/500757.bio">The Faraday Institution</a>, By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/chemistry-world/1210.bio">Chemistry World</a></span></p><p class="intro">Learn about the most promising up-and-coming technologies in battery design</p></div></li><li><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/marine-chemistry-in-a-warming-world-preserving-earths-largest-natural-buffer/4023606.article" class="image layoutIcon heropictureLayout"><img alt="Ocean waves along the shoreline from an overhead view" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/6/6/3/548663_shutterstock_2656960331_169812.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/6/6/3/548663_shutterstock_2656960331_169812.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/6/3/548663_shutterstock_2656960331_169812.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/6/6/3/548663_shutterstock_2656960331_169812.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/marine-chemistry-in-a-warming-world-preserving-earths-largest-natural-buffer/4023606.article">Marine chemistry in a warming world: preserving Earth’s largest natural buffer</a></h2><p class="intro">Join us on 15 July to learn how climate change is affecting the ocean’s biogeochemical cycles</p></div></li><li><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/one-small-step-for-microorganisms-what-extremophiles-on-earth-can-teach-us-about-life-on-other-planets/4023611.article" class="image layoutIcon heropictureLayout"><img alt="Rio Tinto in Andalusia, Spain where iron and other minerals in the water responsible for amazing color of the rocks and water." class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/6/7/3/548673_shutterstock_761125843_67375.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/6/7/3/548673_shutterstock_761125843_67375.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/7/3/548673_shutterstock_761125843_67375.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/6/7/3/548673_shutterstock_761125843_67375.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/one-small-step-for-microorganisms-what-extremophiles-on-earth-can-teach-us-about-life-on-other-planets/4023611.article">One small step for microorganisms: what extremophiles on Earth can teach us about life on other planets</a></h2><p class="intro">Join us on 30 July to learn how some of the tiniest organisms thrive in the harshest environments</p></div></li><li class="last"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/discovering-the-elements-no-simple-stories/4023309.article" class="image layoutIcon videoLayout"><img alt="shutterstock_2323718825" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/8/4/8/546848_shutterstock_2323718825_447216.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/8/4/8/546848_shutterstock_2323718825_447216.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/4/8/546848_shutterstock_2323718825_447216.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/8/4/8/546848_shutterstock_2323718825_447216.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/discovering-the-elements-no-simple-stories/4023309.article">Discovering the elements: no simple stories</a></h2><p class="intro">Discover the true nature of scientific discovery</p></div></li></ul></div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="the-chemical-breakdown-podcast_125653" class="gridLayout  col4 colour1 hastitle spin-section-heading"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts">The chemical breakdown podcast</a></h2></div><ul><li class="first"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/click-chemistry-marks-25-years-and-covalent-bonding-in-the-actinides/4023664.article" class="image layoutIcon audioLayout"><img alt="Close up of hands playing with colorful plastic bricks at a table" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/9/8/1/548981_shutterstock_1977661964_173655_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/9/8/1/548981_shutterstock_1977661964_173655_crop.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/8/1/548981_shutterstock_1977661964_173655_crop.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/9/8/1/548981_shutterstock_1977661964_173655_crop.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/click-chemistry-marks-25-years-and-covalent-bonding-in-the-actinides/4023664.article">Click chemistry marks 25 years & covalent bonding in the actinides</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{&quot;publishdate&quot;: &quot;2026-06-10T15:40:00&quot;}">2026-06-10T15:40:00+01:00</span><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/mariana-kneppers/500672.bio">Mariana Kneppers</a>,  <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/mason-wakley/500630.bio">Mason Wakley</a> and  <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/frances-briggs/500772.bio">Frances Briggs</a></span></p><p class="intro">Click chemistry: it’s in the name. How has this unique discipline made its mark over the last quarter decade? And, we discuss new experimental evidence of how covalent bonding works in the actinides.</p></div></li><li><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/quantum-computing-and-a-mysterious-microplastic-contaminant/4023596.article" class="image layoutIcon audioLayout"><img alt="3d rendering quantum computer machine in shield capsule" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/5/8/0/548580_shutterstock_2520627315_94937_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/5/8/0/548580_shutterstock_2520627315_94937_crop.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/5/8/0/548580_shutterstock_2520627315_94937_crop.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/5/8/0/548580_shutterstock_2520627315_94937_crop.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/quantum-computing-and-a-mysterious-microplastic-contaminant/4023596.article">Quantum computing & a mysterious microplastic contaminant</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{&quot;publishdate&quot;: &quot;2026-05-27T09:56:00&quot;}">2026-05-27T09:56:00+01:00</span><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/mariana-kneppers/500672.bio">Mariana Kneppers</a>,  <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/patrick-walter/1830.bio">Patrick Walter</a> and  <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/frankie-macpherson/500754.bio">Frankie Macpherson</a></span></p><p class="intro">How close are we to using quantum computers in our own labs? Plus, an unexpected source of contamination affecting microplastics research results.</p></div></li><li><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/battery-week-2026-the-ev-cathode-race-and-battery-recycling-photocatalysts/4023424.article" class="image layoutIcon audioLayout"><img alt="Serviceman repairs electric battery pack of hybrid car" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/4/3/5/547435_shutterstock_2680718089_876791.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/4/3/5/547435_shutterstock_2680718089_876791.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/4/3/5/547435_shutterstock_2680718089_876791.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/4/3/5/547435_shutterstock_2680718089_876791.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/battery-week-2026-the-ev-cathode-race-and-battery-recycling-photocatalysts/4023424.article">Battery week 2026: The EV cathode race & battery-recycling photocatalysts</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{&quot;publishdate&quot;: &quot;2026-05-13T07:48:00&quot;}">2026-05-13T07:48:00+01:00</span><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/mariana-kneppers/500672.bio">Mariana Kneppers</a>,  <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/patrick-walter/1830.bio">Patrick Walter</a> and  <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/neil-withers/1799.bio">Neil Withers</a></span></p><p class="intro">Who will win the EV cathode race, manganese cobalt or iron phosphate? Plus, how a new photocatalyst could change the way we recycle batteries.</p></div></li><li class="last"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/vanadium-based-medicines-and-sustainable-labs/4023339.article" class="image layoutIcon audioLayout"><img alt="Red vanadinite cluster crystal growing in cubes formation" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/0/0/2/547002_shutterstock_2262385963_928196.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/0/0/2/547002_shutterstock_2262385963_928196.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/0/2/547002_shutterstock_2262385963_928196.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/0/0/2/547002_shutterstock_2262385963_928196.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/vanadium-based-medicines-and-sustainable-labs/4023339.article">Vanadium-based medicines & sustainable labs</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{&quot;publishdate&quot;: &quot;2026-04-29T13:30:00&quot;}">2026-04-29T13:30:00+01:00</span><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/mariana-kneppers/500672.bio">Mariana Kneppers</a>,  <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/emma-pewsey/5841.bio">Emma Pewsey</a> and  <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/jennifer-newton/1523.bio">Jennifer Newton</a></span></p><p class="intro">Vanadium-based medicines? We discuss the 23rd element’s little-known potential in pharmaceuticals. Plus, how labs across the UK are making achievable changes to increase their sustainability.</p></div></li></ul></div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<!-- Advertisement -->
<div class="leaderboard leaderboard-inline container ad-ldrbrd">
  <div class="ad">
<!-- /97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_3 -->
<div id='div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-3'>
  <script>
    googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-3'); });
  </script>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="culture_115370" class="spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading">
  <div class="sleeve">
    <div class="scrollHead">
      <div class="sectionhead">
        <h2>
          <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture">Culture</a>
        </h2>
      </div>
      <ul class="scrollerControls">
        <li class="previous disabled">
          <span>Previous</span>
        </li>
        <li class="next">
          <span>Next</span>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/diversity/83.subject" data-story="4019067">Diversity</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/philosophy-of-science/93.subject" data-story="4019066">Philosophy</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/history/86.subject" data-story="4019065">History</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/arts/72.subject" data-story="4019109">Arts</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/puzzles" data-story="4019041">Puzzles</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide  last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/reviews" data-story="4019042">Reviews</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="threeColumnsWideLeft">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="culture-1_115335" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-setting-up-a-cafe-is-a-good-idea-for-chemistry-students/4023553.article" class="image"><img alt="Students" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/620x413/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg 620w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/1021.type" class="storyType">Opinion</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-setting-up-a-cafe-is-a-good-idea-for-chemistry-students/4023553.article">Why setting up a café is a good idea for chemistry students</a></h2><p class="intro">Where support benefits both mentors and mentees</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnTwo">
<div id="culture-1_115336" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/what-to-do-if-youre-facing-dismissal/4023631.article" class="image"><img alt="Staff disciplinary meeting" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/4/9/548749_gettyimages1573745065_182529.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/4/9/548749_gettyimages1573745065_182529.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/1025.type" class="storyType">Careers</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/what-to-do-if-youre-facing-dismissal/4023631.article">What to do if you’re facing dismissal</a></h2><p class="intro">What a disciplinary process feels like, and the practical steps to take early</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnThree">
<div id="culture-1_115338" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle spin-1024-show-intro spin-show-separator-lines"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinar/1024.type" class="storyType">Webinar</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/marine-chemistry-in-a-warming-world-preserving-earths-largest-natural-buffer/4023606.article">Marine chemistry in a warming world: preserving Earth’s largest natural buffer</a></h2><p class="intro">Join us on 15 July to learn how climate change is affecting the ocean’s biogeochemical cycles</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second item-penultimate"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/1021.type" class="storyType">Opinion</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/ben-zhong-tang-if-you-have-to-do-something-try-to-do-it-well/4023199.article">Ben Zhong Tang: ‘If you have to do something, try to do it well’</a></h2><p class="intro">The polymer chemist on finding love for a subject, working with others and staying optimistic</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/1025.type" class="storyType">Careers</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/a-career-journey-where-nothing-is-lost-and-everything-is-transformed/4023574.article">A career journey where nothing is lost and everything is transformed</a></h2><p class="intro">What Lavoisier can teach you about career development</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="from-our-partners_116362" class="htmlContent spin-section-heading"><div class="sleeve">
<h2>Sponsored</h2>
</div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="threeColumns">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="sponsored-1_115332" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/the-scientists-who-will-power-our-future/4023328.article" class="image"><img alt="Juliane Fiates with Fuse student Pheobe Goodrich" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/1/7/3/547173_julianefiateswithfusestudentpheobegoodrich_22539.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/1/7/3/547173_julianefiateswithfusestudentpheobegoodrich_22539.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/the-scientists-who-will-power-our-future/4023328.article">The scientists who will power our future</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/the-faraday-institution/500757.bio">The Faraday Institution</a>, By <span class="noLink">Matt Howard, Chief Strategy Officer, The Faraday Institution</span></span></p><p class="intro">Calling in the next generation of scientists from all backgrounds to address the energy crisis and build the next generation of batteries.</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/advantages-of-monodisperse-peg-in-drug-development/4023224.article" class="image"><img alt="A close up of a person wearing a branded Polypure lab coat holding a test tube of pale blue liquid" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/5/5/546555_polypure_labcoat_168708.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/5/5/546555_polypure_labcoat_168708.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/advantages-of-monodisperse-peg-in-drug-development/4023224.article">Advantages of monodisperse PEG in drug development</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/polypure/500759.bio">Polypure</a></span></p><p class="intro">Precision matters: why monodisperse PEG is transforming drug development.</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/karl-fischer-titration-for-moisture-analysis-applications-in-batteries-fuels-and-food/4023239.article" class="image"><img alt="Two scientists talking in a laboratory environment." class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/6/5/5/546655_image1_hydranal_gettyimages648366890_edited_130842.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/6/5/5/546655_image1_hydranal_gettyimages648366890_edited_130842.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/karl-fischer-titration-for-moisture-analysis-applications-in-batteries-fuels-and-food/4023239.article">Karl Fischer titration for moisture analysis: applications in batteries, fuels and food</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/solstice-advanced-materials/500761.bio">Solstice Advanced Materials</a></span></p><p class="intro">Accurate moisture analysis has consequences that extend well beyond the laboratory. Karl Fischer titration is what keeps them in check. The question is whether the reagent is up to the task.</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-fourth item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-data-visualisation-is-so-important-in-the-age-of-ai/4023238.article" class="image layoutIcon pictureLayout"><img alt="An old graph showing England's Imports and exports from 1700 to 1782 by W. Playfair. The overall trend is upwards for both but there is a fall off after 1770. Exports are always higher than imports except for one year in the 1780s." class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/6/3/4/546634_wc_06_04_2026_j9bt4h_953223.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/6/3/4/546634_wc_06_04_2026_j9bt4h_953223.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-data-visualisation-is-so-important-in-the-age-of-ai/4023238.article">Why data visualisation is so important in the age of AI</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/jmp/5568.bio">JMP</a>, By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/phil-kay/500462.bio">Phil Kay</a></span></p><p class="intro">Machines don’t need to draw charts and plots to work with data, but humans will still need datavis skills to work with machines.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnTwo">
<div id="sponsored-1_116363" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/pittcon-2026-heads-to-san-antonio-for-analytical-chemistry-showcase/4022607.article" class="image"><img alt="A busy conference exposition floor at Pittcon with attendees moving between stands" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/2/0/544320_pittcon_2026_expo_floor_2_460012.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/2/0/544320_pittcon_2026_expo_floor_2_460012.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/pittcon-2026-heads-to-san-antonio-for-analytical-chemistry-showcase/4022607.article">Pittcon 2026 heads to San Antonio for analytical chemistry showcase</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/pittcon/5567.bio">Pittcon</a></span></p><p class="intro">The world’s largest laboratory science conference returns to San Antonio in March 2026, featuring Nobel laureate Frances Arnold as keynote speaker and showcasing cutting-edge analytical instrumentation across five days of technical sessions and networking events.</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/biphenyl-20-years-of-restek-innovation/4022339.article" class="image"><img alt="Research scientists in laboratory" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/2/4/543524_Research-scientists-in-lab_Alamy-CT17X6.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/2/4/543524_Research-scientists-in-lab_Alamy-CT17X6.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/biphenyl-20-years-of-restek-innovation/4022339.article">Biphenyl: 20 years of Restek innovation</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/restek/5673.bio">Restek</a></span></p><p class="intro">&nbsp;How Restek’s&nbsp;Biphenyl column changed chromatography</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research/explainer-the-welch-award-in-chemistry/4022249.article" class="image"><img alt="Eric N Jacobsen, Harvard University, taking the stage at the  Welch Foundation conference in 2024" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/0/1/543301_welchaward20241985_950062.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/0/1/543301_welchaward20241985_950062.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research/explainer-the-welch-award-in-chemistry/4022249.article">Explainer: the Welch Award in Chemistry</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/welch-foundation/500705.bio">Welch Foundation</a></span></p><p class="intro">Many people have never heard about one of the biggest awards in chemistry. Chemistry World sets the record straight.&nbsp;</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-fourth item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/optimising-method-transfer-in-regulated-environments/4022349.article" class="image layoutIcon heropictureLayout"><img alt="Illustration of digital data, a series of data points connected by lines in a blue space" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/6/5/9/543659_watersindexsingleuseonly_17645_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/6/5/9/543659_watersindexsingleuseonly_17645_crop.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/optimising-method-transfer-in-regulated-environments/4022349.article">Optimising method transfer in regulated environments</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/waters-corporation/500045.bio">Waters Corporation</a></span></p><p class="intro">Learn how to minimise risk and promote data quality with data-driven approaches and digital tools</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnThree">
<div id="whitepapers_115333" class="spinBlock colour2 hastitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/whitepaper/2061.type">Whitepapers</a></h2></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/novel-non-pyrophoric-organolithiums-for-synthesis/4023058.article" class="image"><img alt="3D ball and stick diagram of Tert-butyllithium-tetramer" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/7/8/546078_tertbutyllithiumtetramer_839403.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/7/8/546078_tertbutyllithiumtetramer_839403.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/novel-non-pyrophoric-organolithiums-for-synthesis/4023058.article">Novel non-pyrophoric organolithiums for synthesis</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/merck/500596.bio">Merck</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/optimise-cross-coupling-with-ligand-free-nhc-pd-precatalysts/4022538.article" class="image"><img alt="Chemical diagram showing the general formula for (NHC-H)₂Pd₂Cl₆ palladium complexes with a list of substituent variants, and two molecular models of (IPr-H)₂Pd₂Cl₆: one ball-and-stick and one wireframe representation." class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/2/5/3/544253_pdcomplexes_cwcrop_446054.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/2/5/3/544253_pdcomplexes_cwcrop_446054.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/optimise-cross-coupling-with-ligand-free-nhc-pd-precatalysts/4022538.article">Optimise cross-coupling with ligand-free NHC–Pd precatalysts</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/merck/500596.bio">Merck</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/adqphos-exceptional-performance-in-arylation-reactions/4022059.article" class="image"><img alt="Thermal ellipsoid plot of the AdQPhos ligand" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/6/3/542763_thermalellipsoidplotoftheadqphosligand_820356.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/6/3/542763_thermalellipsoidplotoftheadqphosligand_820356.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/adqphos-exceptional-performance-in-arylation-reactions/4022059.article">AdQPhos: Exceptional performance in α‑arylation reactions</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/merck/500596.bio">Merck</a></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="research_116361" class="spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading">
  <div class="sleeve">
    <div class="scrollHead">
      <div class="sectionhead">
        <h2>
          <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers">Careers</a>
        </h2>
      </div>
      <ul class="scrollerControls">
        <li class="previous disabled">
          <span>Previous</span>
        </li>
        <li class="next">
          <span>Next</span>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers-advice/558.subject" data-story="4019211">Careers advice</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/how-to/61.subject" data-story="4019212">How to...</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/working-life/96.subject" data-story="4019213">Working life</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide  last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/pay-and-benefits/50.subject" data-story="4019214">Pay and benefits</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="threeColumns">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div id="careers-1_115324" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-setting-up-a-cafe-is-a-good-idea-for-chemistry-students/4023553.article" class="image"><img alt="Students" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/5/2/548752_pxl_20260517_162911229copy_711354_crop.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-setting-up-a-cafe-is-a-good-idea-for-chemistry-students/4023553.article">Why setting up a café is a good idea for chemistry students</a></h2><p class="intro">Where support benefits both mentors and mentees</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnTwo">
<div id="careers-1_115323" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/what-do-university-chemistry-practicals-really-test/4023237.article" class="image"><img alt="Students in practical laboratory" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/5/1/548751_3cen24a_910089.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/5/1/548751_3cen24a_910089.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/what-do-university-chemistry-practicals-really-test/4023237.article">What do university chemistry practicals really test?</a></h2><p class="intro">In Nitheeshan Gunanantham’s experience, stamina can become a stand-in for skill</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/what-to-do-if-youre-facing-dismissal/4023631.article" class="image"><img alt="Staff disciplinary meeting" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/4/9/548749_gettyimages1573745065_182529.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/4/9/548749_gettyimages1573745065_182529.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/what-to-do-if-youre-facing-dismissal/4023631.article">What to do if you’re facing dismissal</a></h2><p class="intro">What a disciplinary process feels like, and the practical steps to take early</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/ben-zhong-tang-if-you-have-to-do-something-try-to-do-it-well/4023199.article" class="image"><img alt="Ben Zhong Tang" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/9/4/547394_ben_3_2_21909.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/9/4/547394_ben_3_2_21909.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/ben-zhong-tang-if-you-have-to-do-something-try-to-do-it-well/4023199.article">Ben Zhong Tang: ‘If you have to do something, try to do it well’</a></h2><p class="intro">The polymer chemist on finding love for a subject, working with others and staying optimistic</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="column columnThree">
<div id="careers-1_115325" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle spin-1024-show-intro"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout list"><ul><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/supporting-pregnant-chemists/4023243.article">Supporting pregnant chemists</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/university-of-sheffield-planning-to-cut-jobs-in-chemistry-and-materials-science/4023594.article">University of Sheffield planning to cut jobs in chemistry and materials science</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/a-career-journey-where-nothing-is-lost-and-everything-is-transformed/4023574.article">A career journey where nothing is lost and everything is transformed</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/nottinghams-chemistry-department-faces-loss-of-30-of-faculty-amid-university-wide-staff-cuts/4023572.article">Nottingham’s chemistry department faces loss of 30% of faculty amid university-wide staff cuts</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/africa-should-treat-entrepreneurial-science-as-a-lifeline-not-a-luxury/4023385.article">Africa should treat entrepreneurial science as a lifeline, not a luxury</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/the-current-academic-system-doesnt-incentivise-risk-taking/4023230.article">The current academic system doesn’t incentivise risk-taking</a></h2></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
		
	</div>

				</div>
			</div>
			<div id="columns" class="container">
				<div id="colwrapper" class="inner-sleeve">
					<div id="colmain">
						<div id="content">
							<div id="content_sleeve">
								
	<div id="main" class="area">
		
	</div>

							</div>
						</div>
					</div>
					<div id="rightcolumn" class="fluidrightcolumn rightcolumn">
						<div id="rightcolumn_sleeve">
							
	<div id="mainright" class="area">
		
	</div>

							
						</div>
					</div>
				</div>
			</div>
			
			<div class="container">
				<div class="inner-sleeve">
					
	<div id="foot" class="area">
		<div class="grid">
<div class="oneColumn">
<div class="columnContainer">
<div class="column columnOne">
<div class="tab-widget-10 spin-popular-block" data-ajax-load-content="" data-cache-bust="true" data-url="/ajax/most?wid=2088">
  
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
	</div>

				</div>
			</div>
			
			

<div class="footer_ad">
	<div class="footer_ad_strip">
		<div class="ad">
			
		</div>
	</div>
</div>
			
<div id="footer" class="footer" role="contentinfo">
	<div class="container footerTopNavPageText">
		<div class="inner-sleeve">
			<div class="nav topNav"><ul><li class="first"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/subscribe?campaigncode=CWSubFN2602">Subscribe</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.rsc.org/advertise">Advertise</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/topics">Topics</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/issues">Issues</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/contributors">Contributors</a></li><li class="last"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/rss">RSS</a></li></ul></div><div class="footerSocial">
       <!-- <span class="footerSocialText">Follow us</span> -->
        <ul>
            <li class="footerSocialFacebook">
                <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ChemistryWorld/" title="Follow on Facebook"></a>
            </li>
            <li class="footerSocialTwitter">
                <a href="https://twitter.com/ChemistryWorld#" title="Follow on Twitter"></a>
            </li>
            <li class="footerSocialLinkedin">
                <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/1863015#" title="Connect on Linked in"></a>
            </li>
            <li class="footerSocialVimeo">
                <a href="https://vimeo.com/chemistryworld" title="Watch on Vimeo"></a>
            </li>
				<li class="footerSocialYoutube">
				    <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ChemistryWorldUK" title="Watch on YouTube"></a>
				</li>	 
            <li class="footerSocialRSS">
                <a href="/rss" title="Connect with us on RSS"></a>
            </li>
        </ul>
    </div> 
		</div>
	</div>
	<div class="container bottomNav"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="first"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/help">Help</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/contact">Contact</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/cookies">Cookies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/terms-of-use">Terms of use</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li class="last"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/permissions">Permissions</a></li></ul></div></div>		
	<div class="bottom">
		<div class="container footerBottomNavPageText">
			<div class="inner-sleeve">
				<!-- RSC Global Footer -->

<div class="footer-block">
	<div class="sleeve">
	<a href="https://www.rsc.org">
		<svg version="1.1" id="rsc-group-logo-reversed" style="width: 160px;height: 70px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="17 14 134 42" xml:space="preserve"><title>Royal Society of Chemistry</title>
		<style type="text/css">
	.rscrev0{fill:#FFFFFF;}
	.rscrev1{fill:#EEDC00;}
	.rscrev2{fill:#97D700;}
	.rscrev3{fill:#48A9C5;}
	.rscrev4{opacity:0.5;fill:#48A9C5;}
	.rscrev5{opacity:0.5;fill:#EEDC00;}
</style>
<g>
	<g>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M52.88,27.13h3.52c1,0,1.81,0.31,2.32,0.82c0.4,0.4,0.63,0.97,0.63,1.62v0.02c0,1.36-0.93,2.16-2.22,2.39
			l2.51,3.36h-1.13l-2.37-3.19h-0.02h-2.31v3.19h-0.92V27.13z M56.32,31.32c1.23,0,2.1-0.63,2.1-1.69v-0.02
			c0-1.01-0.77-1.62-2.09-1.62h-2.52v3.33H56.32z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M60.73,31.26v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02
			c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C62.4,35.49,60.73,33.53,60.73,31.26z M68.12,31.26v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39
			c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C66.79,34.63,68.12,33.13,68.12,31.26z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M72.65,32.1l-3.4-4.96h1.12l2.76,4.11l2.78-4.11h1.07l-3.4,4.95v3.26h-0.93V32.1z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M79.96,27.07h0.86l3.73,8.27h-0.99l-0.96-2.17h-4.45l-0.97,2.17h-0.95L79.96,27.07z M82.24,32.34l-1.86-4.19
			l-1.87,4.19H82.24z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M85.93,27.13h0.92v7.36h4.6v0.86h-5.53V27.13z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M95.66,34.15l0.57-0.68c0.85,0.77,1.67,1.16,2.8,1.16c1.1,0,1.82-0.59,1.82-1.4v-0.02
			c0-0.76-0.41-1.2-2.13-1.56c-1.88-0.41-2.75-1.02-2.75-2.37v-0.02c0-1.29,1.13-2.24,2.69-2.24c1.19,0,2.04,0.34,2.87,1.01
			l-0.54,0.72c-0.76-0.62-1.52-0.89-2.36-0.89c-1.06,0-1.74,0.59-1.74,1.33v0.02c0,0.77,0.42,1.21,2.22,1.6
			c1.82,0.4,2.66,1.07,2.66,2.32v0.02c0,1.41-1.17,2.32-2.79,2.32C97.7,35.46,96.64,35.03,95.66,34.15z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M103.08,31.26v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02
			c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C104.75,35.49,103.08,33.53,103.08,31.26z M110.46,31.26v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39
			c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C109.13,34.63,110.46,33.13,110.46,31.26z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M112.77,31.26v-0.02c0-2.32,1.73-4.25,4.14-4.25c1.48,0,2.37,0.53,3.19,1.3l-0.63,0.68
			c-0.69-0.66-1.46-1.13-2.57-1.13c-1.81,0-3.17,1.48-3.17,3.37v0.02c0,1.9,1.37,3.39,3.17,3.39c1.12,0,1.86-0.43,2.64-1.19
			l0.61,0.6c-0.85,0.87-1.79,1.44-3.27,1.44C114.51,35.49,112.77,33.62,112.77,31.26z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M121.62,27.13h0.92v8.22h-0.92V27.13z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M124.68,27.13h5.91v0.85h-4.99v2.81h4.46v0.85h-4.46v2.88h5.05v0.85h-5.97V27.13z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M134.43,27.99h-2.75v-0.86h6.43v0.86h-2.75v7.36h-0.93V27.99z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M142.16,32.1l-3.4-4.96h1.12l2.76,4.11l2.78-4.11h1.07l-3.4,4.95v3.26h-0.93V32.1z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M52.52,43v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02
			c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C54.19,47.22,52.52,45.26,52.52,43z M59.9,43v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39
			c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C58.57,46.37,59.9,44.86,59.9,43z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M63.05,38.87h5.88v0.86h-4.95v2.93h4.43v0.85h-4.43v3.58h-0.92V38.87z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M77.87,47.22c-2.41,0-4.19-1.87-4.19-4.23v-0.02c0-2.34,1.75-4.25,4.26-4.25c1.54,0,2.47,0.52,3.22,1.27
			l-1.14,1.33c-0.63-0.58-1.27-0.93-2.09-0.93c-1.38,0-2.37,1.15-2.37,2.56v0.02c0,1.41,0.97,2.58,2.37,2.58
			c0.93,0,1.51-0.38,2.15-0.96l1.15,1.16C80.38,46.66,79.45,47.22,77.87,47.22z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M88.13,47.08v-3.3h-3.32v3.3h-1.8v-8.22h1.8v3.25h3.32v-3.25h1.8v8.22H88.13z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M92.24,47.08v-8.22h6.17v1.61h-4.38v1.67h3.86v1.61h-3.86v1.73h4.44v1.61H92.24z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M106.81,47.08v-5.36l-2.3,3.51h-0.05l-2.28-3.47v5.33h-1.76v-8.22h1.94l2.15,3.47l2.15-3.47h1.94v8.22H106.81
			z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M110.99,47.08v-8.22h1.8v8.22H110.99z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M118.09,47.2c-1.24,0-2.49-0.43-3.47-1.31l1.06-1.28c0.74,0.61,1.51,1,2.44,1c0.74,0,1.18-0.29,1.18-0.77
			v-0.02c0-0.46-0.28-0.69-1.65-1.04c-1.65-0.42-2.71-0.88-2.71-2.51v-0.02c0-1.49,1.19-2.48,2.86-2.48c1.19,0,2.21,0.38,3.04,1.04
			l-0.93,1.36c-0.72-0.5-1.44-0.81-2.13-0.81c-0.69,0-1.05,0.32-1.05,0.72v0.02c0,0.54,0.35,0.72,1.76,1.08
			c1.66,0.43,2.59,1.03,2.59,2.46v0.02C121.09,46.28,119.85,47.2,118.09,47.2z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M126.54,40.53v6.55h-1.8v-6.55h-2.49v-1.67h6.78v1.67H126.54z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M135.72,47.08l-1.75-2.63h-1.41v2.63h-1.8v-8.22h3.74c1.93,0,3.08,1.02,3.08,2.71v0.02
			c0,1.33-0.71,2.16-1.75,2.55l2,2.93H135.72z M135.75,41.67c0-0.77-0.54-1.17-1.41-1.17h-1.79v2.36h1.82
			c0.88,0,1.38-0.47,1.38-1.16V41.67z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M143.36,43.81v3.27h-1.8v-3.24l-3.14-4.98h2.1l1.95,3.3l1.99-3.3h2.04L143.36,43.81z"/>
	</g>
	<g>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M48.41,25.16c-0.76-0.76-1.59-1.46-2.49-2.06c-0.89-0.61-1.85-1.13-2.86-1.56c-1.01-0.43-2.06-0.76-3.16-0.98
			s-2.23-0.34-3.39-0.34v6.64c0.7,0,1.39,0.07,2.06,0.21c0.66,0.14,1.31,0.34,1.92,0.6c0.61,0.26,1.19,0.58,1.73,0.95
			c0.54,0.37,1.05,0.79,1.51,1.25L48.41,25.16z"/>
		<path class="rscrev0" d="M43.73,44.36c-0.46,0.46-0.97,0.88-1.51,1.25c-0.54,0.37-1.12,0.69-1.73,0.95c-0.61,0.26-1.25,0.46-1.92,0.6
			c-0.66,0.14-1.35,0.21-2.06,0.21c-0.7,0-1.39-0.07-2.06-0.21c-0.66-0.14-1.31-0.34-1.92-0.6c-0.61-0.26-1.19-0.58-1.73-0.95
			c-0.54-0.37-1.05-0.79-1.51-1.25l-4.67,4.7c0.76,0.76,1.59,1.46,2.49,2.06c0.89,0.61,1.85,1.13,2.86,1.56
			c1.01,0.43,2.06,0.76,3.16,0.98S35.36,54,36.52,54c1.16,0,2.29-0.12,3.39-0.34s2.15-0.56,3.16-0.98c1.01-0.43,1.96-0.95,2.86-1.56
			c0.89-0.61,1.73-1.3,2.49-2.06L43.73,44.36z"/>
	</g>
	<path class="rscrev1" d="M29.3,44.36c-0.46-0.46-0.88-0.97-1.25-1.52s-0.68-1.13-0.94-1.74s-0.46-1.26-0.59-1.92
		c-0.14-0.67-0.21-1.36-0.21-2.07H19.7c0,1.17,0.12,2.3,0.34,3.4s0.55,2.16,0.98,3.17c0.43,1.01,0.95,1.97,1.55,2.87
		c0.6,0.9,1.29,1.74,2.05,2.5L29.3,44.36z"/>
	<path class="rscrev2" d="M26.31,37.11c0-0.71,0.07-1.4,0.21-2.07c0.14-0.67,0.34-1.31,0.59-1.92s0.57-1.2,0.94-1.74
		s0.78-1.05,1.25-1.52l-4.67-4.7c-0.76,0.76-1.45,1.6-2.05,2.5c-0.6,0.9-1.12,1.86-1.55,2.87s-0.76,2.07-0.98,3.17
		s-0.34,2.24-0.34,3.4H26.31z"/>
	<path class="rscrev3" d="M29.3,29.86c0.46-0.46,0.97-0.88,1.51-1.25c0.54-0.37,1.12-0.69,1.73-0.95c0.61-0.26,1.25-0.46,1.92-0.6
		c0.66-0.14,1.35-0.21,2.06-0.21v-6.64c-1.16,0-2.29,0.12-3.39,0.34s-2.15,0.56-3.16,0.98c-1.01,0.43-1.96,0.95-2.86,1.56
		s-1.73,1.3-2.49,2.06L29.3,29.86z"/>
	<path class="rscrev4" d="M40.15,18.35C38.97,18.12,37.76,18,36.52,18c-1.31,0-2.59,0.13-3.83,0.39c-1.24,0.25-2.43,0.63-3.57,1.11
		c-1.14,0.48-2.22,1.07-3.23,1.76c-1.01,0.69-1.95,1.47-2.81,2.33s-1.64,1.81-2.32,2.83l9.14,6.19c0.29-0.43,0.62-0.83,0.98-1.19
		c0.36-0.36,0.76-0.69,1.18-0.98c0.43-0.29,0.88-0.54,1.36-0.74c0.48-0.2,0.98-0.36,1.5-0.47c0.52-0.11,1.06-0.16,1.61-0.16
		c0.52,0,1.03,0.05,1.53,0.15L40.15,18.35z"/>
	<path class="rscrev5" d="M30.86,42.79c-0.36-0.36-0.69-0.76-0.98-1.19c-0.29-0.43-0.54-0.88-0.74-1.37s-0.36-0.99-0.47-1.51
		c-0.11-0.52-0.16-1.07-0.16-1.62c0-0.52,0.05-1.04,0.15-1.53l-10.82-2.11c-0.23,1.18-0.35,2.4-0.35,3.65
		c0,1.32,0.13,2.61,0.39,3.85s0.63,2.44,1.11,3.59c0.48,1.14,1.07,2.23,1.75,3.25c0.68,1.02,1.46,1.96,2.32,2.83
		c0.86,0.86,1.8,1.65,2.81,2.33l6.16-9.18C31.62,43.48,31.22,43.15,30.86,42.79z"/>
</g>
</svg>
</a>
		<div class="footer-block-content">
			<nav>
				<ul>
				  <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/about-us/">Our mission</a></li>
				  <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/news-events/">News and events</a></li>
				  <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/campaigning-outreach/">Campaigns</a></li>
				  <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/awards-funding/">Awards and funding</a></li>
				  <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/campaigning-outreach/global-challenges/">Global challenges</a></li>
				  <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/support-us/">Support our work</a></li>
				</ul>
			</nav>
			<p><span class="footer-copyright">&copy; Royal Society of Chemistry <script type="text/javascript">
  document.write(new Date().getFullYear());
</script></span><span class="footer-charity-number">Registered charity number: 207890</span></p>
		</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sleeve" id="ot-cookie-footer">
	<ul id="ot-cookie-msg">
		<li data-locale="global">This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. See how this site uses <a href="/cookies">cookies</a>.</li>
		<li data-locale="ca">This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. <a href="/cookies">Do not sell my personal data</a>.</li>	
		<li data-locale="br">Este site coleta cookies para oferecer uma melhor experiência ao usuário. Veja como este site usa <a href="/cookies">cookies</a>.</li>
	</ul>
</div>
</div>
				<p class="webvision">Site powered by <a href="https://www.abacusemedia.com/webvisioncloud">Webvision Cloud</a></p>
			</div>
		</div>
	</div>
</div>

		</div>
	</div>
	<script src="/Magazine/core.js?p=7961467064994968" defer></script>
	
	<!-- Global_JavaScript Footer -->
<!-- CW JS -->
<!--<script src="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/js/global_2024.js?v=202501101417" defer></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/manuelmhtr/countries-and-timezones@latest/dist/index.min.js" defer></script>
<script src="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/js/eme_2024.js?v=20240815855" defer></script>
-->

<script src="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/js/cw_global_2026.js?v=20260224900" defer></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/manuelmhtr/countries-and-timezones@latest/dist/index.min.js" defer></script>
<script src="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/store/cw_store_products.js?v=20260224900" defer></script>
<script src="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/store/cw_store_messages.js?v=20260224900" defer></script>
<script src="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/eme/cw_eme_2026.js?v=202602251840" defer></script>

<style>
/* OneTrust Banner/PC TCF customisation */
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk,
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk {
  font-family: Avenir,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy-title,
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-dpd-title {
  font-size:1rem;
  line-height: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: 700;
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-dpd-title,
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-b-addl-desc h3{
  font-size:0.7rem;
  line-height: 1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  padding-bottom:0;
  padding-top:0.5rem
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk :not(.ot-dpd-desc)>.ot-b-addl-desc
{
  font-size:0.9rem;
  margin-bottom:0
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-tcf2-vendor-count.ot-text-bold{
  font-weight:normal
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-iab-2 #onetrust-policy-text,
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-dpd-desc
{
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  line-height:1rem
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .category-menu-switch-handler h3 {
  font-size:0.9rem;
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-always-active {
  color: #1f92d1;
}

#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-active-menu {
  border-color: #1f92d1
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-tgl input:checked+.ot-switch .ot-switch-nob:before {
  background-color: #1f92d1
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk button:not(.ot-link-btn),
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk button {
                    text-transform: uppercase;
                    font-weight: normal
                }
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .onetrust-vendors-list-handler {
  color:#696969
}

#onetrust-banner-sdk button:before,
#onetrust-pc-sdk button:before {
  content:none
}
#onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-accept-btn-handler,
#onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-reject-all-handler,
#onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-pc-btn-handler,
#onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-close-btn-link #onetrust-close-btn-container button {
  font-size:0.8rem
}

#onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-close-btn-link #onetrust-close-btn-container {
  position:relative;
  top:unset;
  right:unset;
  bottom:12px;
  width:100%;
  text-align:center;
  display:inline-block;
}
#onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-close-btn-link #onetrust-close-btn-container button {
  color:#000;
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-accept-btn-handler,
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-reject-all-handler,
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk
            button:not(#clear-filters-handler):not(.ot-close-icon):not(#filter-btn-handler):not(.ot-remove-objection-handler):not(.ot-obj-leg-btn-handler):not([aria-expanded]):not(.ot-link-btn), #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-leg-btn-container .ot-active-leg-btn{
              background-color: #1f92d1;
              border-color: unset;
            }
#onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy{
height:250px;
overflow-y:scroll
}
#onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy::-webkit-scrollbar{
width:11px
}
#onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{
border-radius:10px;
background:#c1c1c1
}
#onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy{
scrollbar-arrow-color:#c1c1c1;
scrollbar-darkshadow-color:#c1c1c1;
scrollbar-face-color:#c1c1c1;
scrollbar-shadow-color:#c1c1c1
}
#onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-accordion-layout .ot-acc-grpdesc,
#onetrust-pc-sdk ul.ot-subgrps li p, #onetrust-pc-sdk ul.ot-subgrps li h5 {
  font-size:0.8rem;
  line-height: 1.2rem
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-pgph-link
 {
  font-size: 0.7rem !important;
  color: #1f92d1;
}
#onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-cat-grp .ot-always-active {
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  margin-bottom:0.5rem;
  color: #1f92d1;
  text-transform:uppercase
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .privacy-notice-link,
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .category-vendors-list-handler {
  color: #1f92d1;
  text-decoration:none
}
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-ven-link,
#onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-ven-legclaim-link {
  color: #1f92d1;

}
#onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-ven-hdr .ot-ext-lnk {
  display:none;
}
#onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-chkbox input:checked~label::before {
  background-color: #1f92d1;
}
#onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-chkbox label::before {
  border-color: #1f92d1
}
#onetrust-pc-sdk #filter-btn-handler {
  background-color: #1f92d1
}
/*OneTrust policy page */
#ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy #cookie-policy-title,
#ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy li {
  color: #212121
}
#ot-sdk-cookie-policy .ot-sdk-container {
     width: 100% !important;
     max-width: 100%;
     margin: 0 auto;
     padding: 0 !important;
     box-sizing: border-box;
}
 #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy .ot-sdk-cookie-policy-group-desc, #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy #cookie-policy-description {
     font-size:1rem;
     line-height:1.602rem;
     margin-bottom:24px;
     color:#444;
}
 #ot-sdk-cookie-policy h3 {
     font-size: 1.424rem;
     line-height: 1.802rem;
     font-family: Avenir,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
     font-weight: 400;
     display: inline-block;
     padding-bottom: 10px;
     border-bottom: 1px solid #313131;
}
 #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy .ot-sdk-cookie-policy-title {
     margin-bottom: 16px;
     color: #212121;
}
 #ot-sdk-cookie-policy h4 {
     display: inline-block;
     padding-bottom: 10px;
     border-bottom: 1px solid #313131;
     font-family: Avenir,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
     font-weight: 400;
}
 #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy .ot-sdk-cookie-policy-group {
     font-size: 1.266rem;
     line-height: 1.602rem;
     color: #212121;
}
 #ot-sdk-cookie-policy thead, #ot-sdk-cookie-policy tr, #ot-sdk-cookie-policy td {
     font-family: Avenir, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}

#ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings {
background-color: #147098;
    border-color: #147098;
    color: #FFFFFF;
  font-weight:normal;
}
#ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings:before {
  content: none !important;
}
#ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings:hover {
  background-color: #147098;
  opacity:0.7;
}
 @media screen and (min-width: 768px) {
     #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy .ot-sdk-cookie-policy-group-desc, #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy #cookie-policy-description {
         font-size:1.266rem;
         line-height:2.027rem;
         margin-bottom:28px;
         color:#444;
    }
}
 @media screen and (min-width:1024px) {
     #ot-sdk-cookie-policy h3 {
         font-size: 1.802rem;
         line-height: 2.281rem;
    }
}
/* Cookie footer*/
#ot-cookie-footer {
  display:none;
}
#ot-cookie-msg {
  columns:1;
  -webkit-columns: 1;
  justify-content: center;
}
#ot-cookie-msg>li {
  display:none;
}
#ot-cookie-msg>li a {
  color:#1f92d1;
}
</style>
<!-- SPIN JS FOOTER -->
<script>
(function(){
     var file = 'https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/js/spin_2024.js';
     var tag = document.createElement('script');
	 var cache = "?v=" + spinJsVersion;
	 tag.defer = true;
	 tag.async = false;
     tag.src = file + cache;
     document.body.appendChild(tag);
}());
</script>
	
	
</body>
</html>