R4D Gender Equality

'Imagining Eritrea': the creation of the nation

Thu, 12 Nov 2009 14:32:00 GMT

Document Type: Miscellaneous Creator: Gruber, J. Production Year: 2009 Citation: 20 pp. Summary:

This paper addresses the creation of the Eritrean nation by the post-liberation government between 1991 and 2001. Subsequent events and outcomes are not discussed here. Current anthropological debates and positions on nationalism, the creation of the nation and ethnicity are first discussed. The Eritrean government's appeals to nationalism and its fashioning of a national identity based on sometimes contentious or minority perceptions of ethnicity are examined. To provide historical context, a few of the ways in which identity has been formed and re-formed in the past century in what is now Eritrea are considered. The essentialising notions of the Eritrean government with regard to identity are contrasted with a number of relatively recent developments in anthropological theory, such as 'the open subject'. The influences of history and memory on national identity, especially as expressed through the metaphors of landscape landscapes of loss and landscapes of renewal are briefly addressed.

In sub-Saharan Africa forced migration is increasing year by year; repatriation invariably fails as a complete solution to displacement. Post-return negotiation of integration has been viewed in Eritrea as a contested process at local and national levels. Therefore, it is apposite that in this paper closer consideration is focused on whether and/or how refugees and returnees inform the debate on national identity and belonging.

Gender aspects of nationalism and ethnicity are also considered. Research indicates female and male notions of nation and nationality can be somewhat different, and differently expressed.

Gender: Eritrean People's Liberation Front and Eritrean government initiatives

Thu, 12 Nov 2009 12:52:00 GMT

Document Type: Miscellaneous Creator: Gruber, J. Production Year: 2009 Citation: 20 pp. Summary:

Focus is given here to a description of activities concerning women's position and the gender initiatives undertaken between the mid 1970s and 1991, firstly by the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (the EPLF) during its conflict with Ethiopia and secondly by the post-liberation governments (a transitional government between liberation in May 1991 and 1993, and the current government thereafter, once independence had been ratified.

This document addresses events to early 2001. In many cases there is little or no documentation available regarding people's responses to such actions during the liberation struggle; such information as exists is set out here, and consideration given to emerging issues of gender equality in the light of previous and current action by those in power. The concluding comments point out certain topics remaining to be addressed by both government and the general population (with its many interest groups and varying perceptions) if post-liberation policy is successfully to be translated into practice.

Global recommitment to agriculture. CGIAR Annual Report 2008.

Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:08:00 GMT

Document Type: Miscellaneous Creator: CGIAR Production Year: 2009 Citation: 72 pp. Summary: This report describes the impact of the CGIAR in its stakeholders' words, its commitment in a time of change, commitment to partnerships, centers supported by the CGIAR, challenge programs, commitment to excellence (science awards, performance measurement, CGIAR in the news, CGIAR gender and diversity program, system office - central services for centers. It includes an executive summary of the 2008 financials, and who's who in the CGIAR.

Sexual mixing patterns and sex-differentials in teenage exposure to HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe.

Thu, 22 Oct 2009 16:30:00 GMT

Document Type: Miscellaneous Creator: Gregson, S.; Nyamukapa, C.A.; Garnett, G.P.; Mason, P.R.; Zhuwau, T.; Caraël, M.; Chandiwana, S.K.; Anderson, R.M. Production Year: 2002 Citation: The Lancet (2002) Volume 359, Issue 9321, pp. 1896-1903 [doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08780-9] Summary: Background: HIV-1 prevalence typically rises more rapidly at young ages in women than in men in sub-Saharan Africa. Greater susceptibility to infection on exposure in women is believed to be a contributory factor as is greater exposure to previously infected sexual partners of the opposite sex. We investigated the latter hypothesis using data from a field study in rural Manicaland, Zimbabwe. Methods: Quantitative data on onset and degree of sexual activity, numbers of partners, concurrent partnerships, condom use, and partner characteristics were used in conjunction with epidemiological data on age and sex specific prevalence of HIV infection to do statistical analyses of association between key variables. Mathematical models and qualitative data were used to aid analysis and interpretation. Findings: Older age of sexual partner was associated with increased risk of HIV-1 infection in men (odds ratio 1·13 [95% CI 1·02-1·25]) and women (1·04 [1·01-1·07]). Young women form partnerships with men 5-10 years older than themselves, whereas young men have relationships with women of a similar age or slightly younger. Greater number of lifetime partners is also associated with increased risk of HIV (1·03 [1·001·05]). Young men report more partners than do women but infrequent coital acts and greater use of condoms. These behaviour patterns are underpinned by cultural factors including the expectation that women should marry earlier than men. A strong gender effect remains after factors that affect exposure to infected partners are controlled for (6·04 [1·49-24·47]). Interpretation: The substantial age difference between female and male sexual partners in Manicaland is the major behavioural determinant of the more rapid rise in HIV prevalence in young women than in men. Theoretical studies have suggested that this difference is an important determinant of observed epidemiological patterns but the study reported in this paper provides clear empirical evidence of association.

The role of HIV testing, counselling, and treatment in coping with HIV/AIDS in Uganda: a qualitative analysis

Wed, 21 Oct 2009 09:07:00 GMT

Document Type: Miscellaneous Creator: Nyanzi-Wakholi, B.; Medina Lara, A.; Watera, C.; Munderi, P.; Gilks, C.; Grosskurth, H. Production Year: 2009 Citation: AIDS Care (2009) 21 (7) 903-908 [doi: 10.1080/09540120802657498 ] Summary: HIV/AIDS has had a devastating impact at individual, household and community levels. This qualitative research investigates the role of HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) and treatment in enabling HIV-positive Ugandans to cope with this disease. Twelve predetermined focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted; six with men and six with women. Half of the men and women's groups were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and half were not. An FGD was held with the health care providers administering ART. Testing for HIV was perceived as soliciting a death warrant. Participants affirmed that the incentive for testing was the possibility of accessing free ART. They described experiencing gender-variant stigma and depression on confirming their HIV status and commended the role of counselling in supporting them to adopt positive living. For those receiving ART, counselling reinforced treatment adherence. The findings also revealed gender differences in treatment adherence strategies. ART was described to reduce disease symptoms and restore physical health allowing them to resume their daily activities. Additionally, ART was preferred over traditional herbal treatment because it had clear dosages, expiry dates and was scientifically manufactured. Those that were not receiving ART bore myths and misconceptions about the effectiveness and side effects of ART, delaying the decision to seek treatment. Stigma and the attached concern of HIV/AIDS-related swift death, is a major barrier for VCT. Based on this study's findings, ensuring the provision of quality assured and gender conscious VCT and ART delivery services will enhance positive living and enforce compliance to ART programmes.

Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part 1: determinants operating at individual and household level.

Fri, 09 Oct 2009 15:50:00 GMT

Document Type: Miscellaneous Creator: Bates, I.; Fenton, C.; Gruber, J.; Lalloo, D.; Lara, A.M.; Squire, S.B.; Theobald, S.; Thomson, R.; Tolhurst, R. Production Year: 2004 Citation: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2004) Volume 4, Issue 5, pp. 267-277 [doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01002-3] Summary: A high burden of malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV infection contributes to national and individual poverty. We have reviewed a broad range of evidence detailing factors at individual, household, and community levels that influence vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV infection and used this evidence to identify strategies that could improve resilience to these diseases. This first part of the review explores the concept of vulnerability to infectious diseases and examines how age, sex, and genetics can influence the biological response to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV infection. We highlight factors that influence processes such as poverty, livelihoods, gender discrepancies, and knowledge acquisition and provide examples of how approaches to altering these processes may have a simultaneous effect on all three diseases. (See also part 2).

Pathways Brief 3. Paid Work, Women's Empowerment and Gender Justice: Critical Pathways of Social Change

Thu, 24 Sep 2009 09:41:00 GMT

Document Type: Miscellaneous Creator: N. Kabeer Production Year: 2008 Citation: 4 pp. Summary: Womens presence in labour markets has increased in many parts of the world with the integration of the global economy and the spread of flexible labour markets. Paid work has become a primary route through which large numbers of women in developing countries enter the public domain. MDG 3 on gender equality and womens empowerment cites womens share of non-agricultural employment as a key indicator of progress. Yet there is little agreement about whether, and what kind of paid work, contributes to womens empowerment.

This Brief is based on Pathways Working Paper 3

South Asia Hub

Thu, 24 Sep 2009 09:27:00 GMT

Document Type: Miscellaneous Creator: Production Year: 2009 Citation: Summary: The South Asia Hub of the Pathways of Women's Empowerment Research Programme Consortium (RPC) is based at the BRAC Development Institute of BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Their partners are: the University of Dhaka, the University of Delhi, the Collective for Social Science Research in Pakistan, Simorgh in Pakistan, and Women for Women International. Their research aims to explore everyday understandings of Islam and gender equality in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The differences in how the relations between state and civil society are experienced in Bangladesh and Pakistan provide the overarching framework for comparative research, particularly around issues of security in and control over one's body, ability to articulate one's rights and needs and paid work.

Latin America Hub

Thu, 24 Sep 2009 09:24:00 GMT

Document Type: Miscellaneous Creator: Production Year: 2009 Citation: In Portugese Summary: The Latin America Hub of the Pathways of Women's Empowerment Research Programme Consortium (RPC) is based at the Núcleo de Estudos Interdisciplinares Sobre a Mulher (NEIM), located at the Federal University of Bahia, Brazil. The hub's research aims to investigate and analyse, on the one hand, women's organising around empowerment issues, building constituencies for gender justice, changing narratives of sexuality, and how broader changes within the region have contributed to these struggles, and, on the other, how all of these struggles and processes have resonated in the different women's individual pathways towards empowerment.

Their website hosts further information on the specific research projects, and links to related websites and to resources relevant to women's empowerment.

Pathways Working Paper 5. Conditional Cash Transfers: A 'Pathway to Women's Empowerment?'

Wed, 23 Sep 2009 10:01:00 GMT

Document Type: Miscellaneous Creator: M. Molyneux Production Year: 2009 Citation: Pathways of Women's Empowerment, IDS, Sussex, UK. 92 pp. Summary: Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) provide mothers of school-age children in extreme poverty with a cash subsidy conditional on their children's attendance at school and health clinics. This paper builds on the author's earlier gender analysis and critique of these programmes by examining evaluations of CCTs in order to assess the evidence for their claim to empower women. It analyses the assumptions underlying the definitions of empowerment used in the evaluations, questions their adequacy, and advances alternative measures of empowerment. In so doing it hopes to stimulate debate about theory, methodology and policy. It advances four main propositions: (1) claims that CCTs empower women are questionable and are weakly supported by the evidence; (2) in reinforcing a maternal model of care, CCTs reinforce asymmetrical gender roles and risk establishing a trade-off between children's and women's needs for long-term security; (3) given the inequalities in gender relations at household level, programme design needs to encourage a more dynamic model of gender and generational cooperation, which has the potential to generate more positive outcomes for all household members, including fathers who are otherwise marginalised from the responsibilities of care.

Gender, education and global poverty reduction initiatives.

Thu, 15 Jan 2009 12:24:00 GMT

Project Status: Current Project Background: The project aims to look at the way global policy on gender, schooling and poverty eradication articulated through the Millennium Development Goals and other policy statements emerging from UN organisations and international gatherings, are interpreted, whether they are put into action and the reasons for this. The proposed study is based on detailed case studies in Kenya and South Africa, where reforming governments have sought to address issues of poverty, gender and schooling. In these countries a vibrant civil society is active and often critical of government, sometimes drawing on global policy for support. The project is designed to explore how national and provincial education departments, national and local non-government organisations and a school community interpret policy on gender, schooling and poverty, the connections that are or are not made between global policy declaration and national, regional and local aspiration and action, the reasons for this and the processes that help and undermine work to take forward initiatives relating to gender, education and global poverty reduction. The case studies will be conducted in partnership with the government departments and NGOs and the proposed project is partly designed so that organisations can draw on the issues raised by the research study to enhance their own reflection on policy and practice and help heighten understanding of the process of global policy making and obligation across national boundaries. Project Objectives: The objectives of the study are:
i) to examine in what ways global, national, regional and local ideas and actions regarding gender equality in education and poverty reduction connect and disconnect
ii) to explore relationships in bringing about change in policy and practice in the field of gender, education and poverty reduction
iii) to work with organizations at national, provincial and local level to examine how and why certain conditions, interpretations and actions regarding gender and education impact on poverty reduction and how to enhance policy, advocacy, debate, and implementation in this area. Project Conclusions: Intended Outputs: Actual Outputs:

Integrating gender, poverty reduction and energy

Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 GMT

Project Status: Completed Project Background: To research the existing knowledge base on Gender, Poverty Reduction and Energy, draw out lessons that can contribute towards DFID development goals and identify knowledge gaps and issues that need to be addressed. Project Objectives: Project Conclusions: "Gender problems will never be solved without addressing women's needs as they relate to energy. In this regard, gender specialists and the frameworks and strategies they employ in projects and programmes directed at disempowered and dependent women, fail to incorporate energy as a necessary component for improving their livelihoods." Intended Outputs: Actual Outputs: The consultation among gender, energy and poverty experts showed that gender specialists often do not consider domestic energy as a key feature of women's work, or the effect of its availability on livelihoods. There is a need for greater discussion by different sectors on the impact of energy needs on poverty and gender concerns.

Gender sensitive programme design and planning in conflict affected situations

Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 GMT

Project Status: Completed Project Background: The project will document case studies of ACORD programmes operating in conflict affected situations, using a range of research methods and informed by a variety of analytical approaches, and will develop from this enhanced frameworks for gender sensitive conflict research and project design. Project Objectives: Project Conclusions: Intended Outputs: Actual Outputs:

Gender sensitive design for African small-scale irrigation

Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 GMT

Project Status: Completed Project Background: Water for irrigated food production is increasingly short in developing countries, while the number of people to be fed continues to increase. It is therefore important to maximise the efficiency with which water is used. There is an historic tendency of funders to favour investigation of headwork and main distribution systems, and a current need to focus research efforts on increasing efficiency at end-user level. By targetting women, as the majority end-users in irrigaton schemes, substantial improvements are likely to result. Recently published literature affirms that women are major users of irrigation systems and provide 60% to 100% of the total labour requirements for production. Women work long hours and often undertake very arduous work. Designs that consider the role of women in the irrigation process have not been widely developed, if at all. The Participatory Technology Development approach could be applicable but special attention needs to be given to overcoming current constraints on female particpation in irrigation operation, management and planning. HR, with DFID support, has initiated work in the involvement of women in irrigation and how their existing substantial contribution can be more effective. The proposal is designed to complete this task and bring out readily usable guidance notes specifically aimed at farmers, and designers and planners. Project Objectives: Improve African small-scale irrigation to encourage designers and irrigators to respond to the ergonomic needs of women in irrigated agriculture hence making better use of water and improving production. Project Conclusions: Intended Outputs: Explanatory booklet aimed at farm-managers and farmer groups, to assist in developing sustainable gender roles in irrigation developments, written and published.

Guidelines for designers and planners including design and equipment recommendations, to incorporate gender requirements in the specification for irrigation systems, prepared and published. Actual Outputs: Final Project Reports submitted and comments forwarded. Amendments are underway, to ensure that the final reports include a sustainable livelihoods approach.

Mitigation of the gender impacts of HIV/AIDS

Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 GMT

Project Status: Completed Project Background: Project Objectives: To provide advice and support to rural communities and those working with them, as well as policy makers, on effective responses to the gender-specific impacts of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Project Conclusions: The HIV/AIDS epidemic is fuelled by inequality. The gender-specific constraints described in the project report illustrate this. However, this inequality is not just between men and women. It is also the inequality of wealth, ethnicity, caste, age and geographical location. The inequality that promotes the spread of the epidemic is hampering its containment, and the mitigation of the impact of HIV/AIDs, including access to ARVs. In the country review, the report shows that governments and NGOs are making use of what they already know to counter the epidemic; legal literacy programmes, income generation activities and support services. These are strengths on which to build. The report provides policy guidance for decision makers which draws on development experience for strategies to tackle HIV/AIDS impact mitigation at different levels; donor agency, national government, community and individual. The findings from the country studies and from a broader study of approaches world-wide suggests that a range of approaches, working at different levels and providing sustained support, is required. There is no single solution. The findings underline the continuing need for DFID to promote gender-sensitive and equitable development globally by supporting policy change. The findings are relevant to all of DFID's work in the agricultural, rural and health sectors in Africa, and also in Asia. Intended Outputs: To provide an overview of the gender-specific impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic; document experience of mitigating the impact of HIV/AIDS in areas of Africa where this is severe; collect comparative data from selected parts of India to provide a South Asian perspective; draw lessons from existing responses to draw up suggestions for a policy response at donor, national and local levels. Actual Outputs: The research was carried out through a review of what is known about the differential gender impact of HIV/AIDS, and an assessment of methods of mitigating impacts, which relate to men or women, indicating how inequalities may be reduced or eliminated.

The project worked in collaboration with the twin study on low labour input agriculture (HA0036) in the documentation of lessons learned and guidelines developed.

Detailed literature and web reviews have been made and a series of field visits was completed in Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia. Fieldwork was also carried out to a limited extent in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and New Delhi in India, in order to collect comparative data.

Gender, education and development - A partially annotated and selective bibliography

Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 GMT

Project Status: Completed Project Background: Project Objectives: Project Conclusions: Intended Outputs: Actual Outputs:

Participatory Gender Analysis

Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 GMT

Project Status: Current Project Background: Project Objectives: To improve the accessibility and relevance of new agricultural technology to the poor through the use of participatory methodologies. Project Conclusions: Intended Outputs: Actual Outputs:

Rural domestic economy and female labour supply in Uzbekistan: assessing the feasibility of gender targetted micro-credit schemes

Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 GMT

Project Status: Completed Project Background: The process of transition to the market and agrarian reform in Uzbekistan, as elsewhere in the former Soviet Union, has been accompanied by rising unemployment, the erosion of social safety nets, and growing poverty. In Uzbekistan, which already had a large rural labour surplus population before the break-up of the Soviet Union, the agricultural sector has continued to act as a ,shock absorber,, leading to even higher levels of rural unemployment and underemployment. The creation of off-farm employment and the development of microfinance institutions to stimulate income generation activities, are some of the measures currently on the policy agenda. Women, who have suffered disproportionately from losses in employment and social services, are among those targetted by micro-credit initiatives. Situated in the fertile Ferghana valley, Andijan has a rural economy based on irrigated farming of cotton, rice, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. By contrast, Kashkadarya is a semi-arid region with serious water problems; the household economy is mainly reliant on dry farming and animal husbandry. In both regions a major squeeze on rural livelihoods has resulted from the fact that collective enterprises have been in arrears of wages, and have tended to remunerate their workers in kind by providing basic necessities such as flour and cooking oil. This has increased pressures on households, both to conserve incomes by achieving high levels of self-provisioning, and to generate cash incomes by finding alternative sources of earnings. Whereas in the irrigated region this has produced an intensification of women's labour in the busy agricultural season, through involvement in work on multiple plots, in the semi-arid region it has resulted in a loss of earnings and an increase in women's unemployment. It was therefore partly with a view to uncovering these different dynamics that the regions in question were selected. Project Objectives: To assess the feasibility of gender-targetted micro-credit schemes in Uzbekistan, by providing an in-depth investigation of the major determinants of women's availability for alternative income generation activities. Project Conclusions: The findings suggest that microfinance initiatives in both Andijan and Kashkadarya may have a beneficial impact on income levels, and absorb the labour of growing numbers of unemployed and underemployed women. However, the needs of different potential target groups appear to vary significantly. Furthermore, the impact of micro-credit schemes on the empowerment of women is likely to vary a great deal among different categories of women. Both life cycle effects, and differences in the types of interdependencies between genders implied by different rural livelihood portfolios, play a significant role in determining outcomes. Overall, the high levels of literacy and numeracy of rural women in Uzbekistan, and their participation in a variety of social networks, constitute major assets which may be turned to advantage in micro-credit projects. Intended Outputs: Actual Outputs: Women's domestic burdens, the work intensity and seasonal profiles of their economic activities, their degree of control over household resources, and their levels of participation in social networks are examined in detail. The study, which was carried out in two provinces with contrasting ecological features, also illustrates the ways in which these factors are influenced by different types of rural livelihood. Andijan, which is situated in the fertile Ferghana valley, has a rural economy based on irrigated farming of cotton, rice, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. By contrast, Kashkadarya is a semi-arid region with serious water availability problems; the household economy is mainly reliant on dry farming and animal husbandry. A survey of 100 households was carried out in four villages, offering different opportunities for agricultural and off-farm activities.

Participatory Research Gender Analysis

Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 GMT

Project Status: Awaiting Confirmation of Completion Project Background: This project proposes the institutionalisation and international dissemination of participatory methodologies that are international public goods, currently being developed with SIBTA, Bolivia. This represents an important opportunity to leverage substantial prior investment over four years by DFID and other donors in the development of these approaches and to contribute to DFID global objectives by ensuring the international spill over of these research products. Project Objectives: To improve the alignment of market-led national agricultural innovation systems with poverty reduction objectives by improving the accessibility and relevance of new agricultural technology to the poor through use of participatory methodologies. Project Conclusions: Intended Outputs: To improve the alignment of market-led national agricultural innovation systems with poverty-reduction objectives by improving the accessibility and relevance of new agricultural technology to the poor through use of participatory methodologies. Actual Outputs:

Gender as a key variable in energy interventions in developing countries: are we asking the right questions?

Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 GMT

Project Status: Current Project Background: Women/gender and energy has successfully emerged on the international agenda, and is widely viewed as one of the critical pathways for linking energy interventions to the Millennium Development Goals, for example to MDG Goals on women's education and employment, maternal health, child mortality, and even on income and hunger:

*Recognition of the enormous health burden of indoor air pollution - now estimated to kill 2 million women and children in developing countries every year - is one of the drivers stimulating what may be increased attention to household energy interventions in the coming years.

*Productive uses of renewable energy are more and more viewed as necessary to the successful dissemination as well as development impact of renewable energy interventions, though the link to women's income generation and human capital building is only beginning to be considered seriously.

*Rural electrification is enjoying a revival in interest, in particular decentralised sources; inter-sectoral, poverty and gender linkages are receiving some attention.

*A number of energy programmes in both North and South are starting to pay closer attention to gender and have launched important initiatives.

Energy interventions are generally seen as potentially beneficial to both women and men in a number of ways, and there are now some specific experiences and documentation of some projects that have effectively involved both women and men as staff and entrepreneurs as well as beneficiaries.

Yet despite many efforts, energy poverty is still widespread, and gender inequality persists at every level of the energy sector in development. Energy and gender/poverty discourses remain, in most venues, far apart. Gender- and poverty-sensitive energy projects and research are still the exception rather than the rule.

The importance of bringing a gender perspective to energy policy analysis and design is still not widely understood, and the conceptual basis for doing this is still lacking. Nor have the lessons from past energy projects as regards gender and poverty been fully integrated by donors or national policy makers. While many are sympathetic, gender is still commonly viewed as a political agenda and given this, not central to questions of energy efficiency or project effectiveness in the energy sector.

At the same time, most poverty assessments and research exclude energy, except, sometimes, in as regards rural electrification infrastructure. In social development sectors, energy proponents are frequently suspected of having a hidden environmental or technology dissemination agenda.

Working relationships between energy macro-economists/engineers and other social scientists have been slow to develop, with different "ways of thinking". Most distressing, has been the difficulty to convince sector experts that gender (for energy projects) and energy (for gender/social development projects) are key variables in project success. While enormous quantities of empirical evidence on gender and sustainable energy have been generated in recent years, much is undigested and frameworks for analysis are weak. This indicates that there is a critical need for some really good analytical work to draw on this mass of empirical material, from a historical perspective of past experience and research on gender, poverty and energy, to critically assess the secondary data and re-think relationships and frameworks, and to lay down an overall research agenda for testing specific hypotheses about these linkages. Project Objectives: To improve understanding, policy and capabilities in gender, poverty and energy research. Project Conclusions: Intended Outputs: An analytical framework for understanding and measuring linkages between gender, poverty and energy, that would be credible in both gender/poverty and energy terms, with a view to improving project design.

The international research agenda and programme and project practice on gender, poverty, and energy, is influence by ,looking critically backward at concepts and empirical evidence, and by ,looking forward, at ,the right questions,.

Increased and improved gender, poverty and energy research in key developing country institutions through partnerships and coordination of research. Actual Outputs: