I know, brilliant title.  A few weeks ago, Troy and I decided that putting that couch in the middle of the road could make for some fun pictures one night.  We were right.  That’s what we did tonight at 1am.

After the downer of a week last week we thought we would end the month on much more of an uplifting note: heaven. There is really no point in figuring out what to avoid if we are paying no attention to what we are aiming towards. This is actually a message I’m more passionate about than the first one. I love diving into the deep waters of hell and teasing out ideas and trying to understand what is really going on, but there is nothing more exciting than what is coming down the pipes in terms of God’s plan for creation. So basically what I’m going to do this morning is show you that through the entire story of the Bible, God has had a plan and he has been bringing it to fruition in all sorts of different ways. Our job right now is to look through history and the present and point out where God is moving and where his plan is in action and join with him in accomplishing it.

We get a lot of our ideas about heaven from Jesus himself. He was always talking about the Kingdom of God in the synoptics and the Kingdom of Heaven in John. We spent quite a bit of time talking about the Kingdom of Heaven in the parable series, but we did learn quite a few things. We learned that it is a present and future reality. We learned that it is moving all by itself. We learned that it is extremely exciting to find. We learned that it was very intertwined with it’s opposing kingdom. We learned that it spreads like wild fire from something as small as a mustard seed. There is lots of characteristics of the kingdom of God that we have discovered. However, something that we did not focus on that much is how Jesus’ life and ministry here on this earth was part of a larger plan of something that God was doing.

Jesus had a very specific role and place in history and fulfilled many things that to bring a nice finish to different parts of the story in the Bible. To start though, we shouldn’t start with Jesus, we should probably go back to Gen 1. Right at the beginning we have the beginning of the story: creation. Paul helps frame it for us in Colossians 1.

For by him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created by him and for him.

The first chapters of the Bible are all about creation. We spent 8 months in Genesis, so I won’t spend much time on them now, but you know the drill. God created the earth, he created humans and he created animals and all things. God created humans to be in relationship with him and subdue and rule the world. They knew a intimacy with God as they walked together in the garden. Everything they wanted was theirs at their fingertips. This is how our story starts. It starts in Genesis 1, in a garden, with no clothes, and in harmonious relationship with each other, God and the earth. We will call this creation. The beginning. The starting point.

Then next in the story we have the fall. This is when humanity chose to go in its own direction, and depend on themselves for purpose and decisions. Blessing became a curse. When this began humanity started to fall apart. They started to kill each other and hurt each other and only think of themselves. We watch over 7 chapters the downwards spiral of sin and violence with Cain killing Abel, Lamech threatens retribution that is beyond ridiculous and then God sends a flood to try to put a stop to it. We see God trying to start with a “new Adam” with Noah, but this Adam has sin in his heart also and we see another downward cycle to the tower of babel. Most likely the biggest problem is the severence of their relationship with God. Things changed. They weren’t how they used to be. The order of creation had shifted. God created things in a very specific order and humans decided they didn’t like that order and wanted to be at the top of the list: like gods as the serpent puts it. We will call this the fall. The separation. Being out of order.

Up until this point, the first twelve chapters point to creation as a whole. All of humanity is included. Then enters Abraham into the story in Genesis 12. With Abraham, it’s like God is trying to start all over again. He pulls Abraham out of the life he was living and sets him apart, as something new, to bring about his plan to redeem the world. God says he is going to bless Abraham so that Abraham will be a blessing to all the nations around him. Let’s be clear about this. The point of Abraham being blessed is so that he would bless the other nations. This was God’s way of reconnecting back with his creation. This was God’s plan. He was going to use this man, to start a nation and this nation would be responsible for making right the relationship that was lost with God in the fall. There was a lot on this nation. It was starting to look like the problem of being separate from God finally had a solution ahead. God from this point on throughout the Hebrew scriptures centers his plan on Abraham and his descendants, the nation of Israel. It is important to understand how God is moving along consistently in the same direction here; we can see this by looking at the connections with Israel and Adam.

These are just the connections in the Old Testament. This could be easier fleshed out if we pulled in Paul’s letters or some of the beliefs of those in Jesus’ times. However, the connections that Israel has been given the role of Adam obvious. We could take this to the next step and say that not only is Israel is the new Adam, but Canaan is the new Eden. There are numerous parallels between the language here also. From walking to and fro in both Eden and in the sanctuary, the cherubim guard both the tree of life in Eden and the holy of holies in the sanctuary, Eden and the Sanctuary are entered from the East, the temple was decorated like a garden, Adam was to till and keep the garden and the priests were to till and keep the sanctuary, a river flowed from Eden just as Israel’s visionaries saw a river flowing from Jerusalem. The list is actually quite monstrous, especially for the little we actually know about Eden. The connection is clear. Israel is the new Adam.

“The Eden story was shaped to prefigure Israel’s own story. however, in the canonical context this is reversed, so that Israel’s story becomes a retelling of Adam and Eve’s story. Humanity, in Adam, lost the blessing, but Israel, in Abraham, is the vehicle through which God restores it. Adam and Eve’s expulsion finds its echo in Israel’s exile, and, as we shall see, Israel’s return foreshadows and precipitates humanities restoration.”
- Gregory Macdonald

So as you can see, there is some order to what is happening here. God is up to something. God is trying to bring back the blessings of Gen 1 back to all of humanity. Abraham is God’s way of dealing with the problem of all the nations, not just Israel. Remember, the promise was that their blessing was to be passed on to bless all the nations. This promise is repeated four more times in Genesis alone! Here is some good verses on Israel’s mission to the entire world and being for the sake of the entire world.

“Here is my servant, whom I uphold,
my chosen one in whom I delight;
I will put my Spirit on him

and he will bring justice to the nations. He will not shout or cry out,
or raise his voice in the streets.

A bruised reed he will not break,
and a smoldering wick he will not snuff out.
In faithfulness he will bring forth justice;

he will not falter or be discouraged
till he establishes justice on earth.
In his law the islands will put their hope.”

This is what God the LORD says—
he who created the heavens and stretched them out,
who spread out the earth and all that comes out of it,
who gives breath to its people,
and life to those who walk on it:

“I, the LORD, have called you in righteousness;
I will take hold of your hand.
I will keep you and will make you
to be a covenant for the people
and a light for the Gentiles,

to open eyes that are blind,
to free captives from prison
and to release from the dungeon those who sit in darkness.

Another interesting note, is that justice is obviously seen as a positive thing in these verses which sort of links us back to last week on judgment being about settings things right to where they should be. So Israel according to this verse is supposed to be establishing justice on earth, their laws will have hope put in them, Israel will be a covenant for all people and they will be a light for all gentiles. So, a lot of pressure is put on Israel. We’ll leave it at that shall we.

Like I pointed out above in the table, Israel fell short like Adam did. Israel did not keep the law, she was cursed. The plan wasn’t working. Israel goes through exile. They become a nation that fights wars and deals weapons and kills children. In other words, they become like every other nation. The very people that God set apart to be his representative on earth to bless the nations started to oppress them instead. Israel began to get in the way of God’s blessing rather than become the administrators of it.

“The Old Testament, when read as a whole, sees Yahweh’s plan as the salvation of all the nations through Israel, his new humanity. Israel herself actually ends up as part of the problem rather than the solution, but God sens his servant-Israel in order to enable her to fulfill her mission to the nations.”
-Gregory Macdonald

So what do we do? The only way out of this predicament is if God restores Israel. Well good news. He did.

As we start to see the story of Jesus unfold we see that it very closely linked into that of the story of Israel. The early Christian thought of Jesus as the one who fulfilled the story of Israel. I remember when I first discovered this and it was a major ah ha moment for me at Tyndale. I had been going to Tyndale for one semester and my first class back after Christmas was New Testament with Stephen Thompson. He started by asking a question about what was Jesus all about. People gave him all sorts of answers. To take the sin of the world, a good example, to die so we didn’t have to and the list went on. He said “wrong, he was all about the Kingdom of God.” I was confused. I had no idea what he meant. And then he started on his two hour lecture.This first class changed the entire way that I looked at the Bible because all of sudden he made a connection between the Old Testament and the New Testament for me and made it about one common story about God who was trying to accomplish a purpose with his kingdom. He took the Bible from being chopped up stories of random good things to teach your children and tied it all in together and showed how God was bringing about Eden again (or the kingdom of God).

Jesus isn’t just a random throw in story, but the entire Hebrew Scriptures were leading up to this event. We looked at Adam, and how Israel embodied Adam’s story. Now though, with Israel failing, Jesus steps in and embodies Israel’s story. Jesus is baptized and goes into the wilderness for forty days before crossing the Jordan into Israel to begin his mission. Doesn’t that sound familiar? Israel also went into the dessert for forty years before crossing the Jordan into Canaan. Jesus had twelve disciples and Israel had twelve tribes. However, we can already see from the very first tests that Jesus succeeds where Israel failed in the desert.

“Because the Messiah represents Israel, he is able to take on himself Israel’s curse and exhaust it…The crucifixion of the Messiah is, one might say, the quintessence of the curse of exile, and its climatic act…He is Israel going down to death under the curse of the law, and going through that curse to new covenant life beyond.”
- NT Wright

“In Christ’s death and resurrection Israel’s exile reaches its climax and Israel is restored (the new exodus occurs)….The blessing of Abraham that God had always intended to be mediated to the world through Israel was now set loose in Christ.”
-Gregory Macdonald

So basically here is what happened.

Humans Created>Humans Fell>Israel Created>Israel Fell>Jesus Created>Jesus Dies>Jesus Resurrected>Israel Returns from Exile>Humans are reconciled

Do you see How Jesus is at the climax of this equation? There is a progression and a goal and it is accomplished in Jesus. When it hits Jesus’ death and resurrection, the entire story gets reversed and we are brought back to our original intended goal and state with God. Paul explains it better than I can in Romans 5.

Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all men, because all sinned— for before the law was given, sin was in the world. But sin is not taken into account when there is no law.Nevertheless, death reigned from the time of Adam to the time of Moses, even over those who did not sin by breaking a command, as did Adam, who was a pattern of the one to come.

But the gift is not like the trespass. For if the many died by the trespass of the one man, how much more did God’s grace and the gift that came by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, overflow to the many! Again, the gift of God is not like the result of the one man’s sin: The judgment followed one sin and brought condemnation, but the gift followed many trespasses and brought justification. For if, by the trespass of the one man, death reigned through that one man, how much more will those who receive God’s abundant provision of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man, Jesus Christ.

Consequently, just as the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men, so also the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men.  For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous.

The law was added so that the trespass might increase. But where sin increased, grace increased all the more, so that, just as sin reigned in death, so also grace might reign through righteousness to bring eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.

Do you see how everything is reversed? Many died, condemnation, death, condemnation to all people, all were made sinful because of one. Then, on walks Jesus on to the scene and the language changes to grace, justification, life and righteousness. Jesus acts of righteous obedience to the call of Israel completely reversed the results of Adam’s acts of disobedience in Eden.

Really we can insert all sorts of things of Christian history into this equation. If we looked at Noah and inserted him into this equation he would land before Jesus in the creation and fall part. If we inserted the church we would insert him after Jesus in the reconciliation part. The church is part of the reconciliation process and exists as living proof as a restored Israel, a restored humanity. Then we can jump ahead to Revelation and finally it seems John sees a vision for what God has always intended.

And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Now the dwelling of God is with men, and he will live with them. They will be his people, and God himself will be with them and be their God.
Rev 21:3

This is what he was always going for wasn’t it? This was the language with Adam, with Israel, with the Holy Spirit and now with the New Jerusalem coming to earth. This is God’s plan, to have all men reconciled to himself. To bring us back to Eden where we are in right relationship with God, each other and the earth. This is where God is aiming towards. This is the end of the story. This is what our relational God is longing for through the entire story. This gives us hope for today that not all is lost, but we serve a good God who reconciles things to himself.

This is where God is aiming towards. This is the end of the story. This is what our relational God is longing for through the entire story. So this is what it looks like. Paul, I think summarizes the entire story beautifully in Colossians, so I thought we would end today by reading this poem that he wrote.

Colossians 1:15-20
He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation.

For by him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created by him and for him.

He is before all things, and in him all things hold together.

And he is the head of the body, the church; he is the beginning and the firstborn from among the dead, so that in everything he might have the supremacy.

For God was pleased to have all his fullness dwell in him,

and through him to reconcile to himself all things, whether things on earth or things in heaven, by making peace through his blood, shed on the cross.

Last night I went to Pontiac, Michigan to watch David Bazan and his band at the Crofoot.  It was great.  Sort of reminded me of watching Further Seems Forever play.  A few older dudes with thick beards and a few young guys with thick beards genuinely loving what they were playing and feeling every word sang and every note played.

So a command like Paul gives to us to boast in our weakness, makes no sense for us.  How do I boast in my weakness?  Am I honestly supposed to admit that I am wrong or incapable of living out exactly what I believe?  That is dumb.  It’s much easier to justify a lifestyle with ignorance and refusing to think.  I do it all the time.  I do it with the water I purchase and the clothes I wear and the gas I guzzle and the food I eat and the pleasures I have and the electronics I use and the the way I treat my body.  I do all these things without thinking and convincing myself that there is nothing wrong with them.  I can do all these things and live guilt free as long as I push off any situations, people or relationships that are directly affected.  Every time I do one of these things I am telling myself that it is ok to do these things.  I’m not actually feeling bad or bummed out, I’m convinced that it’s fine.

I don’t want to be known as a guy that believes one thing and lives another.  So I change my beliefs.  I don’t want to be a guy who refuses to change his life because he can critically argue his way out of it.  The problem is though that I am extremely stubborn.  I refuse to be wrong.  So if I am living a certain way, I’m going to give you a hundred different reasons as to why it’s OK for me to live this way.  I need you to know that the way I’m living is the right way to live and that I wouldn’t live in a wrong way.

Boasting in my weakness seems stupid and pointless.  I will just boast when I am right and change or give the illusion of change when I am wrong.   What kind of pastor would I be if I was up there telling people that being truly human is one thing, but I’m another.  Where is the example in that?  What kind of pastor would I be if I admitted that I fail everyday in living out what I am encouraging them to live out?  What kind of pastor would I be saying “these are good things to do, but I won’t be joining you in doing them.”  This is a pastor who is weak and a bad example.  My guess is we probably need more of these kinds of pastors.

1. Bible Gateway used to be my choice of reading online but in many ways I feel taken advantage of on their site.  I don’t want to be advertised to while I’m reading and studying the Bible.  In the past year, Zondervan bought Bible Gateway and is adding it to their machine of products they “can have more impact on the Internet.”  I have already mentioned here that I don’t necessarily appreciate Zondervan, so that didn’t help.
   
2. BlueLetterBible has a web ethic I love.  ”We desire to operate the Blue Letter Bible as a ministry. This is a zero revenue project. There will be no charge for any services, nor are there any banner ads on the website to generate revenue.”  While I am not opposed to making revenue through websites (after all, that is my career) I do think that some things should not be used to further a capitalist agenda.  So props to you BlueLetterBible.
   
3. BlueLetterBible is just a way better website with more features and real study tools.

• The lexicon is by far the best one I’ve seen online and has helped me in numerous studies.  Simply go to your verse normally and click on the C and you get a screen that looks like below.  You can click on any of the words and it will take you to a definition along with a list of all the other times that these Greek/Hebrew words show up elsewhere.  There is nothing easier than this.

• The copy to clipboard feature is amazing.  Whenever I’m trying to get text onto a Powerpoint I always have to delete all the numbers and footnotes.  With BlueLetterBible you can select copy options in the top left and choose the style of text you want to copy, hit copy and move it right into whatever media you need.  Smooth and beautiful.
• It also comes packed with study/commentary tools including audio and video which I haven’t even begun to unpack and they are all searchable as well.
• They also have a great mobile version of the site. It’s a little less feature rich (you can still view the full site on your phone if you need the features) but it’s quicker and cleaner.  You can see the mobile version at mobile.blb.org
• The only thing I think I will miss was how in Firefox I could add a Bible Gateway search bar right into my browser (anyone know if you can do this for Blue Letter Bible?) so I didn’t have to navigate to their home page first.

It’s enough for me to switch.

Nothing better than a church and business mix.  This is a sign that a downtown friend took for me on his phone.  This is a new local church plant.  Awesome.  While I won’t claim to be doing it all right, I’m just fascinated at how many different things on this sign were the exact opposite of what we were going for in planting theStory.

Don’t use the front door (because the completely non see through tinted windows for the entire storefront wasn’t enough), don’t ask for donations (our people tithe and we give the money to someone else to deal with you people), here is our hours (only come by at these times, and when you do, come to the back door), here is when the important stuff happen (Sunday services…all the other dribble can be found on the website)….and have a good week.

Ugly Lights at Bluewater Film Festival

I was able to make it to the morning block of films for the Bluewater Film Festival.  Ugly Lights was shown in this block along with a few other great films.  Here is an article about the festival and the great turn out they had.  Maybe we’ll have our next film done by next year’s festival.  Nice work festival team, glad to hear it was a success!

“The church latched on to that old doctrine of original sin like a dog to a stick, and before you knew it, the whole gospel got twisted around it. Instead of being God’s big message of saving love for the whole world, the gospel became a little bit of secret information on how to solve the pesky legal problem of original sin.”
-Brian McLaren

This part of secret information has basically lead us to believe, that if we don’t have this information (ie. that we have to invite Jesus to live in our heart), that we will end up in a place that we call hell. So that is what this week is about: hell. We are going to go through all the words for hell in the Bible and gain some understanding on people’s belief in hell and try to come to grips with what the Bible is doing with such a concept. Before we start though, let’s find out where we all are presently. Joe is going to come up and mind map all of our ideas, but basically we want to create a map of all the beliefs of everyone in this room and what hell is.

Q: What is hell? How do we know what hell is? Why is it important?
(Create a mind map on the wall with everyone’s ideas)

Everyone has very different ideas on hell. One of my favourite musicians, David Bazan, kind of gives his own take on it, so we asked Kevin to perform it for us and I’ll put the lyrics on the screen so you can follow along.

With the threat of hell hanging over my head like a halo
I was made to believe in a couple of beautiful truths
That eventually had thee effect of completely unraveling
The powerful curse put on me by you

When you set the table
When you chose the scale
Did you write a riddle that you knew they would fail
Did you make them tremble
So they would tell the tale
Did you push us when we fell

If my mother cries when I tell her what I discovered
Then I hope she remembers she taught me to follow my heart
And if you bully her like you done me with fear of damnation
Then I hope she can see you
for what you are

When you set the table
When you chose the scale
Did you write a riddle that you knew they would fail
Did you make them tremble
So they would tell the tale
Did you push us when we fell

What am I afraid of?
Who did I betray?
In what medieval kingdom does justice work that way?
If you knew what would happen
And you made us just the same
Then you my Lord can take the blame

I’ve read a number of books on hell and heaven in the past year and if I’ve realized one thing it is that there is tons of different, possible views of the afterlife and especially hell that all come from different honest, Jesus loving Christians. You will not agree with all of them, because these views are all contradicting. What we are talking about here is the Christian churches’ best guess after years of honest study, reflection and prayer.

Theologians, scholars and God fearing men throughout history have wrestled with the idea of hell and many of them have come to different conclusions. In some cases hell is believed to be retributive, a type of punishment for being sinners. Some believe that God simply chose some at the beginning of the world to go to heaven and some to go to hell, this is called the doctrine of election and would be held by many Calvinists. Some people believe that everyone has a choice and that some people freely choose to go to hell. Some believe its actual literal fire. Some believe no such place exists Some believe it’s God eternally separating himself from sin. The list goes on.

As we can tell from this mind map, even in this room there is contrasting opinions. I have a lot of problems myself with the traditional view of hell. The traditional view of hell that I was raised to believe is that there is an afterlife, and there is only two places you can go: heaven or hell. Depending on if you’ve accepted Jesus Christ as your Lord and Personal Saviour is the sole determining factor on which place you end up in. Of course, this view is extremely one sided, only half biblical and barely takes into account all the problems people have with it.

Some of the objections that I have with current traditional view of hell are:

1. What possible finite human or crime is capable of committing that would be justly punished infintely in firey torture?
2. Am I really supposed to be happy in heaven when all my loved ones are tormenting forever in hell?
3. Free will can’t be altered ever? Even if they are so destroyed by sin that they can’t think clearly and properly? Wouldn’t a loving God interfere to set them in the right direction as to not be tormented forever and ever? Is this not more loving than giving freedom?
4. What do you do with all the verses in the Bible about reconciling all things and all people being justified?
5. If Jesus says forgive them for they know not what they do, why are they held responsible if they don’t know what they are doing? It’s like giving a 6 year old a gun, is it really a freedom worth having or is it a setup for failure for a horrible failure kind of like Bazan talks about in his song.
6. Why is death the last chance? Why is the Heaven’s Gates and Hell’s Flames the accepted view on what happens?
7. Who says hell is eternal?

The list goes on and on and I’m sure if you were all honest with yourselves you could add to it. But here is what we need to understand before we dive into a topic as heavy as this one. The difference of opinions on this matter does not say anything about someone’s commitment to Christ, to the Bible or to their faith. If you are sitting there thinking well sure you can believe in universalism, but that’s just because you have a low view of scripture well then you are sorely mistaken and you will never be able to enter into a healthy dialogue on the subject. There are good God loving and Bible respecting people who come to different conclusions than you do on topics such as these, and we have to allow it to happen.

“Even a commitment to an inspired bible is not a commitment to inerrant interpretations.”
Gregory Macdonald

This is a crucial understanding before we start anything. We all agree here that the bible is inspired and it is unerring to its witness to Christ. This does not mean the way that you read the bible or the way I read the bible is inerrant also. If we can come to that agreement then we can move forward.

Hell is a touchy subject within Christian circles. Oddly, it has become a central theology to the Christian faith. It has slowly creeped it’s way into becoming one of the sole tactics that Christians have to make converts and raise their children. Just last this week I was hanging out with the families in my Circle group and a mom of two young boys told me that her seven year old some came home from Catholic school telling her that at school he learned that if he was bad that he would go to hell. She had to assure her son that if that was the case then she wouldn’t be around because she has done a lot of bad things. So what happened? Why are we here right now? How has hell got to a point where it is so important in our day to day lives? How come the only time I hear about hell its used to threaten?

“The christian understanding of hell is crucial for understanding your own heart, living at peace in the world and knowing the love of God”
- Tim Keller

The belief in hell is important and how we believe in hell also says a lot about our belief in humanity, God and grace. Hell is important and it will tell us a lot, but your salvation or participation in the church doesn’t require you having the right answers to this mystery. So let’s see where our beliefs in hell come from and where maybe we should land closer to. We should probably start at the beginning and we can figure out a healthy balance on where we should land on such a topic. Let’s keep in mind that I can only cover so much, so this sermon should be looked at as inspiration to go and seek God and the scriptures for truth. Don’t stop thinking about this after this message.

Old Testament

A large chunk of our Bible does not mention hell at all: the Old Testament. In fact, the OT doesn’t really have words or use for words like heaven and hell. The OT has no concept of an afterlife that is split up. The OT uses the word sheol when referring to where people go when they die. Those in the OT had no idea of a soul living after death. The concept just did not exist in their writing. Their understanding was that in the same way that they were created from dust that they would return to dust. All dead go to sheol and go to sleep together, not just the bad ones. Basically sheol is the negative of life or being alive. There is no idea of reward or punishment or judgment; it is just nothing. There was no coherent system of belief of the afterlife and what happens. The afterlife was simply not something that was talked about very much. Sheol was the closest you got.

“The concept of eternal punishment does not occur in the Hebrew Bible, which uses the term Sheol to designate a bleak subterranean region where the dead, good and bad alike, subsist only as impotent shadows. When Hellenistic Jewish scribes rendered the Bible into Greek, they used the word Hades to translate Sheol, bringing a whole new mythological association to the idea of posthumous existence. In ancient Greek myth, Hades, named after the gloomy deity who ruled over it, was originally similar to the Hebrew Sheol, a dark underground realm in which all the dead, regardless of individual merit, were indiscriminately housed.”
-Stephen Harris

So if we want to form a healthy theology of hell, the Old Testament doesn’t give us much to go on. A few hundred years before Jesus is probably when a understanding of hell as we know it today started to evolve. This started happening when good Jews were being martyred. Imagine a foreign king coming and conquering your land and the soldiers kill this good, Godly woman brutally. People started needing answers for this type of brutality. Because if all you get for following God closely, is dying a horrible death at the hands of your enemies. Jews eventually came to the understanding that if this is how it plays out now, well then there must be some way that God fixes the situation on the other side. Imagine entire villages being raped and brutally tortured and then to top it all off they are killed. There has to be some sort of retribution for this right? Something has to be set right. Now we talked about how some of the Psalms are from the oppressed and this is why they can sound so violent and desperate. It was out of this oppressed state that a theology of the afterlife was formed. It was only natural. If they believed in a good God who loved his people, then there must be something else than simply living, getting beat up and dying in the same place as the people who were doing these things to you.

One of my favourite authors, Miroslav Volf, in his book Exclusion and Embrace speaks of his experience as a Croatian. He had first hand experience with years and years of people being locked into a horrible cycle of vengeance and retaliation. He argues in his book that this cycle of violence is not fueled by a belief in a God of judgment but a lack of a belief in a God of judgment.  No one would follow or care about a God who is not angry at injustice. We believe that we follow a God that is going to set all things right. So in the Jewish context, eventually a belief in some sort of retribution comes from the injustice that is all around them. The only means of stopping this violence is if some kind of judgment is rendered from God. If you have talked to people who have seen their family tortured and their homes burned, what are you going to tell them so that they don’t jump into the same cycle and start doing it back to the people that did it to them? You can’t just say violence doesn’t solve anything, that just sounds dumb and creates morals around no substance. It doesn’t touch their heart. Volf says

“The only resource powerful enough to both passify the human hearts desire for justice and at the same time keep us from getting sucked into that cycle of blood and vengeance is to say there is a God and he will put everything right. If you think not believing in God is going to keep people from being sucked into the cycle of violence, you’re wrong. If you don’t believe that there is somebody that is going to make everything right, then you will pick up the sword and you will get sucked in. If you don’t believe that the doctrine of of God’s judgment is a resource for living at peace on earth you’ve had a sheltered life. Belief in a God of judgment is crucial for a Croatian to live at peace on earth.”
- Miroslav Volf

Justice is a necessary belief for anyone who has ever suffered. It is a necessary belief for anyone to live peacefully. The doctrine of judgment helps us live at peace in the world. So longing for justice is what came out of the oppression of God’s people, it is the belief that God will eventually set things right. It is the belief that judgment will be rendered and every time you have been wronged will somehow be set right. I think that this is a fair desire, I just don’t think hell as we know it today is the answer to this dilemma. I think judgment is. This is the type of judgment that we read about in the Psalms; this longing for God to bring justice and make things right again.

Israelite scholars now have this view of judgment, it is something that becomes more and more accepted. Justice is common language for them. Crying out to God for refuge and to take down their enemies was their way of dealing with horrible oppression. Like any theology over time it becomes taken advantage of and used to induce fear into people that they are speaking to. They take a natural longing of justice and turn it into a fear tactic into scaring people into living the right way and controlling them. So you have an entire sect of Jews, the Pharisees, who then start using this concept of God’s justice to scare people into doing the right thing, or they will suffer the wrath of God in a place called hell. Do you see how this change of context changes the meaning of hell completely? In one circumstance, you have God’s justice being the last little bit of hope for the oppressed. In the next you have God’s justice as being a tool used to to scare people into living right. First you have judgment as being hope for the people being oppressed, then something changes and you have judgment becoming the tool to oppress the oppressed. When God’s justice starts getting used to force morality, it completely misses any idea of love and grace.

New Testament
Enters the New Testament and the Pharisees that we have read about all our lives. One of the major Pharisee beliefs is that the reason they were still under Roman rule is because they thought that there was too much sin among them. There was just too many prostitutes, drunks, tax collectors and other sinners. If they could simply make these sinners stop sinning then God would finally come in and save the day and end Roman oppression. Therefore, they start formulating a belief that unless you repent, ie. stop sinning, you’ll go to hell. After all, because of their sin, the marginalized nation stays marginalized and oppressed, so they will get the same fate as the oppressors themselves, because they are delaying the arrival of the Messiah.

“First they would threaten sinners with hell. Second, they would extend the reward of resurrection from the heroic martyrs to all good people–good meaning those who fulfilled the Pharisees’ idea of good. Finally, they would use the language of hell to accomplish what they felt they needed to accomplish–to frighten sinners enough to repent and change their ways for the good of the nation.”
- Brian McLaren

When we read the bible in english we miss a lot of the meaning behind the words that we are reading. Hell is a perfect example of how a lot of meaning is missed in the translations. It only appears a few times throughout the entire New Testament yet we have created our main driving force of purpose and theology behind this idea. Throughout the entire NT, there is three different words that we translate into hell. So already we have our first problem. The Greeks were using three different words and we translate each of those into the same word. It’s like calling Iraq, grave and casket all the word ‘death’ and making no distinction of the three things. Or let’s put it this way. This morning I was listening to CBC Radio and they were talking about all the little devils that have come up from Mexico and have landed on Vancouver Island. If I give you no context (and especially if this is thousands of years later) you probably would have a belief that these were actual demons coming to torment the Vancouver island. Now what if I told you that Humboldt squid were called little devils by Mexican fishermen because they were large predators and that oddly they are washing up on shore in Vancouver in the hundreds. See how the story could easily get mixed up? We know this is ridiculous but if we don’t get into the actual meaning of these words this is exactly what we are doing with the concept of hell in the NT.

“We tend to try to turn the rich and varied biblical lexicon into a limited range of synonymous technical terms. For example, judgment for us equals hell or condemnation. Condemnation equals hell, etc. We should be more careful than this in assuming words are synonyms, because the Bible is horribly disappointing as a modern-style technical textbook, even of theology. The Biblical lexicon of judgment includes sheol, hades, tartarus, gehenna, the abyss, death, darkness, fire, lake of fire, unquenchable fire, where the worm does not die, the Day, the Day of the Lord, etc”
Maundet.

So let’s go through some of these words so we can understand what they are really talking about.

tartaroō (2 peter 2) This is a term from greek mythology, punishment and disicpline of angels, only occurs once, peter borrows from the greek writing. We don’t need to focus much on this one because it shows up once in the entire bible and it has to do with angels.

hadēs – This word shows up 4 times in Revelation, 1 time in Acts, Jesus uses it 4 times in Matt 11, 16, luke 10, 16. This word is the Greek equivalent of sheol. We’ve already covered this word in the Old Testament, this we know is the same word because the greeks translated sheol into hades. So that leaves us with one word left that carries some meaning that we need to focus on.

gehenna – This word is in reference to an actual place, Valley of Hinnom (ga means valley). Every other mention of hell in the NT is referring to this word. Gehenna was on the south side of the city of Jerusalem.

So it raises the question, what does it mean? Gehenna had a real history, and it shaped the understanding of this word. This is where sacrifices of sons and daughters were given to Molech with fire. For a good jew this wasn’t a good place, things had taken place there that was the exact opposite of everything that God had planned for his people. This wasn’t really prime development property, this place just had this feel and stigma attached to it that made people stay away almost the same way that these kind of place have that type of stigma attached to it now. Basically mix the red light district and war grounds all in once place. So eventually what ended up happening was this place eventually got just used as a garbage dump. This place of course smelled horribly bad. You would go to the south side, to the wall of the valley and toss it over the wall to the dump below. Eventually the garbage would build up and then to push it back down, they would light it on fire so they could fit more there. Also, dogs in these days were not pets, they were wild, and the dump was a perfect place for them and they would fight over the food. When they would fight you would hear the weeping of their barks and their teeth would smack together. In other words, it was the weeping and gnashing of teeth. So Gahena was known as the place where the fire does not go out and there’s the weeping and gnashing of teeth. A place where things that once had value and worth were no longer useful and were tossed.

“Most of the passages in the New Testament which have been thought by the Church to refer to people going into eternal punishment after they die’ is not about Heaven and Hell at all. The great majority of them have to do with the way God acts within the world and history.”
- NT Wright

The word was used once by James, every other use of the word is from Jesus (12 times). This is because when Jesus talked about it, he was talking about a literal place. This was a proper noun with a capital at the beginning. It was a real place that they all knew about. It was a present that had future implications. “If you keep living this way, this is where you will end up.” It was still a warning and it was still horrible, but that at least gives us an idea of where this imagery is coming from.

“There was no single concept of hell in Second Temple Judaism but a cluster of images and concepts that held in common the claim that God would bring the wicked to account and punish them. Jesus and his followers took and made use of some of the language and images employed in the discourse of the time without endorsing every aspect of Second Temple Jewish beliefs about this fate.”
Gregory Macdonald

In Matthew 5, Jesus finds himself with large crowds following him, so like you do when large crowds follow you, you start to preach. He starts with the sermon on the mount. All pick me up kind of stuff, blessed are the poor, those who suffer etc etc. Then he jumps into this:

Salt and Light
13″You are the salt of the earth. But if the salt loses its saltiness, how can it be made salty again? It is no longer good for anything, except to be thrown out and trampled by men.

14″You are the light of the world. A city on a hill cannot be hidden. 15Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a bowl. Instead they put it on its stand, and it gives light to everyone in the house. 16In the same way, let your light shine before men, that they may see your good deeds and praise your Father in heaven.
The Fulfillment of the Law
17″Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them. 18I tell you the truth, until heaven and earth disappear, not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law until everything is accomplished. 19Anyone who breaks one of the least of these commandments and teaches others to do the same will be called least in the kingdom of heaven, but whoever practices and teaches these commands will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. 20For I tell you that unless your righteousness surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law, you will certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven.
Murder
21″You have heard that it was said to the people long ago, ‘Do not murder,[a] and anyone who murders will be subject to judgment.’ 22But I tell you that anyone who is angry with his brother[b]will be subject to judgment. Again, anyone who says to his brother, ‘Raca,[c]‘ is answerable to the Sanhedrin. But anyone who says, ‘You fool!’ will be in danger of the fire of hell.

23″Therefore, if you are offering your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother has something against you, 24leave your gift there in front of the altar. First go and be reconciled to your brother; then come and offer your gift.

25″Settle matters quickly with your adversary who is taking you to court. Do it while you are still with him on the way, or he may hand you over to the judge, and the judge may hand you over to the officer, and you may be thrown into prison. 26I tell you the truth, you will not get out until you have paid the last penny.[d]
Adultery
27″You have heard that it was said, ‘Do not commit adultery.’[e] 28But I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart. 29If your right eye causes you to sin, gouge it out and throw it away. It is better for you to lose one part of your body than for your whole body to be thrown into hell. 30And if your right hand causes you to sin, cut it off and throw it away. It is better for you to lose one part of your body than for your whole body to go into hell.
Divorce
31″It has been said, ‘Anyone who divorces his wife must give her a certificate of divorce.’[f] 32But I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except for marital unfaithfulness, causes her to become an adulteress, and anyone who marries the divorced woman commits adultery.
Oaths
33″Again, you have heard that it was said to the people long ago, ‘Do not break your oath, but keep the oaths you have made to the Lord.’ 34But I tell you, Do not swear at all: either by heaven, for it is God’s throne; 35or by the earth, for it is his footstool; or by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the Great King. 36And do not swear by your head, for you cannot make even one hair white or black. 37Simply let your ‘Yes’ be ‘Yes,’ and your ‘No,’ ‘No’; anything beyond this comes from the evil one.
An Eye for an Eye
38″You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.’[g] 39But I tell you, Do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. 40And if someone wants to sue you and take your tunic, let him have your cloak as well. 41If someone forces you to go one mile, go with him two miles. 42Give to the one who asks you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you.
Love for Enemies
43″You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your neighbor[h] and hate your enemy.’ 44But I tell you: Love your enemies[i] and pray for those who persecute you, 45that you may be sons of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. 46If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? 47And if you greet only your brothers, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that? 48Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect.

This is one hell of a heavy sermon. Listen to Jesus, he makes demands that I certainly have not kept and at the end of some of them the threat of hell is hanging over their heads. Then to top off the entire sermon, he says be perfect, therefore as our father is perfect. What? No wonder Bazan sang a song like he did. Matthew writes it like a list after list of demands of what is expected by them. However, I think there is some keys in verse 20 that might help us understand a little bit more about what Jesus is doing.

“For I tell you that unless your righteousness surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law, you will certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven.”

This is a key line. Jesus is setting this entire message up basically saying that even the people that are trying to do the purifying; even the people who have it all together and don’t break any of the laws and are telling you what laws you are breaking and don’t even know it are at risk here. They are telling you that you will go to hell if you don’t repent? Well I am telling you that it gets even worse, your righteousness has to surpass even theirs if you think you have any chance at making it into the kingdom of heaven.

“The Pharisees used hell language one way. Jesus turned it around and used it in the opposite way. They threatened marginal people will hell unless they submitted to their religious dominance. Jesus threatened the religious establishment with hell unless they showed compassion for the marginal people. Hell has been used and abused, back and forth, ever since. He uses power language of hell to disempower the injustice of the powerful and to empower the disempowered to seek justice.”
- Brian McLaren

Jesus is very particular when he uses this language. Jesus took the Pharisees threat of punishment and brought a present reality to it and start to deconstruct what they were saying. He is using such strong hyperbolic language that it makes the Pharisees look like idiots. Imagine, you have these Pharisees who for a few hundred years have been using the threat of hell to scare people into becoming pure enough so that their messiah comes back. Now, a so-called messiah steps on the scene and starts saying that even these teachers who have been correcting you are not entering the kingdom of heaven. In fact, if anyone is going to hell, it will be them. If you notice, Jesus is only talking to people who use this language already to throw it back at them. He is talking to people who are following him, people who have a concept of hell as a place where sinners go and then he flips it on them and says basically that if anyone is going to hell it is you people who are so certain that they know who is in and who is out. He isn’t saying that every person is going to hell. Instead, he’s hinting to a different type of system that determines on who ends up where, and it isn’t the system of the Pharisees.

“Contrary to the usual opinion that the good go to heaven and the bad go to hell, Jesus sets up his stories so that goodness and badness don’t count at all in the final judgment. The only thing judged at the end of these parables is faith, not works.”
- Robert Capon

Besides the story of Abraham and Lazurus that Jesus tells, hell doesn’t really come up in any other context in the entire New Testament. Every time it is Jesus using the threat of hell to show how the people who use the threat of hell cannot meet the requirements either and far from understand it.

With all that said though, there is some hope underlying all this. First, this tells me that the imagery of a fiery pit in the middle of the earth with people eternally tormenting forever and ever because they didn’t cognitively agree with our four spiritual laws might not be what is really going on here.

We need to recover a right use of the language of hell. The point of the language of hell is not for punishment for doing something bad and it is not to scare us into doing the right thing. The language is used to show us what justice looks like and to show us how bad we get if we try to do it on our own. It is to show us what humans left to their own good intentions will eventually lead to. It will lead to a garbage dump of lives that have are only concerned about their own skin and themselves and no one else and trying to earn favour through their sacrifice. Hell is where humans build their identity on anything but God as Soren Kierkegaard puts it. Hell is a present day reality, and whose to say that it can’t be a future afterlife reality? Hell is a freely chosen identity based on something else rather than God as Tim Keller puts it.

Hell is not punishment. Hell is not a pit that God throws people into that didn’t accept him as his personal saviour. When you picture hell, don’t picture all these people stuck in the middle of the earth begging to get out, trying to climb out and God up there saying, sorry buddy, no luck anymore, we don’t want you anymore. Hell is not a forced option, but freely chosen.

“The doors of hell are locked from the inside.”
CS Lewis

Hell it seems, all through the New Testament, is brought on by an inability to accept the love of God and to live under the illusion that sin really isn’t harmful. If we look at Romans 1:18-32, we get a better understanding of what is going on here. It says that God gave them over to the sinful desires of their hearts. God just let them go and chase whatever world they wanted to create. There is basically then two kinds of people: those that say to God thy will be done and those who God says to them “thy will be done.” Those that are in this concept of hell either now or later are there because they choose to live their lives by their own rules and refuse to find their value in God. Hell is what exists when God isn’t around and humans try to make it on their own. The language of hell is used to describe what happens when you start to go in a direction that isn’t from God. Hell is the opposite of the Kingdom of God.

Hell cannot be avoided by simply scaring people away from it. We’ve proved this over and over again with smoking. The cancer links are obvious, smoking is one of the most harmful things you can do to your body, it’s expensive and it smells bad. However, thousands upon thousands of people still smoke. Tobacco companies know that scaring them into the reality of how bad smoking it is won’t stop people from a life that they are addicted to. So sure, put the warnings right on the label, it won’t matter.

I don’t think we can make the mistake and not believe that a place that is horrible (that we can call hell) exists and people are either now there or will end up there ot whether its a place or a reality we experience.  The real question I think we need to ask is why? Why is there a place like this, and how does a place like this stay in line with a loving and merciful God?

Hell exists to bring God’s justice and to set everything wrong back to right again. If there is one thing that is consistent about hell throughout the scriptures it is that hell is closely related to God’s judgment and it being a place that is the opposite of the kingdom of God. God is constantly taking hell and changing it to be the kingdom of heaven. God setting everything right again is at the core of the Christian story. Hell is all the places that God has not set right yet.

Ever since Genesis 3 God has been bringing creation back to Genesis 1. God’s justice is what the entire story is about. Hell is not a punishment but a reality, and judgment is not a punishment but a setting things right. The entire NT is all about salvation by grace and then judgment by works. Hell is not related to salvation, but to judgment.

“Like the Kingdom of God, the subject of Hell is treated differently among the gospels and other NT writings. In the synoptics, the primary command of Christ seems to be to follow and do the will of God. In John, and in Paul’s writings, the prime detective is more often to believe in Jesus, or the gospel. Evangelicals tend to conflate the former into the latter, so that believing in some ways seems to negate the need to follow and do the will of God. Meanwhile, even in Paul’s writings, judgment is consistently associated with the phrase ‘according to their deeds,’ not ‘according to their beliefs.’ Also, while the synoptics frequently use similar language regarding hell, John uses a different kind of language. So, it seems to me that we are left with an embarrassing failure to take all of Scripture seriously, and we are left with a difficult challenge: how (or whether?) to integrate the various approaches to hell found in scripture.”
- Maundet

Hell is not an easy subject to tackle especially in one morning. However there are a few things we can be certain of with the God that we follow when it is all said and done.

1. We serve a good God.
2. We serve a God that is not retributive but restorative
3. We serve a God that was willing to die so we didn’t have to

Whatever hell is, we know that there are parts of it here and now that we deal with every day. And with our month talking about how heaven and hell intersect us here at earth it is obvious that hell has intersected all of our lives more than we care to imagine. The wheat and weeds are growing together and we are in the middle of it. We have talked quite a bit about looking for the mariage between heaven and earth. Discovering truth on earth today, bits of heaven. However the same could be true for finding hell on earth. Think about the world that we live in right now. Entire countries living in poverty because of the lives we live here in this country. The countries that struggle can barely make their interest payments. We spend billions on smart missles and atomic bombs and we tear down schools and hospitals. We charge for health care and we reward celebrities for being good looking.

Could these be the signs of the times? We are truly living at hell intersecting earth right here and now. This isn’t just a far off reality that we should be trying to avoid at all costs by doing some ritual, this is a reality that confronts us every day. We can decide. Bring heaven to earth or bring hell to earth. This is a choice you have to make everyday.

Hell is necessary for us to believe in a God of love and justice. If we are left to ourselves without God and we are never judged and we are never forgiven we will certainly only make this hell on earth worse.

I was hoping to finish this morning by continuing on from Matthew 5. After Jesus is done talking about all the ways that we need to be more like him and how easy it is to fall short. He starts talking about prayer and tells us this is how we should pray.

“This, then, is how you should pray:
” ‘Our Father in heaven,
hallowed be your name,
10your kingdom come,
your will be done
on earth as it is in heaven.
11Give us today our daily bread.
12Forgive us our debts,
as we also have forgiven our debtors.
13And lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from the evil one.[a]‘ 14For if you forgive men when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. 15But if you do not forgive men their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins.

• Hell is the opposite of the Kingdom of God
• The Kingdom of God is a present reality and a future one.
• Hell is a present reality and a future one.
• Hell is not about punishment but about judgment
• Judgment is about setting things right
• Hell is being judged, therefore being set right.

Got any you want to add?