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Tips dan Trik PES 2013

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Wed, 29 May 2013 17:49:00 +0000

Berhubung ane juga suka sama yang namanya Pro Evolution Soccer (PES) 2013, ini ane dapet bocoran trik dari tetangga sebelah. monggo di simak. cekidott….

Secara umum pes 2013 adalah penyempurnaan dari PES 2012. Namun terkadang kita kurang familiar dalam memainkan game ini karena terlalu berbeda pengontrollannya dibandingkan versi PES sebelumnya. Terkadang karena kurang familiarnya kita dalam memainkan maka pertandingan bola kelas dunia dapat berubah menjadi sepak bola tarkam alis antar kampung.

    1.    Apabila melakukan umpan crossing dari samping maka penjaga gawang akan langsung dengan mudah menguasai bola.

Versi PES 2013 memang berbeda dalam hal umpan crossing dibandingkan PES 2012, jadi untuk tipnya dapat menggunakan umpan lambung menengah dengan menekan (O x 2), O dua kali. Dengan umpan ini bola cenderung akan menjadi bola liar di kotak pinalty lawan atau terjadi tendangan penjuru karena bola dibuang oleh pemain lawan.

    2.    Pada PES 2012 terlihat sekali pemain swing beck sering maju untuk membantu serangan, hal ini sangat membantu untuk melakukan pengusaan bola / taka-tiki mencari celah pertahanan lawan. Namun, di PES 2013 pemain belakang sayap jarang membantu dalam penyerangan sehingga pemain sayap harus melakukan skill individu dalam melewati pertahanan lawan. Hal ini dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan strategy “Swap Swing” atau pilih (start + X) ketika main, dengan demikian maka pemain sayap belakang akan sering maju membantu penyerangan.

   3.    Pemain PES 2013 lebih manja dalam mencari tempat yang kosong. hal ini dapat diatasi dengan sering-sering menekan tombol L1+X ketika mengumpan, agar pemain yang setelah mengumpan berlari kedepan mencari celah kosong. atau dengan cara menekan R3 (analog kanan), maka akan ada pemain teman kita yg berlari menuju tempat kosong.

   4.    PES 2013 lebih mudah dalam melakukan dribbling namun lebih susah dalam melakukan umpan 1-2 jika dibandingkan PES 2012. Trik dalam melakukan dribbling sambil melewati lawan dapat menggunakan tombol R2 dan R3. Kedua tombol tersebut apabila dikombinasikan dengan arah maka akan tercipta banyak gerakan-gerakan yang keren dalam melewati lawan.

berikut adalah contoh2 kombinasinya::

R3       = analog kanan

R2       = spesial kontrol

R1       = dash

a.    Flick = Tekan dan tahan R2 ketika pemain lawan terpancing maju

b.    Sombrero = Tekan dan tahan R2, lalu arahkan R3 ke pemain lawan

c.    Running Lift = Ketika sedang melakukan drible, tahan R2 dan arahkan R3 ke ↘ atau ↗

d.    Cross Over Turn = Saat melakukan drible, arahkan R2 ↓ → ↓ R3 atau R2 ↑ → R3 ↑

e.    Flip Flap = Saat melakukan drible, arahkan R2 ↘ → R3 atau R2 ↗ → R3 ↘

f.     Double Touch = R2 ↓ → → R3 atau R2 ↑ → R3 →

g.    Nutmeg = Tahan R2 [saat lawan mendekat], kemudian R1+R2 ke arah lawan

h.    Run Around = Tahan R2 [saat lawan mendekat], kemudian tekan R1 + R3 ↘ atau ↗

i.      Deft Touch Dribble = R2+L

5.    Pemain yang staminanya telah habis akan terlihat signifikan, seperti ketidak tepatan dalam posisi menunggu bola, keakuratan dalam merebut bola, skill dalam melewati lawan, dan lain-lain. hal ini dapat diambil keuntungannya dengan memasang pemain bagus sebagai supeR2ub atau diturunkan di menit ke-70an. Dengan kondisi pemain belakang lawan yang sudah kehabisan stamina, pemain kita yang baru masuk cenderung lebih mudah dalam menggocek beck lawan. hal ini sangat signifikan pengaruhnya apabila bermain di babak ektra time.

6.    Kekuatan PES 2013 tidak tergantung pada kekuatan striker, melainkan kekuatan lini tengah dan sayap dalam menguasai permainan (bukan menguasai bola). Apabila lini tengah atau samping dapat melakukan umpan matang ke striker maka terjadinya gol tinggal menunggu waktu. untuk menguasai lapangan tengah bisa menempatkan 3 pemain, bisa DMF-CMF-dan AMF, atau DMF dan 2 CMF. ketika baris pertahanan lawan masih terlalu maju: Umpan matang menuju striker dapat dilakukan oleh pemain sayap yang memberikan umpan terobos kedepan bagian tengah ( karena titik rawan model bertahan tipe 2 CB adalah celah antara kedua beck itu sendiri). sedangkan apabila dari pemain tengah, maka dapat memberikan umpan terobos ke samping bagian depan (titik lemah disini adalah memanfaatkan celah yang ditinggalkan oleh RB/LB pemain lawan yang belum kembali ke posisinya).

Apabila baris pertahanan lawan sudah mundur jauh kebelakang, maka metode penguasaan bola adalah:: pemain sayap RMF/LMF dan beck sayap RB/LB lah yang berperan. Target pengumpanan bukan lagi kepada striker, melainkan kepada pemain tengah AMF atau CMF yang berdiri bebas, lalu lesatkan tendangan langsung ke gawang oleh pemain tengah tersebut (karena dalam posisi ini striker akan berada dalam posisi mati yang dikurung oleh pemain belakang lawan). Gol dapat tercipta dari pemain tengah/sayap yang berdiri bebas dan melesatkan tendangan langsung. *Dalam posisi ini hati2 dalam memberikan umpan mundur kepada DMF atau ke CB, karena striker lawan biasanya sudah siap untuk merebut.

7.    One on one dalam PES 2013 sangat mudah sekali menjadi gol. Cukup arahkan striker ke sisi yang aman dari beck lawan kemudian arahkan bola kearah tiang jauh atau kearah dimana penjaga gawang tidak dapat menjangkau. 90% gol akan tercipta. Apabila serangan one on one dari arah depan gawang cukup arah tendangan keras R1+kotak ke sisi tiang jauh (ngak perlu pakae tipu2an atau umpan silang). Apabila serangan dari arah samping gawang dan sudut untuk mencari sisi gawang yg kosong terlalu sempit maka gunakanlah triks L1+kotak, maka bola akan melambung pelan namun kiper lawan menubruk kebawah, dan gol 80% akan tercipta., sial2nya ya kena tiang gawang hahaha.

8. Jangan panik dan melakukan serangan frontal ketika kita tertinggal jumlah gol. Serangan frontal yang terburu-buru cenderung membuat permainan kita menjadi mati. Hal ini malah justru akan membuat musuh menambah jumlah gol mereka. Itulah kenapa (ketika VS temen) kalau kita sudah unggul jumlah gol yg agak banyak ketika melawan temen kita, pasti akan sangat mudah menambah gol lagi., hal itu karena mental temen kita sudah tidak konsen lagi, dan permainannya sudah tidak terpola. So, dalam keadaan apapun usahakan tetep tenang dan kuasai permainan, cari celah untuk menciptakan peluang dan lesatkan gol terindah. YEAAAHhh. ketinggalan 4 gol pun asal kita menguasai permainan tetep bisa dikejar.

9. Sistem bertahan pada PES 2013 usahakan jangan terlalu mengandalkan cara R1+X atau    R2+X atau (R1+ kotak), namun gunakanlah variasi sesuai kondisinya. Untuk meredam serangan balik cepat maka gunakan (R1+kotak) arahkan pemain secara manual untuk menjaga kira2 pemain pemain mana yang akan diberi umpan. Untuk meredam taka tiki gunakan R2+X untuk membayangi pergerakan lawan, atau R2+L1 untuk merebut bola ketika bola sedang mengalir diumpan. (R1+kotak) juga dapat mengecoh lawan dengan cara membuka sedikit barisan pertahan (agar pemain bertahan yang mengawal striker menjadi maju merebut bola), dengan demikian maka lawan yang membawa bola akan terburu-buru melakukan umpan langsung ke striker mereka sehingga pemain lawan akan terperangkap offside. (hal ini bisa dilakukan pada striker yang kualitasnya rendah, jangan sekali-kali dilakukan pada striker sekelas CR7) soale kalau ucul dari jebakan offside bahaya.

Trik dalam formasi PES 2013.

apabila kita melawan tim yang karakteristinya melakukan taka-tiki seperti Barcelona, atau tim lain dengan formasi 4-3-3, maka gunakan formasi:

1.    player suport             : 16-20

2.    suport range             : 12-18

3.    position switch         : 15-20

4.    attacking style          : 4-14

5.    pressing                     : 16-20

6.    defendsive line        : 16-20

7.    compactnest             : 10-15

      Dengan formasi tersebut maka taka tiki pemain lawan akan berubah menjadi serangan individu yang mengalir lewat sayap pemain lawan. selain itu taka-tiki hanya akan terjadi di lapangan tengah saja dan tidak begitu membahayakan kotak pinalty kita.

      Dalam menyerang kita dalam melakukan serangan balik cepat melaui sayap, karena tim yang bermain taka tiki memiliki kelemahan pemain belakang sering ikut membantu penyerangan hingga depan.

apabila kita melawan tim yang karakteristinya melakukan serangan balik ala real madrid atau formasi 4-2-3-1 maka gunakan formasi:

1.    player suport             : 10-14

2.    suport range             : 8-14

3.    position switch         : 6-10

4.    attacking style          : 10-14

5.    pressing                     : 14-18

6.    defendsive line        : 0-4

7.    compactnest             : 15-20

        Dengan formasi teR2ebut serangan balik cepat tidak akan terjadi, karena pergerakan striker akan diredam oleh central beck (CB) kita, serangan balik cepat akan berubah menjadi taka-tiki sederhana. dengan nilai compactnes yang besar maka pergerakan cepat pemain sayap lawan akan segera di pressing oleh pemain kita yang menjaga.

        Dalam hal menyerang tim lawan jenis ini kita juga dapat menggunakan berbagai teknik. pakai serangan balik juga bisa, menggunakan serangan sederhana juga bisa.

apabila kita melawan tim yang karakteristinya bertahan total maka gunakan formasi:

1.    player suport             : 6-12

2.    suport range             : 0-8

3.    position switch         : 0-6

4.    attacking style          : 14-20

5.    pressing                     : 0-4

6.    defendsive line        : 0-6

7.    compactnest             : 8-12

      Dengan formasi diatas maka tim lawan yang gaya bermainnya bertahan akan terpancing untuk maju menyerang. strategi taka-tiki adalah serangan yang efektif untuk menjebol pertahanan yang solid

       melawan tim bertahan total gol dapat kita ciptakan melalui bola-bola mati, karena dengan kita menguasai bola dengan durasi lama di daerah pertahana lawan maka resiko pelanggaran pasti ada.

FinalProject GIS

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Thu, 17 Jan 2013 00:36:00 +0000

Final Project

Sistem Informasi Geografi

Administrasi Kalimantan Timur

Tutorial Pembuatan Peta Administrasi Kalimantan Timur

1. Registrasi

Hal pertama yang dilakukan untuk membuat peta administrasi ialah membuat peta registrasi. Langkah langkahnya adalah sbb :

- Copykan extensi EXT 32 dalam folder c:/ESRI/AV_GIS32/ARCVIEW/EXT 32

- Buka ArcView

- Pilih New

- Tentukan ekstensi yaitu JPEG (JFIF) Image Support (dicentang)

- Centang juga Register and Transform tool, dan TIFF 6.0 Image Support

- Masukkan peta Kaltim, dengan menu Add Theme

- Klik View, pilih Register and transform

- Ubah menjadi source point

- Tentukan 4 titik di sekitar peta, searah jarum jam.

- masukkan ke -4 titik tersebut ke UTM Conversion1(excel ) dan inputkan hasilnya ke field pada register and transform

- Pastikan error <0 div="div">

- Klik Write World File pada Register and transform, maka hasil registrasi yang telah kita lakukan akan tersimpan (simpan pada folder yang sama dengan peta Kaltim).

- Cek hasil registrasi : Load peta dunia, jika hasil benar maka akan tampak titik di peta yang kita buat (dalam hal ini Kalimantan timur)

- Jika berhasil maka langkah pembuatan registrasi selesai.

2. Pembuatan Peta Digitasi

Seteleh registrasi selesai, selanjutnya kita harus membuat peta digitasi, berikut ini langkah-langkahnya.

- Langkah pada pembuatan peta diDigitasi ini sama dengan langkah pada tahap 1 (sampai langkah 2)

- Pilih (centang) ekstensi MNDNR Strem Digitizing extensions, Edit Tool Verse 3.1, dan Digitizer

- Pilih menu open stream digitizing (pojok kanan menu bar)

- Lalu pilih stream digitizing lines

- Telusuri garis batah wilayah kabupaten dengan tool di langkah sebelumnya

- Pilih menu ET, lalu KlikEdit Theme, new theme polyline

- Start Editing

- Klik clean lalu intersect, klik analyze

- Pastikan pada peta tidak ada node merah (menandakan garis tidak nyambung)

- Jika masih ada, pilih show edit tool, lalu pilih remove redundant tools kemudian perbaiki node yang berwarna merah.

- Jika sudah benar semua maka node akan berwarna biru atau hijau lumut

- Klik clean lagi untuk memastikan semua node benar

Lalu klik stop editing, dan simpan

- Klik Build Polygon lalu simpan pada folder yang sama dengan peta kaltim

- Klik 2x pada hasil yang telah disimpan, lalu pada legend type pilih unique value

- Lalu pada Color Schemes pilih fruits and vegetables atau pilih yang mana saja

- Lalu save

- Jika benar maka warna pada setiap kabupaten akan berbeda.

Langkah pembuatan peta digitasi selesai.

3. Pembuatan table

Selanjutnya kita akan membuat tabel yang berisi nama kabupaten

- Buka Arcview, pilih new , table dan save di folder yang sama dengan yang sebelumnya

- Pilih menu edit, lalu add field , beri nama (kabupaten) lalu pada type pilih string

- Kemudian pada tabel isi sesuai nama kabupaten

- Save. Pembuatan tabel selesai

4. Pembuatan Chart

Berikutnya adalah pembuatan Chart

- Buka Arcview, pilih new, chart

- Beri nama, lalu pindahkan luas wilayah pada filed ke group

- Pada label pilih kabupaten

- Pilih ok, maka chart akan muncul

Langkah pembuatan tabel selesai.

5. Pembuatan Lay Out

- Buka Arcview , new , lay out, lalu kan muncul lay out baru

- Edit property lay out, beri judul, arah mata angin, legenda dll.

Langkah pembuatan Lay Out Selesai dan secara keseluruhan pembuatan peta administrasi Kalimantan Timur selesai. Semua aspek telah dibuat mulai dari registrasi, digitasi, table, chart dan terakhir lay out dengan arah mata angin, legenda dll.

Demikian laporan ini disusun, terima kasih atas perhatiannya dan mohon maaf atas kekurangan didalamnya.

Oleh :

Agung Darmawan (10.11.3689)

Darmawan Setya Nugraha (10.11.3673)

Dewinda Karina M (10.11.3620)

Novia P S (10.11.3619)

Yusuf Wibowo (10.11.3657)

Query Builder dan Pemetaan Kependudukan Wilayah Peta Jogja

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Thu, 13 Dec 2012 10:48:00 +0000

Dewinda Karina Maharani

GIS 9

10.11.3620

1. Buka Project sebelumnya > "Digitasi peta jogja menggunakan edit tool dan MNDR"

2. Aktifkan extension JPEG(JFIF) Image Support, EDit Tools(ver3.1) dan MNDR Stream Digitizing

3. Buka tabel map yang sudah dibuat

Theme --> Tabel

4. Klik Theme --> Start Editing

5. Tambahkan field kecamatan, penduduk, luas(dalam satuan km2) dan luas (dalam satuam mil2)

QUERY AND

QUERY OR

Digitasi peta Jogja menggunakan Edit Tool 3.1 dan MNDR

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Thu, 29 Nov 2012 12:28:00 +0000

Dewinda Karina Maharani

GIS 9

10.11.3620

1. Siapkan peta jogja

2. Download file extension EXT 32.zip

Setelah didownload kemudian diextrak lalu copykan semua isi folder ke direktori ESRI\AV_GIS30\ARCVIEW\EXT32

3. Open ArcView GIS 3.3

4. Aktifkan extensi

File --> extension --> pilih Edit Tools(ver3.1) dan MNDR Stream digitizing Extension --> OK

5. Buatlah project baru

File --> New --> Cari folder penyimpanan peta

6. Tambahkan Peta Jogja

View --> Add Themes

7. Buat Theme Baru

View --> New Themes --> Pilih Line --> OK

8. Kemudian lakukan digitasi pada peta meng-Klik open stream digitizing lalu pilih stream digitizing line

Proses Digitasi

Hasil Digitasi

9. Kemudian klik tombol ET --> Edit themes -->Yes

Maka akan muncul ET Polyline

10. Pilih Start Editing --> Clean

Kemudian klik intersect kemudian analize, maka akan muncul node-node merah yang menandakan garis yang kurang tepat.

11. Kemudian Perbaiki garis yang masih terlihat titik merah menggunakan PolyLine Edit Tool

Close clean terlebih dahulu, kemudian pilih Show Edit Tool

Edit sampai tidak ada titik merah yang terlihat.

12. Kemudian close edit show --> stop editing, jangan lupa klik save untuk menyimpan hasil editing tadi

13. Build Polygone melakukan save polyline dan polygon kemudian akan muncul tampilan seperti ini

Hasil Akhir

Eiffel Tower History

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Thu, 22 Mar 2012 06:43:00 +0000

The Eiffel Tower was built for the International Exhibition of Paris of 1889commemorating the centenary of the French Revolution. The Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII of England, opened the tower. Of the 700 proposals submitted in a design competition, Gustave Eiffel's was unanimously chosen. However it was not accepted by all at first, and a petition of 300 names - including those of Maupassant, Emile Zola, Charles Garnier (architect of the Opéra Garnier), and Dumas the Younger - protested its construction. At 300 meters (320.75 m including antenna), and 7,000 tons, it was the world's tallest building until 1930. Other statistics include:

2.5 million rivets
300 steel workers, and 2 years (1887-1889) to construct it.
Sway of at most 12 cm in high winds.
Height varies up to 15 cm depending on temperature.
15,000 iron pieces (excluding rivets). 40 tons of paint. 1652 steps to the top.

In 1889, Gustave Eiffel began to fit the peak of the tower as an observation station to measure the speed of wind. He also encouraged several scientific experiments including Foucault's giant pendulum, a mercury barometer and the first experiment of radio transmission. In1898, Eugene Ducretet at the Pantheon, received signals from the tower.

After Gustave Eiffel experiments in the field of meterology, he begun to look at the effects of wind and air resistance, the science that would later be termed aerodynamics, which has become a large part of both military and commercial aviation as well as rocket technology. Gustave Eiffel imagined an automatic device sliding along a cable that was stretched between the ground and the second floor of the Eiffel Tower. (reference)

The tower was almost torn down in 1909, but was saved because of its antenna used both for military and other purposes, and the city let it stand after the permit expired. When the tower played an important role in capturing the infamous spy Mata Hari during World War I, it gained such importance to the French people that there was no more thought of demolishing it.- used for telegraphy at that time.

From 1910 and on the Eiffel Tower became part of the International Time Service. French radio (since 1918), and French television (since 1957) have also made use of its stature.

During its lifetime, the Eiffel Tower has also witnessed a few strange scenes, including being scaled by a mountaineer in1954, and parachuted off of in 1984 by two Englishmen. In1923 a journalist rode a bicycle down from the first level. Some accounts say he rode down the stairs, other accounts suggest the exterior of one of the tower's four legs which slope outward. (reference)

Of the 7.5 million kilowatt hours of electricity used annually, 580 thousand are used exclusively to illuminate the tower. The tower's annual operation also requires the use of 2 tons of paper for tickets, 4 tons of rag or paper wipes, 10,000 applications of detergents, 400 liters of metal cleansers and 25,000 garbage bags. (reference)

On the four facades of the tower, the 72 surnames of leading turn-of-the-century French scientists and engineers are engraved in recognition of their contributions to science. This engraving was over painted at the beginning of the 20th century and restored in1986-1987 by the Société Nouvelle d' Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower.

Alesana - A Place Where The Sun Is Silent

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Fri, 16 Mar 2012 14:16:00 +0000

The sonically exhilarating North Carolina melodic hard rock band Alesana continue to expand their horizons with the undeniably ambitious and powerful new concept album A Place Where The Sun Is Silent due out October 18th on Epitaph Records. You can currently pre-order the new album by going to the Epitaph Store.

Alesana are renowned for merging unforgettable choruses, virtuosic guitar driven rock and thunderous breakdowns in support of their captivating lyrical narrative detailing love, loss and undying perseverance. The group will be touring North America, headlining the third annual Motel 6 “Rock Yourself To Sleep” tour, joined by California outfit A Skylit Drive, Florida’s Sleeping With Sirens, Attila and Memphis May Fire. Tickets are on sale on Friday, August 26th and VIP tickets for the tour are available at: http://alesanaofficial.com/events

In anticipation of the release of A Place Where The Sun Is Silent, Alesana will be premiering a track from their new album, the energetic anthem, "A Gilded Masquerade." You can listen to the song by going to Altpress.com.

Solo Fingerstyle Guitar Improvisation

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Wed, 14 Mar 2012 05:56:00 +0000

Improvising solo fingerstyle means you will have to be able to play 3 voices simultaneously at certain moments. The 3 voices are the melody (upper voice), the accompaniment (middle voice) and the bass (lower voice). Here are some steps I use to get a grip on this rather complex material.

When you want to improvise over a tune: Play the chords in as much possible positions. Play them as closed or open voicings, try to combine open strings and fretted ones. Keep the ground note in the bass, unless a slash chord is given. Play the melody (single notes) in or around the chord sustained by the bass note of the chord. Keep it simple at first, using one bass note at the beginning of the measure. Playing the melody is often overlooked. That’s why a lot of players don’t sound melodical, musical. Too much emphasis is taken to play ‘great chops’ Add or leave notes to/out from the melody. Play this new melodies with a one note bass at the beginning of the measure. Add here and there, whenever you think it’s needed, in the middle voice a short arpeggiation, a chord part (double stops, triads) , or just one note. When you feel comfortable, (it will take some time to feel at ease, don’t over haste!) try to get some movement in the bass. For instance play 2 bass notes with half note duration with a melody only. Or play these bass notes together with a middle voice. You can also incorporate a fixed rhythmic bass figure (start with 2 note figures, then try out 3,4,5 … note bass combinations) throughout or during a part of the piece. Keep in mind that when you are improvising you should not feel obliged to play all the voices together!!!!! You might want to play a melody, an arpeggiation, a chordal part(s), a bass figure during a certain amount of time only and then continue with a melody + bass figure, or an arpeggiation that leads to a small melodic fragment, followed by the melody + accompaniment + bass part simultaneously. Now what about spicing your 3 parts or one of them, with slurs, slides, vibratos, bends, here and there a little percussive attack, a pizzicato, etc. As you’ll notice there’s a wealth of beauty to discover!

Acoustic Guitar

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Wed, 14 Mar 2012 05:26:00 +0000

This is the instrument most people think of when they think "guitar". An acoustic guitar is hollow, and almost always has a "sound hole" - a round hole in the face of the guitar. Acoustic guitars almost always have six strings. When you strike the strings of an acoustic guitar, the instrument produces a rather loud sound. Although acoustic guitars are often associated with folk music, and "mellow" music in general, they are in truth in all styles of music, from country to blues to heavy metal.

A "classical guitar" looks quite similar to an "acoustic guitar", and is indeed still an acoustic instrument, but it has several distinct differences. Standard acoustic guitars have six strings made of steel, whereas classical guitars have six strings, three of which are nylon. This produces a sound quite different from an acoustic guitar. The neck of the guitar is also much broader on most classical guitars. I'll go out on a limb and say that unless you are interested in focusing on classical music, this style of guitar probably shouldn't be your primary choice for a first instrument.

Guitar

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Fri, 27 Mar 2009 01:05:00 +0000

Guitar

A Di Giorgio classic guitar
String instrument

Classification
String instrument (plucked, nylon-stringed guitars usually played with fingerpicking, and steel-, etc. usually with a pick.)

Hornbostel-Sachs Classification
321.322
(Composite chordophone)

Playing range

(a regularly tuned guitar)
Related instruments

• Bowed and plucked string instruments

The guitar is a musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles. It typically has six strings, but four, seven, eight, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen and eighteen string guitars also exist.
Guitars are recognized as one of the primary instruments in jazz, blues, country, flamenco, mariachi, rock music, and many forms of pop. They can also be a solo classical instrument. Guitars may be played acoustically, where the tone is produced by vibration of the strings and modulated by the hollow body, or they may rely on an amplifier that can electronically manipulate tone. Such electric guitars were introduced in the 1930s and continue to have a profound influence on popular culture.
Traditionally guitars have usually been constructed of combinations of various woods and strung with animal gut, or more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Guitars are made and repaired by luthiers. There are many brands of guitars, but some commonly known brands are PRS, Gibson, Dean, Gretsch, Ibanez, Martin, Jackson, Schecter, and Fender.

History
Main article: History of the classical guitar
Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having "a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides". Instruments similar to the guitar have been popular for at least 4,000 years. While today's classical guitar first appeared in Spain, it was itself a product of the long and complex history that saw a number of related guitar types developed and used across Europe. The roots of the guitar can be traced back thousands of years to an Indo-European origin in instruments, then known in central Asia and India. For this reason the guitar itself is distantly related to instruments such as the tanbur and setar, and the Indian sitar. The oldest known iconographic representation of an instrument displaying all the essential features of a guitar being played is a 3,300 year old stone carving of a Hittite bard. The modern word, guitar, was adopted into English from Spanish guitarra (German Gitarre, French Guitare), loaned from the medieval Andalusian Arabic qitara, itself derived from the Latin cithara, which in turn came from the earlier Greek word kithara, which is descended from the Old Persian word sihtar.

Illustration from a Carolingian Psalter from the 9th century, showing a guitar-like plucked instrument.
The modern guitar is descended from the Roman cithara brought by the Romans to Hispania around 40 AD, and further adapted and developed with the arrival of the four-string oud, brought by the Moors after their conquest of the Iberian peninsula in the 8th century. Elsewhere in Europe, the indigenous six-string Scandinavian lut (lute), had gained in popularity in areas of Viking incursions across the continent. Often depicted in carvings c. 800 AD, the Norse hero Gunther (also known as Gunnar), played a lute with his toes as he lay dying in a snake-pit, in the legend of Siegfried. By 1200 AD, the four string "guitar" had evolved into two types: the guitarra morisca (Moorish guitar) which had a rounded back, wide fingerboard and several soundholes, and the guitarra latina (Latin guitar) which resembled the modern guitar with one soundhole and a narrower neck.
The Spanish vihuela or "viola da mano", a guitar-like instrument of the 15th and 16th centuries is, due to its similarities, is often considered an important influence in the development of the modern guitar. It had lute-style tuning and a guitar-like body. Its construction had as much in common with the modern guitar as with its contemporary four-course renaissance guitar. The vihuela enjoyed only a short period of popularity; the last surviving publication of music for the instrument appeared in 1576. It is not clear whether it represented a transitional form or was simply a design that combined features of the Arabic oud and the European lute. In favor of the latter view, the reshaping of the vihuela into a guitar-like form can be seen as a strategy of differentiating the European lute visually from the Moorish oud. Meanwhile, the five string renassance guitar and the baroque guitar enjoyed popularity, especially in Italy and France, and indeed, much of Europe from the 15th to the 18th centuries.
The Vinaccia family of luthiers is known for developing the mandolin, and may have built the oldest surviving six string guitar. Gaetano Vinaccia (1759 – after 1831)[11] has his signature on the label of a guitar built in Naples, Italy for six strings with the date of 1779. This guitar has been examined and does not show tell-tale signs of modifications from a double-course guitar although fakes are known to exist of guitars and identifying labels from that period.
The dimensions of the modern classical guitar (also known as the Spanish guitar) were established by Antonio Torres Jurado (1817-1892), working in Seville in the 1850s. Torres and Louis Panormo of London (active 1820s-1840s) were both responsible for demonstrating the superiority of fan strutting over transverse table bracing.
Types of guitar

The guitar player (c. 1672), by Johannes Vermeer
Guitars can be divided into two broad categories, acoustic and electric:
Acoustic guitars
An acoustic guitar is one not dependent on an external device to be heard but uses a soundboard which is a wooden piece mounted on the front of the guitar's body. The acoustic guitar is quieter than other instruments commonly found in bands and orchestras so when playing within such groups it is often externally amplified. Many acoustic guitars available today feature a variety of pickups which enable the player to amplify and modify the raw guitar sound.
There are several notable subcategories within the acoustic guitar group: classical and flamenco guitars; steel string guitars, which include the flat top or "folk" guitar; twelve string guitars and the arch top guitar. The acoustic guitar group also includes unamplified guitars designed to play in different registers such as the acoustic bass guitar which has a similar tuning to that of the electric bass guitar.
Renaissance and Baroque guitars
These are the gracile ancestors of the modern classical guitar. They are substantially smaller and more delicate than the classical guitar, and generate a much quieter sound. The strings are paired in courses as in a modern 12 string guitar, but they only have four or five courses of strings rather than six. They were more often used as rhythm instruments in ensembles than as solo instruments, and can often be seen in that role in early music performances. (Gaspar Sanz' Instrucción de Música sobre la Guitarra Española of 1674 constitutes the majority of the surviving solo corpus for the era.) Renaissance and Baroque guitars are easily distinguished because the Renaissance guitar is very plain and the Baroque guitar is very ornate, with ivory or wood inlays all over the neck and body, and a paper-cutout inverted "wedding cake" inside the hole.
Classical guitars
These are typically strung with nylon strings, played in a seated position and are used to play a diversity of musical styles including classical music. The classical guitar's wide, flat neck allows the musician to play scales, arpeggios and certain chord forms more easily and with less adjacent string interference than on other styles of guitar. Flamenco guitars are very similar in construction, but are associated with a more percussive tone. In Mexico, the popular mariachi band includes a range of guitars, from the tiny requinto to the guitarron, a guitar larger than a cello, which is tuned in the bass register. In Colombia, the traditional quartet includes a range of instruments too, from the small bandola (sometimes known as the Deleuze-Guattari, for use when traveling or in confined rooms or spaces), to the slightly larger tiple, to the full sized classical guitar. The requinto also appears in other Latin-American countries as a complementary member of the guitar family, with its smaller size and scale, permitting more projection for the playing of single-lined melodies. Modern dimensions of the classical instrument were established by Antonio Torres Jurado (1817-1892). Classical guitars are sometimes referred to as classic guitars. In recent years, the series of guitars used by the Niibori Guitar orchestra have gained some currency, namely:
• Sopranino guitar (an octave and a fifth higher than normal); sometimes known as the piccolo guitar
• Soprano guitar (an octave higher than normal)
• Alto guitar (a 5th higher than normal)
• Prime (ordinary classical) guitar
• Niibori bass guitar (a 4th lower than normal); Niibori simply calls this the "bass guitar", but this assigns a different meaning to the term than other parts of the community use, as his is only a 4th lower, and has 6 strings
• Contrabass guitar (an octave lower than normal)
The modern Ten-string guitar
The Modern/Yepes 10-string guitar (a classical guitar) adds four strings (resonators) tuned in such a way that they (along with the other three bass strings) can resonate in unison with any of the 12 chromatic notes that can occur on the higher strings; the idea behind this being an attempt at enhancing and balancing sonority.
Main article: Ten-string guitar
Portuguese guitar
In spite of the name, it is not a guitar, but rather a cittern.
Main article: Portuguese guitar
Flat-top (steel-string) guitars
Similar to the classical guitar, however, within the varied sizes of the steel-stringed guitar the body size is usually significantly larger than a classical guitar and it has a narrower, reinforced neck and stronger structural design. This allows the instrument to withstand the additional tension of steel strings. The steel strings produce a brighter tone, and according to many players, a louder sound. The acoustic guitar is used in many kinds of music including folk, country, bluegrass, pop, jazz and blues.
Archtop guitars
These are steel string instruments in which the top (and often the back) of the instrument are carved in a curved rather than a flat shape. Lloyd Loar of the Gibson Guitar Corporation introduced the violin-inspired f-hole design now usually associated with archtop guitars, after designing a style of mandolin of the same type. The typical archtop is a deep, hollow body guitar whose form is much like that of a mandolin or violin family instrument. Nowadays, most archtops are equipped with magnetic pickups and are therefore both acoustic and electric. F-hole archtop guitars were immediately adopted upon their release by both jazz and country musicians and have remained particularly popular in jazz music, usually with flatwound strings.

Ellis 8 string baritone tricone resonator guitar.
Resonator, resophonic or Dobro guitars
Similar to the flat top guitar in appearance, the sound of the resonator guitar is produced by a metal resonator mounted in the middle of the top. The physical principle of the guitar is therefore similar to the banjo. The original purpose of the resonator was to amplify the sound of the guitar. This purpose has been largely superseded by electrical amplification, but the resonator guitar is still played because of its distinctive sound. Resonator guitars may have either one resonator cone or three resonator cones. Three-cone resonators have two cones on the left above one another and one cone immediately to the right. The method of transmitting sound resonance to the cone is either a "biscuit" bridge, made of a small piece of hardwood, or a "spider" bridge, made of metal and larger in size. Three-cone resonators always use a specialized metal spider bridge. The type of resonator guitar with a neck with a square cross-section – called "square neck" – is usually played face up, on the lap of the seated player, and often with a metal or glass slide. The round neck resonator guitars are normally played in the same fashion as other guitars, although slides are also often used, especially in blues.
12 string guitars
The twelve string guitar usually has steel strings and is widely used in folk music, blues and rock and roll. Rather than having only six strings, the 12-string guitar has six courses made up of two strings each, like a mandolin or lute. The highest two courses are tuned in unison, while the others are tuned in octaves. The 12-string guitar is also made in electric forms.
Russian guitars
These are seven string acoustic guitars which were the norm for Russian guitarists throughout the 19th and well into the 20th centuries. The guitar is traditionally tuned to an open G major tuning.
Acoustic bass guitars
Have steel strings or gut strings and often the same tuning as an electric bass guitar.
Tenor guitars
A number of classical guitarists call the Niibori prime guitar a "Tenor Guitar" on the grounds that it sits in pitch between the alto and the bass. Elsewhere[citation needed]the name is taken for a 4-string guitar with a scale length of 23" (585 mm) – about the same as a Terz Guitar. The tenor guitar is tuned in fifths, C G D A, as is the tenor banjo and the cello. It is generally accepted[citation needed] that the tenor guitar was created to allow a tenor banjo player to follow the fashion as it evolved from Dixieland Jazz towards the more progressive Jazz that featured guitar. It allows a tenor banjo player to provide a guitar-based rhythm section with little to learn. A small minority of players (such as Nick Reynolds of the Kingston Trio) close tuned the instrument to D G B E to produce a deep instrument that could be played with the 4-note chord shapes found on the top 4 strings of the guitar or ukulele. The deep pitch warrants the wide-spaced chords that the banjo tuning permits, and the close tuned tenor does not have the same full, clear sound.
Harp guitars
Harp Guitars are difficult to classify as there are many variations within this type of guitar. They are typically rare and uncommon in the popular music scene. Most consist of a regular guitar, plus additional 'harp' strings strung above the six normal strings. The instrument is usually acoustic and the harp strings are usually tuned to lower notes than the guitar strings, for an added bass range. Normally there is neither fingerboard nor frets behind the harp strings. Some harp guitars also feature much higher pitch strings strung below the traditional guitar strings. The number of harp strings varies greatly, depending on the type of guitar and also the player's personal preference (as they have often been made to the player's specification).[15] The Pikasso guitar; 4 necks, 2 sound holes, 42 strings] and also the Oracle Harp Sympitar; 24 strings (with 12 sympathetic strings protruding through the neck) are modern examples.
Extended-range guitars
For well over a century guitars featuring seven, eight, nine, ten or more strings have been used by a minority of guitarists as a means of increasing the range of pitch available to the player. Usually, it is bass strings that are added. Classical guitars with an extended range are useful for playing lute repertoire, some of which was written for lutes with more than six courses.
Guitar battente
The battente is smaller than a classical guitar, usually played with four or five metal strings. It is mainly used in Calabria (a region in southern Italy) to accompany the voice.

This Fender Stratocaster has features common to many electric guitars: multiple pickups, a whammy bar, volume and tone knobs.
Electric guitars
Main article: Electric guitar
Electric guitars can have solid, semi-hollow, or hollow bodies, and produce little sound without amplification. Electromagnetic pickups convert the vibration of the steel strings into electrical signals, which are fed to an amplifier through a cable or radio transmitter. The sound is frequently modified by other electronic devices or the natural distortion of valves (vacuum tubes) in the amplifier. There are two main types of pickup, single and double coil (or humbucker), each of which can be passive or active. The electric guitar is used extensively in jazz, blues, and rock and roll, and was commercialized by Gibson in collaboration with Les Paul, and independently by Leo Fender of Fender Music. The lower fretboard action (the height of the strings from the fingerboard), lighter (thinner) strings, and its electrical amplification lend the electric guitar to some techniques which are less frequently used on acoustic guitars. These include tapping, extensive use of legato through pull-offs and hammer-ons (also known as slurs), pinch harmonics, volume swells, and use of a tremolo arm or effects pedals.
Seven-strings were popularized in the 1980s and 1990s in part due to the release of the Ibanez Universe guitar, endorsed by Steve Vai. Other artists go a step further, by using an 8 string guitar with two extra low strings. Although the most common 7-string has a low B string, Roger McGuinn (of The Byrds and Rickenbacker) uses an octave G string paired with the regular G string as on a 12 string guitar, allowing him to incorporate chiming 12 string elements in standard 6 string playing. in 1982 Uli Jon Roth developed the "Sky Guitar", with a vastly extended amount of frets, which was the first guitar to venture into the upper registers of the violin. Roth's 7-string "Mighty Wing" guitar features an altogether 6-octave range.
The electric bass guitar is similar in tuning to the traditional double bass viol. Hybrids of acoustic and electric guitars are also common. There are also more exotic varieties, such as guitars with two, three,[16] or rarely four necks, all manner of alternate string arrangements, fretless fingerboards (used almost exclusively on bass guitars, meant to emulate the sound of a stand-up bass), 5.1 surround guitar, and such.
Some electric guitar and electric bass guitar models feature Piezoelectric pickups, which function as transducers to provide a sound closer to that of an acoustic guitar with the flip of a switch or knob, rather than switching guitars.
Guitar construction and components

1. Headstock
2. Nut
3. Machine heads (or pegheads, tuning keys, tuning machines, tuners)
4. Frets
5. Truss rod
6. Inlays
7. Neck
8. Heel (acoustic) – Neckjoint (electric)
9. Body
10. Pickups
11. Electronics
12. Bridge
13. Pickguard
14. Back
15. Soundboard (top)
16. Body sides (ribs)
17. Sound hole, with Rosette inlay
18. Strings
19. Saddle
20. Fretboard (or Fingerboard)
General
Guitars can be constructed to meet the demands of both left and right-handed players. Traditionally the dominant hand is assigned the task of plucking or strumming the strings. For the majority of people this entails using the right hand. This is because musical expression (dynamics, tonal expression and colour etc) is largely determined by the plucking hand, while the fretting hand is assigned the lesser mechanical task of depressing and gripping the strings. This is similar to the convention of the violin family of instruments where the right hand controls the bow. A minority, however, believe that left-handed people should learn to play guitars strung in the manner used by right-handed people, simply to standardise the instrument.
Headstock
Main article: Headstock
The headstock is located at the end of the guitar neck furthest from the body. It is fitted with machine heads that adjust the tension of the strings, which in turn affects the pitch. Traditional tuner layout is "3+3" in which each side of the headstock has three tuners (such as on Gibson Les Pauls). In this layout, the headstocks are commonly symmetrical. Many guitars feature other layouts as well, including six-in-line (featured on Fender Stratocasters) tuners or even "4+2" (Ernie Ball Music Man). However, some guitars (such as Steinbergers) do not have headstocks at all, in which case the tuning machines are located elsewhere, either on the body or the bridge.
Nut
Main article: Nut (instrumental)
The nut is a small strip of bone, plastic, brass, corian, graphite, stainless steel, or other medium-hard material, at the joint where the headstock meets the fretboard. Its grooves guide the strings onto the fretboard, giving consistent lateral string placement. It is one of the endpoints of the strings' vibrating length. It must be accurately cut, or it can contribute to tuning problems due to string slippage, and/or string buzz.
Fretboard
Main article: Fingerboard
Also called the fingerboard, the fretboard is a piece of wood embedded with metal frets that comprises the top of the neck. It is flat on classical guitars and slightly curved crosswise on acoustic and electric guitars. The curvature of the fretboard is measured by the fretboard radius, which is the radius of a hypothetical circle of which the fretboard's surface constitutes a segment. The smaller the fretboard radius, the more noticeably curved the fretboard is. Most modern guitars feature a 12" neck radius, while older guitars from the 1960s and 1970s usually feature a 6-8" neck radius. Pinching a string against the fretboard effectively shortens the vibrating length of the string, producing a higher pitch. Fretboards are most commonly made of rosewood, ebony, maple, and sometimes manufactured or composite materials such as HPL or resin. See below on section "Neck" for the importance of the length of the fretboard in connection to other dimensions of the guitar.
Frets
Main article: Fret
Frets are metal strips (usually nickel alloy or stainless steel) embedded along the fretboard and located at exact points that divide the scale length in accordance with a specific mathematical formula. Pressing a string against a fret determines the strings' vibrating length and therefore its resultant pitch. The pitch of each consecutive fret is defined at a half-step interval on the chromatic scale. Standard classical guitars have 19 frets and electric guitars between 21 to 24 frets (though Ibanez has issued guitars with as many as 36 frets.)
Frets are laid out to a mathematical ratio that results in equal tempered division of the octave. The ratio of the spacing of two consecutive frets is the twelfth root of two. The twelfth fret divides the scale length in two exact halves and the 24th fret position divides the scale length in half yet again. Every twelve frets represents one octave. In practice, luthiers determine fret positions using the constant 17.817, which is derived from the twelfth root of two (21/12). The scale length divided by this value yields the distance from the nut to the first fret. That distance is subtracted from the scale length and the result is divided in two sections by the constant to yield the distance from the first fret to the second fret. Positions for the remainder of the frets are calculated in like manner.[17] Actual fret spacing does not use this exact value; the fret spacing on the fretboard was also done by trial and error (testing) method over the ages.
There are several different fret gauges, which can be fitted according to player preference. Among these are "jumbo" frets, which have much thicker gauge, allowing for use of a slight vibrato technique from pushing the string down harder and softer. "Scalloped" fretboards, where the wood of the fretboard itself is "scooped out" between the frets allows a dramatic vibrato effect. Fine frets, much flatter, allow a very low string-action but require other conditions such as curvature of the neck to be well maintained in order to prevent buzz.
On steel-string guitars, frets are eventually bound to wear down; when this happens, frets can be replaced or, to a certain extent, leveled, polished, recrowned, or reshaped as required.
Truss rod
Main article: Truss rod
The truss rod is a metal rod that runs along the inside of the neck. It is used to correct changes to the neck's curvature caused by the neck timbers aging, changes in humidity or to compensate for changes in the tension of strings. The tension of the rod and neck assembly is adjusted by a hex nut or an allen-key bolt on the rod, usually located either at the headstock, sometimes under a cover, or just inside the body of the guitar underneath the fretboard and accessible through the sound hole. Some truss rods can only be accessed by removing the neck. The truss rod counteracts the immense amount of tension the strings place on the neck, bringing the neck back to a straighter position. Turning the truss rod clockwise will tighten it, counteracting the tension of the strings and straightening the neck or creating a backward bow. Turning the truss rod counter-clockwise will loosen it, allowing string tension to act on the neck and creating a forward bow. Adjusting the truss rod affects the intonation of a guitar as well as the height of the strings from the fingerboard, called the action. Some truss rod systems, called "double action" truss systems, tighten both ways, allowing the neck to be pushed both forward and backward (standard truss rods can only be released to a point beyond which the neck will no longer be compressed and pulled backward).
Classical guitars do not require truss rods as their nylon strings exert a lower tensile force with lesser potential to cause structural problems. However their necks are often reinforced with a strip of harder wood, such as an ebony strip running down the back of a cedar neck. There is no tension adjustment on this form of reinforcement.
Inlays
Main article: Inlay (guitar)
Inlays are visual elements set into the exterior surface of a guitar. The typical locations for inlay are on the fretboard, headstock, and on acoustic guitars around the soundhole, known as the rosette. Inlays range from simple plastic dots on the fretboard to intricate works of art covering the entire exterior surface of a guitar (front and back). Some guitar players have used LEDs in the fretboard to produce a unique lighting effects onstage.
Fretboard inlays are most commonly shaped like dots, diamond shapes, parallelograms, or large blocks in between the frets. Dots are usually inlaid into the upper edge of the fretboard in the same positions, small enough to be visible only to the player. These usually appear on the odd numbered frets, but also on the 12th fret (the one octave mark) instead of the 11th and 13th frets. Some older or high-end instruments have inlays made of mother of pearl, abalone, ivory, coloured wood or other exotic materials and designs. Simpler inlays are often made of plastic or painted. High-end classical guitars seldom have fretboard inlays as a well trained player is expected to know his or her way around the instrument.
In addition to fretboard inlay, the headstock and soundhole surround are also frequently inlaid. The manufacturer's logo or a small design is often inlaid into the headstock. Rosette designs vary from simple concentric circles to delicate fretwork mimicking the historic rosette of lutes. Bindings that edge the finger and sound boards are sometimes inlaid. Some instruments have a filler strip running down the length and behind the neck, used for strength and/or to fill the cavity through which the trussrod was installed in the neck.
Elaborate inlays are a decorative feature of many limited edition, high-end and custom-made guitars. Guitar manufacturers often release such guitars to celebrate significant or historic milestones.
Neck
Main article: Neck (music)
A guitar's frets, fretboard, tuners, headstock, and truss rod, all attached to a long wooden extension, collectively constitute its neck. The wood used to make the fretboard will usually differ from the wood in the rest of the neck. The bending stress on the neck is considerable, particularly when heavier gauge strings are used (see Tuning), and the ability of the neck to resist bending (see Truss rod) is important to the guitar's ability to hold a constant pitch during tuning or when strings are fretted. The rigidity of the neck with respect to the body of the guitar is one determinant of a good instrument versus a poor one. The shape of the neck can also vary, from a gentle "C" curve to a more pronounced "V" curve. There are many different types of neck profiles available, giving the guitarist many options. Some aspects to consider in a guitar neck may be the overall width of the fingerboard, scale (distance between the frets), the neck wood, the type of neck construction (for example, the neck may be glued in or bolted on), and the shape (profile) of the back of the neck. Other type of material used to make guitar necks are graphite (Steinberger guitars), aluminium (Kramer Guitars, Travis Bean and Veleno guitars), or carbon fiber (Modulus Guitars and ThreeGuitars).
Double neck electric guitars have two necks, allowing the musician to quickly switch between guitar sounds.
Neck joint or 'Heel'
See also: Set-in neck, Bolt-on neck, and Neck-through
This is the point at which the neck is either bolted or glued to the body of the guitar. Almost all acoustic guitars, with the primary exception of Taylors, have glued (otherwise known as set) necks, while electric guitars are constructed using both types.
Commonly used set neck joints include mortise and tenon joints (such as those used by CF Martin & Co. guitars), dovetail joints (also used by CF Martin on the D28 and similar models) and Spanish heel neck joints which are named after the shoe they resemble and commonly found in classical guitars. All three types offer stability. Bolt-on necks, though they are historically associated with cheaper instruments, do offer greater flexibility in the guitar's set-up, and allow easier access for neck joint maintenance and repairs.
Another type of neck, only available for solid body electric guitars, is the neck-through-body construction. These are designed so that everything from the machine heads down to the bridge are located on the same piece of wood. The sides (also known as wings) of the guitar are then glued to this central piece. Some luthiers prefer this method of construction as they claim it allows better sustain of each note. Some instruments may not have a neck joint at all, having the neck and sides built as one piece and the body built around it.
Strings
See also: Classical guitar strings
Modern guitar strings are constructed of metal, polymers, or animal or plant product materials.
Instruments utilising "steel" strings may have strings made of alloys incorporating steel, nickel or phosphor bronze. Classical and flamenco instruments historically used gut strings, but these have been superseded by polymer materials, such as nylon and fluorocarbon materials. Bass strings for both instruments are wound rather than monofilament.
Body (acoustic guitar)
See also: Sound box
In acoustic guitars, string vibration is transmitted through the bridge and saddle to the body via sound board. The sound board is typically made of tone woods such as spruce or cedar. Timbers for tone woods are chosen for both strength and ability to transfer mechanical energy from the strings to the air within the guitar body. Sound is further shaped by the characteristics of the guitar body's resonant cavity.
In electric guitars, transducers known as pickups convert string vibration to an electric signal, which in turn is amplified and fed to speakers, which vibrate the air to produce the sounds we hear. Nevertheless, the body of the electric guitar still performs a role in shaping the resultant tonal signature.
In an acoustic instrument, the body of the guitar is a major determinant of the overall sound quality. The guitar top, or soundboard, is a finely crafted and engineered element made of tonewoods such as spruce and red cedar. This thin piece of wood, often only 2 or 3 mm thick, is strengthened by differing types of internal bracing. The top is considered by many luthiers to be the dominant factor in determining the sound quality. The majority of the instrument's sound is heard through the vibration of the guitar top as the energy of the vibrating strings is transferred to it.
Body size, shape and style has changed over time. 19th century guitars, now known as salon guitars, were smaller than modern instruments. Differing patterns of internal bracing have been used over time by luthiers. Torres, Hauser, Ramirez, Fleta, and C.F. Martin were among the most influential designers of their time. Bracing not only strengthens the top against potential collapse due to the stress exerted by the tensioned strings, but also affects the resonance characteristics of the top. The back and sides are made out of a variety of timbers such as mahogany, Indian rosewood and highly regarded Brazilian rosewood (Dalbergia nigra). Each one is primarily chosen for their aesthetic effect and can be decorated with inlays and purfling.
The body of an acoustic guitar has a sound hole through which sound is projected. The sound hole is usually a round hole in the top of the guitar under the strings. Air inside the body vibrates as the guitar top and body is vibrated by the strings, and the response of the air cavity at different frequencies is characterised, like the rest of the guitar body, by a number of resonance modes at which it responds more strongly.
Instruments with larger areas for the guitar top were introduced by Martin in an attempt to create louder volume levels. The popularity of the larger "dreadnought" body size amongst acoustic performers is related to the greater sound volume produced.
Body (electric guitar)
See also: Solid body
Most electric guitar bodies are made of wood and include a plastic pick guard. Boards wide enough to use as a solid body are very expensive due to the worldwide depletion of hardwood stock since the 70's, so the wood is rarely one solid piece. Most bodies are made of two pieces of wood with some of them including a seam running down the centre line of the body. The most common woods used for electric guitar body construction include maple, basswood, ash, poplar, alder, and mahogany. Many bodies will consist of good sounding but inexpensive woods, like ash, with a "top", or thin layer of another, more attractive wood (such as maple with a natural "flame" pattern) glued to the top of the basic wood. Guitars constructed like this are often called "flame tops". The body is usually carved or routed to accept the other elements, such as the bridge, pickup, neck, and other electronic components. Most electrics have a polyurethane or nitrocellulose lacquer finish. Other alternative materials to wood, are used in guitar body construction. Some of these include carbon composites, plastic material (such as polycarbonate) and aluminium alloys.
Pickups
Main article: Pickup (music)
Pickups are transducers attached to a guitar that detect (or "pick up") string vibrations and convert the mechanical energy of the string into electrical energy. The resultant electrical signal can then be electronically amplified. The most common type of pickup is electromagnetic in design. These contain magnets that are tightly wrapped in a coil, or coils, of copper wire. Such pickups are usually placed right underneath the guitar strings. Electromagnetic pickups work on the same principles and in a similar manner to an electrical generator. The vibration of the strings causes a small voltage to be created in the coils surrounding the magnets; this signal voltage is later amplified.
Traditional electromagnetic pickups are either single-coil or double-coil. Single-coil pickups are susceptible to noise induced from electric fields, usually mains-frequency (60 or 50 hertz) hum. The introduction of the double-coil humbucker in the mid-1950s did away with this problem through the use of two coils, one of which is wired in a reverse polarity orientation.
The types and models of pickups used can greatly affect the tone of the guitar. Typically, humbuckers, which are two magnet–coil assemblies attached to each other are traditionally associated with a heavier sound. Single-coil pickups, one magnet wrapped in copper wire, are used by guitarists seeking a brighter, twangier sound with greater dynamic range.
Modern pickups are tailored to the sound desired. A commonly applied approximation used in selection of a pickup is that less wire (lower DC resistance) = brighter sound, more wire = "fat" tone. Other options include specialized switching that produces coil-splitting, in/out of phase and other effects. Guitar circuits are either active, needing a battery to power their circuit, or, as in most cases, equipped with a passive circuit.
Fender Stratocaster type guitars generally utilize three single-coil pickups, while most Gibson Les Paul types use humbucker pickups.
Piezoelectric, or piezo, pickups represent another class of pickup. These employ piezoelectricity to generate the musical signal and are popular in hybrid electro-acoustic guitars. A crystal is located under each string, usually in the saddle. When the string vibrates, the shape of the crystal is distorted, and the stresses associated with this change produce tiny voltages across the crystal that can be amplified and manipulated.
Some piezo-equipped guitars use what is known as a hexaphonic pickup. "Hex" is a prefix meaning six. In a hexaphonic pickup separate outputs are obtained from discrete piezoelectric pickups for each of the six strings. This arrangement allows the signal to be easily modified by on-board modelling electronics, as in the Line 6 Variax brand of electric guitars; the guitars allow for a variety of different sounds to be obtained by digitally manipulating the signal. This allows a guitar to mimic many vintage models of guitar, as well as output alternate tunings without the need to adjust the strings.
Another use for hexaphonic pickups is to send the output signals to a MIDI interpretation device, which determines the note pitch, duration, attack and decay characteristics and so forth. The MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) interpreter then sends the note information to a sound bank device. The resulting sound can closely mimic numerous types of instruments.
Electronics
On guitars that have them, these components and the wires that connect them allow the player to control some aspects of the sound like volume or tone. These at their simplest consist of passive components such as potentiometers and capacitors, but may also include specialized integrated circuits or other active components requiring batteries for power, for preamplification and signal processing, or even for assistance in tuning. In many cases the electronics have some sort of shielding to prevent pickup of external interference and noise.
Lining, Binding, and Purfling
The top, back and ribs of an acoustic guitar body are very thin (1-2 mm), so a flexible piece of wood called lining is glued into the corners where the rib meets the top and back. This interior reinforcement provides 5 to 20 mm of solid gluing area for these corner joints. Solid linings are often used in classical guitars, while kerfed lining is most often found in steel string acoustics. Kerfed lining is also called kerfing (because it is scored, or kerfed to allow it to bend with the shape of the rib).
During final construction, a small section of the outside corners is carved or routed out and then filled with binding material on the outside corners and decorative strips of material next to the binding, which are called purfling. This binding serves to seal off the endgrain of the top and back. Purfling can also appear on the back of an acoustic guitar, marking the edge joints of the two or three sections of the back.
Binding and purfling materials are generally made of either wood or plastic.
Bridge
Main article: Bridge (instrument)
The main purpose of the bridge on an acoustic guitar is to transfer the vibration from the strings to the soundboard, which vibrates the air inside of the guitar, thereby amplifying the sound produced by the strings.
On both electric and acoustic guitars, the bridge holds the strings in place on the body. There are many varied bridge designs. There may be some mechanism for raising or lowering the bridge to adjust the distance between the strings and the fretboard (action), and/or fine-tuning the intonation of the instrument. Some are spring-loaded and feature a "whammy bar", a removable arm which allows the player to modulate the pitch moving the bridge up and down. The whammy bar is sometimes also referred to as a "tremolo bar" (see Tremolo for further discussion of this term – the effect of rapidly changing pitch produced by a whammy bar is more correctly called "vibrato"). Some bridges also allow for alternate tunings at the touch of a button.
On almost all modern electric guitars, the bridge is adjustable for each string so that intonation stays correct up and down the neck. If the open string is in tune but sharp or flat when frets are pressed, the bridge can be adjusted with a screwdriver or hex key to remedy the problem. In general, flat notes are corrected by moving the bridge forward and sharp notes by moving it backwards. On an instrument correctly adjusted for intonation, the actual length of each string from the nut to the bridge saddle will be slightly but measurably longer than the scale length of the instrument. This additional length is called compensation, which flattens all notes a bit to compensate for the sharping of all fretted notes caused by stretching the string during fretting.
Pickguard
Main article: Pickguard
Also known as a scratchplate. This is usually a piece of laminated plastic or other material that protects the finish of the top of the guitar from damage due to the use of a plectrum or fingernails. Electric guitars sometimes mount pickups and electronics on the pickguard. It is a common feature on steel-string acoustic guitars. Vigorous performance styles such as flamenco, which can involve the use of the guitar as a percussion instrument, call for a scratchplate to be fitted to nylon-string instruments.
Tremolo arm
Main article: Tremolo arm
Many electric guitars are fitted with a vibrato and pitch bend device known as a "tremolo bar (or arm)", "sissy bar", "wang bar", "slam handle", "whammy handle", and "whammy bar". The latter two terms led stompbox manufacturers to use the term 'whammy' in coming up with a pitch raising effect introduced by popular guitar effects pedal brand "Digitech".
The tremolo arm is common enough that there is a technical term, hard tail, for a guitar without one.
Leo Fender, who did much to create the electric guitar, also created much confusion over the meaning of the terms "tremolo" and "vibrato" by the naming the "tremolo" unit on many of his guitars and also the "vibrato" unit on his "Vibrolux" amps. In general, vibrato is a variation in pitch, whereas tremolo is a variation in volume, so the tremolo bar is actually a vibrato bar and the "Vibrolux" amps actually had a tremolo effect. However, following Fender's example, electric guitarists traditionally reverse these meanings when speaking of hardware devices and the effects they produce. See vibrato unit for a more detailed discussion, and tremolo arm for more of the history.
Another type of pitch bender is the B-Bender, a spring and lever device mounted in an internal cavity of a solid body electric, guitar that allows the guitarist to bend just the B string of the guitar using a lever connected to the strap handle of the guitar. The resulting pitch bend is evocative of the sound of the pedal steel guitar.
Guitar Strap
Strip of fabric with a leather or synthetic leather piece on each end. Made to hold a guitar via the shoulders, at an adjustable length to suit the position favoured by the guitarist.
Self-Tuning Guitars
Main article: Tuning
Self-tuning guitars are computerized guitars programmed to tune themselves. The Gibson Robot guitar, released in 2007, is often mistaken as the first of this kind, but was preceded by the Transperformance system by at least 20 years. Gibson is currently working on a new self-tuning model called the Dark Fire.

playstation 3

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Mon, 23 Mar 2009 12:48:00 +0000

Playstation 3 (Japanese:プレイステーション3, Pureisutēshon Suri, trademark: PLAYSTATION 3, abbreviated PS3) is the third generation of Sony console. PlayStation 3 is the successor of the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 and will compete with Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Wii from Nintendo.

PlayStation 3 released in Japan on 11 November 2006 exactly seven o'clock, and will be released on 17 November 2006 in North America (U.S. and Canada), Hong Kong and Taiwan, and 1 or 7 March 2007 in Europe and Australasia, and the region PAL other.

PlayStation 3 will be released with type 2, Basix and the Premium / Platinum. PlayStation 3 in respi introduced to the world on 16 May 2005 at E3. Configuration be the first final at Tokyo Game Show 2006.
The latest technology that is used processornya cell, type of processor that is completely optimized to perform floating point operations. Unlike with desktop processors in general, the ability PS3 cell processor to perform floating point operations is very good. Cell processor the ability to perform floating point operations is very good because the cell processor is a vector processor architecture. Besides GPU made in cooperation with NVidia.

Based on the configuration engine:
• PlayStation 3 version of Premium (60 GB) including 60 GB Serial ATA 2.5 "hard drive, Wi-Fi connectivity, and a memory card reader (SD, Memory Stick Pro Duo, and Flash memory), and cosmetics on the fringe of silver PS3.
• Basic version of PlayStation 3 (20 GB) including 20 GB Serial ATA 2.5 "hard drive, but it features Wi-Fi and memory card reader eliminated. Hard disk can be replaced or upgraded features and memory card reader can be added with the purchase of a USB memory, but Wi-Fi connectivity for a while this can not be added.
Sony has announced that the 20 GB version will not be produced again.
Note: At the beginning, do not get a 20GB version of HDMI port, but when Sony Computer Entertainment announced a new price of a cheaper 20GB for PS2 (in Japan only), they announced that now, Basic version will have HDMI port, the picture quality for a better in the new television output.

Based on the countries / regions, the PS3 is released, along with the release date:
• Japanese version (NTSC-J, 100 Volt, 20GB and 60GB) - This version is released to the Japanese on 11 November 2006. Released by Sony Computer Entertainment Inc, Japan (SCEI / SCEJ)
• American version (NTSC-U / S, 110 Volt, 20GB and 60GB) - This version is released in the United States and Canada on 17 November 2006 (and the possibility of Mexico on the first quarter of 2007). Dirlis by Sony Computer Entertainment America (SCEA)
• Version and Australasia Europe (PAL, 220 - 240 Volt, only 60GB when released) - This version is released in-country European Union (including UK), Australia, New Zealand, and countries that use the PAL television system. Rumor is circulating that the release in these countries, on 1 or 7 March 2007. Initially, the European release date is the same as the United States release date. But because there is lack of dioda Blu-ray, on September 6, 2006, Sony announced that the European release date changed to March 2007. Released by Sony Computer Entertainment Europe (SCEE)
• Asia Version (NTSC-J or NTSC or PAL-C, 100 Volt - 240 Volt, 20GB and 60GB) - This version was released in Hong Kong and Taiwan on 17 November 2006 (only sekirat 1000 PS3 in Hong Kong, 500 and PS3 in Taiwan. The likelihood will be released in the countries of the region is in the power Sony Computer Entertainment Asia, such as Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore). Indonesian not included in SCE Asia area authority.
Note: Although the flow of electricity in Japan is 100 Volt, users from the UK, the buy in Japan have been reported in the United States one of the forum that they can run PS3 in the UK without help power transformers.

wii console is Nintendo

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Mon, 23 Mar 2009 12:43:00 +0000

Wii console is Nintendo's fifth video game is the successor of Nintendo gamecube. Innovation is the main controller (the joystick) that respond to the physical location in three dimensional space which is located in front of the television. At the first stage of the development, this console is named Revolution.

This console was introduced in the Tokyo Game Show 2005 on 16 September 2005. This console was released in November 2006 in the U.S. and December in Japan and some other areas, and compete with the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.
Different from the Xbox 360 and Playstation3, Wii beratkan drip more play than the absorption graph views beresolusi high as the second console is. Wiimote is a unique new controller (which is equipped as a Nunchuk controller for some type of game), which forms small, and the cheap price is a matter which the benefits of this compared to the second console console saingannya.
Wii game console is a new generation with the release price of the cheapest compared to competitors. In Japan, the Wii was launched with a price of JP ¥ 25,000 while in the U.S. for $ 249.99. Except in Japan, the Wii sold one package with Wii Sports, a game of sports (tennis, baseball, bowling, golf, boxing), which is intended to introduce users to the Wii game newest style.
Wii have a long compatibility (backward compatibility) with some old Nintendo consoles and Sega, including NES, TurboGarfx-16, SNES, Genesis, Nintendo 64, and gamecube. Compatibility with the gamecube diadakannya achieved with the slot for a CD-sized 8 cm as used gamecube, while for the other consoles this is obtained through the virtual console service (Virtual Console), which is one of the features of Wii. Through the Virtual Console, Wii users can purchase and download game-game long and played directly on the Wii through the Wii Shop channel.

xbox

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Mon, 23 Mar 2009 12:28:00 +0000

Xbox is a next-generation video game consoles to Microsoft artificial-6, and is the first video game console for the company Microsoft. Was first released on 15 November 2001 in North America, on 22 February 2002 in Japan, and 14 March 2002 in Europe. Xbox is the predecessor of the Xbox 360 console. Some of the software title that is famous for the game console is Halo: Combat Evolved, Amped: Freestyle Snowboarding, Dead or Alive 3, Project Gotham Racing, and Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee. Storage system is the Xbox console and the Memory Card Harddisk.

Xbox 360 ( "three-sixty"), which at the time of the development known as Xenon or Xbox 2, is the successor Xbox video game console belonging to Microsoft. Microsoft officially memperkenalkannya on MTV on May 12, 2005, and detailed information about the launch of the game and be at the end of the same in the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) that is famous. When released on 22 November 2005 in North America and Puerto Rico, 2 December 2005 in Europe and 10 December 2005 in Japan, the Xbox 360 console to be launched first in unison for the three major regions. He is also a product of the first generation of game consoles and will compete with the Sony PlayStation 3 and Nintendo Wii. Xbox 360 is the first console that can play HD-DVD movies with the purchase paketnya first, which will then direlease. Xbox 360 console is also the first club to use the wireless. Andalan Xbox 360 is the graphics and online capabilities. Xbox Live is one of the online features offered by Microsoft as the manufacturer.

Colosseum

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Fri, 20 Mar 2009 02:26:00 +0000

Colosseum is a historical building as a great showman / Amphitheater which included one of the "Seven World Middle miracle." Located in the State Capital of Italy, Rome, called the original "Flavian Amphitheater", was founded by King resolved by Vespasian and his son Titus.

About the year pembuatannya still have differences in confidence. Some argued that the Colosseum is made in the year 79 BC (BC), who have also made that between the years 70-82 BC (Anno Domini). Origin of the name Colosseum comes from a statue at 130 feet or 40 m, called Colossus. Colosseum is set to accommodate 50,000 people audience.

Building Construction

Reconstruction of the Colosseum began Raja Vespasian 72 years BC (the BC) and resolved by his son Titus in the year 80 BC (after BC). Colosseum was established near the enermous Nero's palace, the Domus aurea has awakened after the big fire in Rome in the year 64 BC (after BC). Some experts believe that the construction history of the Colosseum is financed with the hijack of the temple in Jerusalem by order of King Herod in 64 BC (after BC). Dio Cassius a historian said that there are approximately 9000 wild animals who have been killed in 100 days as the dedication and opening of the Colosseum. Floor of the Colosseum arena tertutupi sand to prevent blood-flow of blood does not go everywhere.

Show

In the Colosseum at the time was providing a place of spectacular performance, a fight between animals (venetaiones), contention between prisoners and animals, execution of prisoners (noxii), water fight (naumachiae) is flush with the arena, and the contention between the gladiator (munera ). For hundreds of years, it is estimated that thousands of people and animals die in the Colosseum showtimes.

Naming History

In the Colosseum at the time was providing a place of spectacular performance, a fight between animals (venetaiones), contention between prisoners and animals, execution of prisoners (noxii), water fight (naumachiae) is flush with the arena, and the contention between the gladiator (munera ). For hundreds of years, it is estimated that thousands of people and animals die in the Colosseum showtimes.

Description

Colosseum-sized big enough. With a high 48 m, length 188 m, 156 m wide and knowledgeable about the entire building to create 2.5 ha Colosseum looks so big and broad. Arenanya made of wood measuring 86 mx 54 m, and covered by sand. Ellipse or rounded form of the Colosseum to use the players to prevent fading to the corner and prevents the audience to be closer to the show.

Colosseum is the result of a very great. Place is told as a great stadium and spectacular as by the shape and structure of the Colosseum. Until now also, as the Colosseum still say a great stadium and spectacular. Seat in the Colosseum is divided into levels of different.

Podium, where the first sitting dedicated to the Roman senator. Special room for the king, where istirahatnya, storage property is also located at this level. Under the podium is maeniaum primum, which is devoted to the noble Roman. Level three is maenianum primum-divided into the three parts. The bottom (immum) is used for the rich, at the top again (summum), used to herd. And last, in the wood (maenianum secundum in legneis) is where the structure of wood in the top of the building. That place is the place to stand that is used only for the women inferior.

After 2 years Colosseum used as a first place, the Son termuda Vespasian ordered to mengkonstruksikan area underground (hypogeum), two levels of underground channels are interconnected and form the tunnel where the confinement of animals and gladiator pertarungannya placed before the start. There is also provided pitfall traps form-door traps that are used to prevent entry of animals, wild animals are not planned to keep the arena and for storage of weapons inside the Colosseum.

Then history

Colosseum is still used up to 217 years, although the fire has been damaged due to be struck by lightning. Colosseum has improved in the year 238 and gladiator games until Christians are gradually stop the game because it takes too many victims of the soul.

The building used to store various types of animals up to the year 524. Two earthquakes in the years 442 and 508 which cause severe damage to the building. In the mid-Century, the Colosseum is very severe damage caused by the earthquake that is more in the year 847 and 1349 and used as a stronghold and also established a church there.

Many marble stones are used to resurface and rebuild parts of the Colosseum has been damaged due to a burn. On 16 and 17 centuries, families use the Roman Colosseum as a place of marble stone for building construction St. Peter's Basilica and special residential palazzi, the Roman family.

In the year 1749, there is a form of maintenance Colosseum. Pope Benediktus XIV to prohibit the Colosseum as a place of mining. In 2000 there is an outcry in Italy in order to oppose the use of the death penalty for countries around the world (in Italy, the death penalty abolished in 1948). Some of the demonstrators in front of the Colosseum. Since that time, as a forerunner in the legal capital, change the color of the local Colosseum at night from a white gold with a candle lighting and neon lights up at the time where the world take action execution that.

Eiffel Tower Monument Paris

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Fri, 20 Mar 2009 02:09:00 +0000

Eiffel Tower was built for the purpose of Pekan Raya International 1889 in Paris to commemorate the French Revolution a hundred years. The Prince of Wales, who later became King Edward VII of England, open the tower itu.Di between 700 proposals that were included in a design competition, Gustave Eiffel was selected in secret.

In the beginning was not accepted by everyone, there is a petition some 300 pieces, among others, from Maupassant, Émile Zola, Charles Garnier (architect of the Opera Garnier), and the young-Dumas protest construction. Until 1930, the tower at 320.75 m (including antenna) and weighing 7,000 tons that is tertyinggi building in the world.

There are 1652 children in the household until puncak.Menara is almost dirobohkan year 1909, but can be saved because antenanya used for purposes telgram. In the beginning, in the year 1910 the tower was to be part of the International Time Service. Radio France in 1918 and 1957 French television also take advantage of this building.

When his hard, now everyone should be able to receive and note sbagi one of the symbols of Paris.

Towers that have three tingkat.Sebuah a very expensive restaurant that is Jules Verne Restaurant is located at the level dua.Ada bar at the top, a shop and later cindera the office of Gustave Eiffel direstorasi. From these levels, especially from the top level, the city of Paris can be very extraordinary. One hour before the sun was sinking beyond the ordinary.

"Metal Lady" this be proyector strength by 352 watts in 1000 that blinks every ten minutes and each day after sunset lbola be lighted by 20,000 lights and decorative lights.

Eiffel Tower twinkle Kelap first created to celebrate the coming New Year 2000. But even if it costs the electricity costs, the Paris could not have been out for biasaan this. Eiffel Tower management companies need to rethink to find new ways to create permanent Eiffel Tower still blinking like gemintang every night. After more than a year lamp signal not blinking, then the pembukaannya again at 23:20 on 21 June 2003, the lamp that is blinking again.

This new Kelap twinkle like stars-gemintang that much more impressive than the current radiation sebelumnya.Sistem, by reducing the consumption of electricity more sparingly will ignite | Tower smpai this ten years.

Warning to membei welcome speech at the "Metal Lady" who decorated the new people this horrible feeling. Current was also greeted by artists of the world terkenal.Pesta the fireworks are held. There are approximately 200,000 people that say welcome to the special events ini.Setiap people terpukau by p [ertunjukan that this extraordinary.

To restore the life and elegance | Tower is on the night of the four files, which continues to light up the sky.

Krakatau

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Thu, 05 Mar 2009 08:26:00 +0000

Krakatau Islands vulkanik which is still active and located in the Sunda between Java and Sumatra. This name is never disematkan on a volcanic peak in there that, because the eruption on 26-27 August 1883, and sirna. Letusannya very formidable diakibatkannya and tsunami that killed about 36,000 people. Until December 26, 2004, the tsunami is that terdahsyat in the Indian Ocean region. Voice is heard to bang in Alice Springs, Australia, and Africa, near the island of Rodrigues, 4653 kilometers. Ledaknya power is estimated to reach 30,000 times diledakkan the atom bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II.
Krakatau eruption caused global climate change. The world was dark for two and a half hours due to volcanic dust that covered the atmosphere. The sun is shining dim until next year. Hamburan dust in the sky appear to Norway to New York.
Krakatau explosion is still less than the eruption of Mount Toba and Mount Tambora in Indonesia, Gunung Tanpo in New Zealand and Mt Katmal in Alaska. However, these mountains in the remote detonate the human population is very small. Meanwhile, when Mount Krakatau erupt, the human population is dense enough, science and technology has developed, is found telegraph, and cable have been installed under the sea. Thus it can be said that while information technology is growing and developing rapidly.
Noted that the eruption of Mount Krakatau is the first great disaster in the world after the invention of telegraph under the sea. Progress is, unfortunately, has not been offset by progress in the field of geology. The geologist was not even able to give explanations on the explosion is.
•
Development of Mount Krakatau
Mount Krakatau Ancient
See the area of Mount Krakatau in the Sunda, experts estimate that in the ancient period there is a huge mountain in the Sunda that eventually burst leaving a tremendous kaldera a (big mouth) called Ancient Mount Krakatau, which is the parent of Mount Krakatau in the burst 1883. This mountain of rocks arranged andesitik.
Notes on the Ancient Krakatau eruption taken from a text titled Ancient Javanese King Reader Parwa estimated comes from the year 416 BC. The contents, among other states:
"It's the sound of thunder comes from the thunder of Mount Batuwara. There is also a frightening jolt the earth, total darkness, thunder and lightning. Then came the wind and rain storms which chilling and all the storms darken the world. A big flood came from the Mount Batuwara and flow to the east toward Mount Kamula .... When water menenggelamkannya, Java separate into two, creating Sumatra island
"
Geological experts B.G. Escher and several other experts argued that the nature of the incident told comes from the Ancient Krakatau Mount, in which the text is called the Mount Batuwara. According to the book Reader Parwa King, the Ancient Krakatau higher reaches 2000 meters above sea level, and a circle 11 kilometers to reach the beach.
Due to the great explosion, the three-quarters of the body Ancient Krakatau destroyed leaving kaldera (large craters) in the Sunda. Hand-side or edge kawahnya known as Rakata Island, Long Island and Island Sertung, in another note called the island of Rakata, Rakata Island and Small Island Sertung. That this mountain eruption responsible for the occurrence of medieval darkness in the earth. Disease bubonic plague occur because of temperature freeze. This plague is significantly reducing the number of people in the face of the earth.
Bursting is also considered to participate on at least the end the triumph of the ancient Persian, Roman transmutasi Kingdom to the Kingdom of Byzantium, the end of South Arabia, extinction large Maya city, Tikal and the fall of the Nazca in South America full of puzzles. Ancient Krakatau explosion is estimated to last for 10 days with an estimated speed of vomitus mass reach 1 million tons per second. Explosion has been formed shield the atmosphere setebal 20-150 meters, lower the temperature of 5-10 degrees for 10-20 years.
The emergence of Mount Krakatau

Development of Mount Krakatau
Rakata island, which is one of the three remaining islands of Mount Krakatau Ancient and grow in accordance with the encouragement vulkanik in the belly of the earth, known as Mount Krakatau (or Gunung Rakata) made of rock basaltik. Then, two volcano emerged from the crater, named Danan Mountain and Mount Perbuwatan which then integrates with Mt Rakata that appears first. Unity this is the third volcano called Mount Krakatau.
Mount Krakatau erupt once in the year 1680 produced lava andesitik acid. Then in 1880, Mount Perbuwatan active lava issued but not erupt. After that time, no more volcanic activity at Krakatau to 20 May 1883. On that day, 200 years after the fall, a small explosion occurred at Mount Krakatau. That marks the beginning of a future eruption in the Sunda terrible. Small explosion and then followed this with a bang-bang small peak occurred in 26-27 August 1883.
Erupsi 1883
On Monday, 27 August 1883, 10:20 hours exactly, meledaklah mountain. According to Simon Winchester, a graduate geologist Oxford English author who is also the National Geographic said that the explosion was the greatest, most hard sound and the most vulkanik events meluluhlantakkan in modern human history. Letusannya voice heard until 4600 km from the center of explosion and can be heard even by 1 / 8 of the earth at that time.
According to researchers at the University of North Dakota, with explosion explosion Krakatau Tambora (1815) notes the value of volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) in modern history. The Guinness Book of Records record the explosion of Krakatau explosion as the most powerful in recorded history.
Krakatau explosion was stone-pumice and ash vulkanik with volume 18 cubic kilometers. Bursts of dust vulkanisnya mencavai 80 km. Objects of the air flow to the fall in the island of Java and Sumatra and even to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand.
Eruption that destroyed the Mount Danan, Mount Perbuwatan and part of Mount Rakata where half kerucutnya lost, making cavity selebar 7 km deep and 250 meters. Sea waves rising up to 40 meters destroy the villages and what you are in the coastal beach. Tsunami relief is not only due to detonation, but also soil erosion under the sea.
The number of victims who died reached 36,417 people came from 295 villages from the coastal area of Merak (Serang) to Cilamaya in Karawang, to the west coast of Banten on the island of Tanjung Layar Panaitan (Ujung Kulon, and the southern Sumatra. Ujungkulon in, the flood go to 15 km to the west. The next day until a few days later, the Jakarta and Lampung hinterland no longer see the sun. Gelombang Tsunami caused even spread to the coast of Hawaii, the west coast of Central America and the Arab Peninsula 7 thousand kilometers away
Son of Krakatau

Son of Krakatau
Start in 1927 or approximately 40 years after Mount Krakatau meletusnya, appear volcano known as the Son of Krakatau kaldera ancient region that is still active and still be high. High-speed growth of about 20 inches per month. Each year it becomes more about 20 feet high and 40 feet wider. Note the addition of another high-about 4 cm per year and if it is calculated, then in 25 years time the addition of high child Rakata reached 7500 inches or 500 feet higher than the previous 25 years. The cause of the high mountains is caused by the material out of the belly of the mountain that new. When the Son of Krakatau is the height reached around 230 meters above sea level, while Mount Krakatau have previous high of 813 meters above sea level.
According to Simon Winchester, despite what happens in the life of Krakatau, which was very scary, reality-reality geological, seismic and tektonik in Java and Sumatra that will ensure that the strange what happens on the first of these will happen again. No one is sure to know when will the Son of Krakatau erupt. Some experts predict geological eruption will occur in between 2015-2083. However, the influence of the earthquake in the bottom of the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004 also can not be ignored.
According to Professor Ueda Nakayama one vulcanologist berkebangsaan Japan, the Son of Krakatau is still relatively safe and active even though there is often a small explosion, there are only certain times of the tourists are prohibited from approaching the danger area and the red-hot lava that dimuntahkan this volcano. Other experts claim that there is no coherent theory about the Son of Krakatau that will erupt again. Even if there is at least 3 centuries or more after the 2325 M. However, the clear, the number of victims caused more awesome than the previous eruption.

Mount Krakatau

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 03:55:00 +0000

Mount Krakatau, which languish Icon

Although the actual area in the Province of Lampung, this has become the Mount Krakatau Banten tourism icons. The difference between the "area" and the "icon" has become one of the reason why the mountain is like a sweet girl kemolekannya seems not be maintained.

As the icons of tourism, it is not difficult to introduce the Mount Krakatau. Each primary school teachers in Indonesia certainly never mentions the name of the mountain which is located in the Sunda is time to give lessons to the students.

Easily introduce Gunung Krakatau was 122 years ago, exactly 27 August 1883, the mountain had great burst. Eruption that caused the tsunami along the coast south of the west coast of Sumatra and West Java. When, more than 36,000 inhabitants to become victims of tragedy eruption of Mount Krakatau.

Bursting activity is also the (parent) Mount Krakatau. At this time, just like that mountain mound of soil and filled with pine tree-fern plants pakuan the tower in the middle of the sea.

New in 1927, around the location of explosion-relief mound-like mountains of fire in the vicinity of Mount Krakatau. People then take the mound of Mount Anak Krakatau as the still active until now.

Mount Anak Krakatau is located in the middle of the island between Sertung, Rakata Island, and the island of Rakata Besar. Rakata Besar for now it is called Gunung Krakatau is now no longer active. Arising after 78 years, now reaching a high Son of Krakatau 315 meters above sea level.

From a distance, Mount Anak Krakatau is visible black grayish because most of it consists of gravel and black sand. There are only a few pine trees encircle the foot of the mountain located in the middle of the Sunda.

New tourism

Retention of Mount Krakatau meletusnya will never be cracked by time. Events that have been recorded in the history of the world. Until now, all elementary school teachers to notify certain events meletusnya Mount Krakatau as the biggest disaster in Indonesia in the century XIX.

Krakatau eruption would dread that some time had a vision back. Precisely when the Department of Children set Vulkanologi Mount Krakatau in Waspada or standby status.

However, the horror that can not hide the elegance of Mount Anak Krakatau. Halusnya carpet black sand beach and the beautiful cliffs of the mountains into force, which is always interesting people to visit that place.

Children in Mt Krakatau beaches, tourists can relax while enjoying the Sunda deburan wave of blue. Mount Krakatau (parent) is colored greenness can also be seen from the beach at the foot of Mount Anak Krakatau.

At least tourists who visit the place every day, and the absence of a mobile phone signal, making the coast of Mount Anak Krakatau is also a comfortable place to calm themselves.

Around the coast of Mount Anak Krakatau also be used as camping places. However, if you spend the night there, tourists should bring a lot of water in the area because there is no source of water.

The beauty of the area that will be enjoyed if you can climb Mount Anak Krakatau. After about 200 meters uphill, under the sea legs will look like a mountain lake surrounded by the blue group of islands. While the hill-like curve at the bottom of the mountain close to the visible sky. The peak of Mount Anak Krakatau is colored grayish look swell in the sand hills between the mengelilinginya.

The beautiful scenery from the top of the hill at the foot of Mount Anak Krakatau seems able to overcome this heat the air region. In fact, besides sengatan sun burn the skin, hot weather also caused by sand and gravel mountain.

Unfortunately, there are few tourists who visit Mount Anak Krakatau. Rahman, a guide origin Labuan, Banten, say, every sunday they only take about 10-20 tourists to Mount Anak Krakatau. "In fact, almost no previous who want to come here, especially after the tsunami in Aceh," he said.

According to Rahman, who visited Mount Anak Krakatau in general the expatriates. They generally depart from the beach Anyer, Carita, Labuan and a distance of approximately 48 kilometers from Mount Anak Krakatau.

This is justified Susanty Widya Ningsih, Public Relations Officers Hotel Sol Elite Marbella, Anyer, Banten. "Guests our hotel, especially the expatriates, the general purpose of Krakatau as their main tourism, the other areas such as ethnic or Baduy Ujung Kulon Reserve Station," he said.

This happens because of the history of major natural and very beautiful, Mount Anak Krakatau may be for one day trip. If the weather being good, Mount Anak Krakatau may be for 1.5 hours drive from Anyer beach with boat speed.

Ansori, a guide to Mount Anak Krakatau other, adding, after enjoying the natural beauty of Mount Krakatau, expatriates generally ago the island of Rakata Besar go for fishing, diving, or lunch.

Until now, coral reefs around the coast of the island of Rakata Besar still well awake. Therefore, from the top of the boat can be seen different types of colorful fish that wriggle-bend around the reef on the sidelines of selanya ditumbuhi various plants of the sea.

Unfortunately, not every time the beauty of Mount Anak Krakatau that can be enjoyed. According Ansori, when the west wind came, the months around November to January, there is practically no tourists who come to it because there is no boat that would take. "Ombaknya very large. We do not dare to it, "he said.

Not the size of the waves that are the main problem why this is only for the many expatriates who came to Mount Anak Krakatau. The problem thus lies in the high cost of the natural tourism object is lovely nan.

Rates to rent a boat with 15-20 people from the Krakatau Beach Anyer go home now around Rp 7 million. For smaller boats, capable of carrying five passengers, cost about Rp 2 million. "If the fee plus lunch and snack, every person needs approximately Rp 500,000 a day to travel home went Anyer-Krakatau," said Ansori.

However, the cost of Rp 500,000 per person not including the cost of insurance and the purchase of tickets. "Now do not have tickets for the official entrance area of Mount Anak Krakatau. Before 2002 there was the post purchase tickets at the entrance Labuan. Penjaganya from Lampung. But, after that no more, "said Ansori.

Ironically, not only guards the ticket, the official keeper of Mount Anak Krakatau also does not have. In fact, the decree (SK) of the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Forestry No 85/Kpts.II / 1990 dated 26 February 1990, the area of Mount Anak Krakatau and surrounding area has been defined as a marine reserve.

Officers from the Central Natural Resources Conservation (BKSDA), which manages the area was only one-time coming, especially when there are tourists. That was only to ask the customs, without proof of entrance tickets.

In addition to the treasury disadvantage because there are no official income, lack of guards in the vicinity of Mount Anak Krakatau also make the area was not maintained as it were. Various organic and inorganic waste into visible along the coast.

Waste-waste that, especially inorganic waste, most suspected of tourists who visited Mount Anak Krakatau.

Ansori suspect, less terurusnya area of Mount Anak Krakatau is due to the tension between the Province of Banten and Lampung in the management area. Province does not feel the need to participate in managing the non Krakatau region. While the Province of Lampung reluctant because despite the entry in the area, they did not feel economic benefit the least. Section, almost all tourists to the Mount Anak Krakatau and surrounding areas always departs from, the coast of Anyer, Carita, or Labuhan.

Until now, about who is most responsible for the Children of Mount Krakatau is not able to beat the beauty of the area. But, however, that vagueness should be terminated because the preservation of nature there must be continued despite disruption of all are very small or negligible.

Borobudur, the Biggest Buddhist Temple to Century-9

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Fri, 13 Feb 2009 12:18:00 +0000

Who do not know the Borobudur? This Buddhist temple has 1460 relief and 504 Buddhist stupa in the complex. Mendamba millions of people to visit the building is included in this World Wonder Heritages. Not surprisingly, for the architectural and functions as a place of worship, Borobudur is captivating.
Borobudur was built by King Samaratungga, one of the kings of Old Mataram Kingdom, the descendant of Sailendra dynasty. Based on Kayumwungan inscription, an Indonesian named Hudaya Kandahjaya revealed that Borobudur was a place of worship which was completed 26 May 824, almost one hundred years since the initial build. Borobudur own name according to some people that means a terraced mountain-terrace (budhara), while some others say that Borobudur means monastery, located in the high places.
Borobudur-shaped building punden berundak consists of 10 levels. Height 42 meters before the renovation and 34.5 meters after the renovation because the bottom level is used as a backstop. Six levels below the square-shaped and three levels on top of one circular and the highest level in the form of a Buddhist stupa facing to the west. Each level represents the stages of human life. Available mahzab Mahayana Buddhism, the people who want to reach the level of the Buddha must have all levels of life.
The base of Borobudur, called Kamadhatu, symbolizing the human appetite is still bound. Four-called top level in the human Rupadhatu was able to free itself from lust, but still bound to the form and shape. At these levels, a statue of Buddha placed open. Meanwhile, three levels above where the Buddha are placed in a stupa called holey Arupadhatu, symbolizing man who had freed from lust, appearance, and shape. The top of which is called the Nirwana Arupa, where the Buddha reside.
Each level has a beautiful relief-relief that shows how skillfully the author. Relief will be legible in runtut when you walk clockwise (the left of the entrance of temple). At Borobudur reliefnya tells a story about a very melegenda, the Ramayana. In addition, there is also relief that describes the conditions at that time. For example, relief of farmers' activity reflecting the progress of the agricultural system at that time and the ship is a relief representation of the progress of the voyage at that time Bergotta (Semarang).
Overall relief of the Borobudur temple reflect the teachings of the Buddha. Therefore, this temple can be a media education for those who want to learn the teachings of Buddha. YogYES invite you to corral every alley-narrow alley in Borobudur in order to understand the philosophy of Buddhism. Atisha, an Indian origin budhis on the 10 th century, visited the temple was built 3 centuries before Angkor Wat in Cambodia and 4 centuries before the cathedral in Europe this Court.
Blessing of the Borobudur and start a script from the teachings of Buddha Serlingpa (one of the king of the Kingdom of Sriwijaya), Atisha Buddhist teachings are able to develop. He became head of a monastery Vikramasila and teach about Tibetan practice Dharma. Six of the manuscript Serlingpa also summarized into a core teachings called "The Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment" or better known by the name Bodhipathapradipa.
One of the questions that now have not missed Borobudur is about how the condition around the temple when the temple was built and why it is found buried in the circumstances. Some say Borobudur initially stood dikitari swamp and hidden due to eruption of Merapi. Is essentially Kalkutta inscription reads' Amawa 'means ocean of milk. Word is then defined as the lava of Merapi. Some others say that Borobudur buried cold lava of Merapi.
With all the grandeur and mystery that is, reasonable if many people from all world penjru enter Borobudur as a place that must be visited in his life. Besides enjoying candinya, you can also get around to the villages around Borobudur, Karanganyar and Wanurejo like to see people make a craft activity. You can also go to the top of Watu Kendil to be able to see the panoramic view from the top of Borobudur. What are you waiting for? No need to worry earthquake 27 May 2006, because of Borobudur is not affected at all.

Enjoying Air Terjun Grojogan Sewu

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Tue, 03 Feb 2009 08:09:00 +0000

Until a new location in the parking area, we have faced in a scene that is very interesting. Primates caudate power long into the tourism attraction Grojogan Sewu, welcomed the arrival of the visitor.

But be careful, do not park cars too close to these primates. Without permission, could make cakaran kukunya cat scratches our car without forgiveness!

Water tourism Terjun Grojogan Sewu located at the foot of Mount Lawu the offer of a million beauty. With only pay the entrance of 4000 rupiah, we can enjoy the beautiful and dinginnya waterfall with a height of 81 meters this.

It is recommended not to bathe right under the waterfalls, if you do not want to enter the wind-chafed chafed or fall berton-ton water from an altitude of 80 meters. If you want to play the water, just around the waterfall only. The cold water flows with swift enough between large stones, especially during the rainy season. Very fun to play in the water between the large stones. Moreover, grain cold water from the waterfall to splatter our bodies, adding freshness.

For those who like swimming, provided two swimming pools for children and adults. We do not pay any sepeser to enjoy this facility, except if we want to rent or ban clothing pool.

Also quite tiring trip to this waterfall. From the entrance, we have hundreds of children down the stairs before reaching the location of waterfalls. Left on the right road, primates roam between vegetation growth, including resin, pine, bendo, and many other large trees.

In some corners of the stair, provided for a gazebo feel fatigue menapak hundreds of these children. Feeling tired but will terobati immediately after we reached the location of waterfalls:)

For the spirited adventurer, there is a hill that is ready to be explored, with the very nature captivate. Even the pair of middle dimabuk also love if you want to get the facilities in tandem location quiet. But be careful, lest kebablasan:)

Go Location
If you get off at Terminal Tirtonadi Solo, you can take bus direction Solo - Tawangmangu, with rates around 3500 rupiah. Travel for 1.5 hours through the city Karanganyar, then go through the uphill road Tawangmangu and serpentine. If it does not always go by bus, prepare a plastic bag at any time if the stomach contents should dimuntahkan:)

Bus department Solo - Tawangmangu only operate until 18:00 o'clock. Accidents often occur in the road, so on the night of the bus does not operate. If you are benighted, you can rent a car in the lot around the terminal Tirtonadi. However, you must first bargaining with the sopirnya.

Cold already so we can taste the buses start entering Karangpandan area. You will pass a park with a large statue of Semar, stranded in the middle of the garden. Formerly, the location is the Garden of Semar who now have no visitors.

You will go down in Terminal Tawangmangu. In front of this terminal, there is a traditional market, where you can buy various kinds of by-by to take home. From this terminal, you can walk to the waterfall tourism, transportation or ride L300 which usually also carry vegetables. You just pay the dollar in 1000 alone.

Sesampainya at the gate of tourism, please pay the entry ticket. Do not tempt primates to be about you, if you do not want to bear the risk.

Sate Rabbit
One of the favorite menu in Grojogan Sewu rabbit sate is commonly sold in locations around the waterfalls. Typically, it provides a floor mat to enjoy the rabbit sate lesehan. The price is only 5000 to 6000 rupiah saja. Quite cheap and delicious. Especially if accompanied by the tea warm.

In addition to sate rabbit, chicken sate is also the same price with rabbit sate. It is not much different. There are also selling roasted corn, which is very delicious.

For the visitor who does not forget a pad or mat, no worries. Many provide rental services business. There is no time limit rentals. Charge is quite cheap, and does not need to pay in advance. Repotnya but sometimes when we are finished using the mats, but the owner already knows where to go. If it is so, does not need to worry. Titipkan only to the friends of a fellow owner mats.

Horse ride
Location outside the waterfall, there are many rental horses can be walking around tourism. No need to worry, this horse is tame, and your trip will be accompanied by a horse owner.

lot of land on the island balinese

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Tue, 03 Feb 2009 07:32:00 +0000

Sunset Luhur a Pura Tanah Lot gave the impression that magical interesting tourists visiting from all over the world. Balinese is Dewata Island.

Sunset greet start. Gelayut between the cloud that is not so thick, the sun in the sky over Pura Tanah Lot Luhur start changing reddish. When the light overcast, the bulatannya appear intact. Visible behind the beautiful beautiful siluet temple.

Berkejaran pounding waves pound the rocks, to give other colors. Exotic! "I have never seen the greatness of God's amazing like this," as Dieter Feiertag, Austria is the origin of tourists afternoon to enjoy the sunset from the Tanah Lot Sunset Terrace, the area above the center of the meal up to 12 meter cliffs.

The beauty of the sunset is a major attraction areas in Tanah Lot tourism Beraban Village, Kediri District, Tabanan, Bali. Tanah Lot is about 20 km from Denpasar or can be applied for about 45 minutes.

Together with his wife, Dieter new first enjoy the sunset Tanah Lot confess satisfied. "It is interesting to enjoy the atmosphere of a quiet temple with the mighty waves deburan without stopping, sunset, and the surrounding natural charm," urainya. He hopes one day to return to Tanah Lot to enjoy similar things. "I definitely will come back," tekadnya.

Not only Dieter. Hundreds of foreign tourists to enjoy another look enthusiastic seconds mentari sinking behind the greatness Luhur Pura Tanah Lot. Most busy with the camera of each pocket, as if do not want to lose the moment. Some choose to enjoy the sunset while relaxing fun menyeruput young coconut ice, typical local drinks.

Sunset Terrace, terfavorit the place to enjoy the beautiful sunset in the land of the lot menghanyutkan. Called Sunset Terrace, where it is because of the red sun that are the most visible clash beautiful. Obviously, about 10 restaurants can be a choice in the area.

In others, the sunset in Tanah Lot area can be enjoyed with a different way. His area of 11 hectares that give a lot of options to enjoy the sunset position. One of the favorite position is Pura Batu air, ostensibly in the same area. Besides Luhur Pura Tanah Lot, there are seven others in the temple of this place. Pura Batu among air, upgrading Pura, Pura Jero Kandang, Enjung Galuh Pura, Pura Batu Mejan, Pura Luhur Pekendungan, and Pura Hyang Api. That's why the tour Tanah Lot is also one of the spiritual destination for Hindu people from different countries.

Looking to the sunset background Pura Batu air, the atmosphere offers no less passionate. Moreover, ostensibly on the high cliffs that stick to the sea is visible with a unique hole underneath. In Bali, means precisely perforated. That's why the temple called Pura Batu air.

When you want more impressive, the sunset in Tanah Lot area can also be enjoyed while witnessing Kecak performance, special traditional Balinese dance that depict the Ramayana legend classic. India's legendary love story is told Rama and Shinta, a similar love romance Romeo and Juliet story. With the background the sun sinking, ritmik movement penarinya birth siluet interesting. During that same movement, the sound of dozens of dancers akapela be naked chest and hold reverb. "Smack ... smack ... smack ..."

Sunset is the main attraction. But Tanah Lot tourism object has another attraction that is not less interesting. Luhur Pura Tanah Lot which is located on the cliffs above the sea, making it very unique. To reach the temple, visitors must wait until low tide.

However, by the region, tourists are not allowed into the temple area. "To avoid damage to temple sanctity. Only the people who want to pray can go to the temple," said Operations Manager Agency Tanah Lot Tourism Object, I Made Sujana.

Travelers permitted only to the holy water in front of the temple area. There's a unique water is purified. Although located in the middle of the sea, the water is pure feel fresh. Water comes from a small source of water that never runs out.

By the community, it can be trusted medication, soothe a mate, or even fulfill all our requests. Believe do not believe, many people who have to prove property is water.

Lake Toba

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Sat, 31 Jan 2009 09:43:00 +0000

Lake Toba is located in the area north sumatra. Kisahnya, the lake is' born 'from the eruption of Mount Merapi, and to this day known as the lake vulkanik night of the world. Beautiful panorama of Lake Toba appears to start the morning until sunset. So, if one does not become a nominator of Lake Toba on the wonders of the world event in 2008.

Not because I grew up in Lake Toba, but because I really will be amazed Benar2 lake Toba. Until the age of 21 years now, I am still a little daerah2 which encircle the lake Toba. However, I will be amazed Benar2 beauty.

In the middle of Lake Toba, there are islands called the island of Samosir. Formerly, this island is surrounded Benar2 the lake Toba. However, in line with the development of the era and the demands of life that should be completely quickly, I do not wrong, has dirintis way to connect the mainland with an island of Samosir land other (I forget his name, and this in sayup2 I really remember).

Time in 2006, we (along with the 05 PI-Del), Lake Toba was beset with the boat. Of course not all the fringe of Lake Toba surround us, a few only. I do get the areas which surround us, I remember that yesterday we to Batu Gantung. Kisahnya have a girl child who jumps to the lake Toba as forced marriage. I do not why, there is a stone-like girl and dog.

I also had to Tomok, tuk-tuk, Simanindo, and of course Pangururan Parapat. I want menyebrang from Parapat to Samosir Island, we use a certain ship (sea) transportation. Pas in the boat, the air cool and looks a vast lake Toba with the azure water.

I am fit to tuk-tuk, I also have ngeliat island (very small) of water surrounded the lake Toba. But according to friends who live in Tomok, the island was sold to the citizens of Dutch tourists. Unfortunately, if such situation.

I own clan (Batak ethnic group-red) Samosir. I also had to Onan Runggu. There is a potential area of beach used as a mini. But unfortunately not very good citizens and used the local government. And finally there grew water hyacinth with buasnya.

But it's just secuil from the 'evil' in the Lake Toba, and itupun due to human-based ulah around. More keindahan2 Lake Toba which is still foreign community in the ear, such as the beauty of Lake Toba in Pangururan so clear, the lake Toba in Pusuk Buhit that surrounded the mountain (which is not dijamah hand man), so that the original value of Lake Toba.

Lake Toba in sekitaran there is still an object can be visited, such as burying the first person in Batak Pusuk Buhit, Air Seven Men & The Hot Air in Pangururan, Air Terjun, and more.

Back to the surveys conducted by the New7Wonders Foundation, Lake Toba is reasonable as one of the nominator. Lake Toba new because this time appear as the nominator, so the possibility to win is still thin. However, the existence was not directly as the ad is to the world of lake Toba. And more and more polling numbers for Lake Toba, the more people of the world who will explore the lake Toba. Because of this, Select Lake Toba miracle As the World 2008

Bali Island Dinobatkan The World's Best

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Sat, 31 Jan 2009 09:34:00 +0000

Do not be sad if in fact we pride Borobudur temple including not only the magic world, but: The Forgotten Wonders, because the island of Bali is recognized the world more beauty than even Hawaii.

Bali Island Dinobatkan The World's Best by New York Magazine

Travel warning issued by several countries, including the United States, the interest does not affect U.S. citizens traveling to enjoy the beauty and comfort of Bali. This is evident from dinobatkannya Pulau Dewata back as The World's Best Island for the eighth time - or have six consecutive years - by a leading U.S. tourism magazine Travel + Leisure.
Magazine Travel + Leisure readers have ravel of 1 million copies.

On the evening reception held at The Morgan Library Museum, New York on Monday night (23 July 2007) present some of the foreign representatives, among others Konjen RI, Konjen Ecuador, Konjen Thailand, in addition to the tourism industry from various parts of the world.

RI Konjen in New York Trie Edi Mulyani representing Indonesia directly receive the award at the ceremony is guided by the editor in chief and publisher Nacy Novogrod July Mc Gowan from Travel + Leisure Magazine.

Politics is the result of a survey based on a number of specific criteria. For the world's best island, for example, the criteria set includes: natural attraction, activities / sights, restaurants / food, people, value.

On these criteria, Bali obtain the highest score (86.30) after Maui (86.22) in the second sequence, Kauai (85.92) in third order, and even Hawaii (84.40), which only ranks ninth.

Linkin Park

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Sat, 31 Jan 2009 03:08:00 +0000

Category: Music
Genre: Alternative Rock
Artist: Linkin Park

Previously, Hits Daily Double reports that the album Minutes to Midnight successfully sold between 550,000 up to 600,000 copies in first week of release. This acquisition is the highest number for a while in the opener for all of sunday album I release in the year 2007. Waow ....

Ngomongin latest Linkin Park album is, a lot of friends on some forums who feel disappointed with this album. In fact, not uncommon to have the main say hujat and trash this album. I do not dare to hear the comments before the first album. Finally, yesterday I successfully hear all the songs on the album Minutes to Midnight this. What can I say? THIS IS A GREAT ALBUM by Linkin Park! I do not agree with their opinions. For me, this is the best album of Linkin Park available.

Well, It has a lot of melody, lyrics, the lyrics are very touching, satiric inspiration and of course that well. People say now that Linkin Park Linkin Park is not that old. That is long-Linkin Park is a success with the album Hybrid Theory and Meteora it is. Yup, I agree with this. However, the old Linkin Park can still diihat in the body that Linkin Park recently. Of course, with a new way. So this time, we can get the old Linkin Park and Linkin Park in the same time. Cool, huh? I am a tough, they play in the adult. So, if you also share with adults Linkin Park, musti you like this album! Indeed, Minutes to Midnight can be spelled out as a great turn. But, in pikiranku, this album can be considered as a cross between "old LP" and "new LP." Well, when "new LP" is? That can diliat on their upcoming album. I am sure you will like it later. Metallica aja be changed, not the Linkin Park?

They have been working hard. He should be grateful to us Mike, Chester, Joe, Brad, Rob and Phoenix have been released because of this latest album. They do this not for themselves. Not also for the new producer, Rick Robin. But we, as their fans. Who felt himself Linkin Park fans, whether reasonable menghujat their latest album this? Ngakunya fans, but even I omongannya for behind the meaning of the word "fans" itself? * sigh *

Back to topic. Total in this album have 12 songs fruit. The first track opened with Wake, a song of its instrumental form throughout the 01:34 minutes. Nice opening! After that followed with the next track, Given Up. Music somewhat nge-rock and metal. Bass also dominate for at least a song. Chester increasingly vocal cry khasnya cooked with it. "What the f ** k is wrong with me?". Great song, btw!

Leave Out All The Rest, is the next song. Visible Chester sing a little bleak this insight with inspiration. If you know the lyrics to this song, you can be guaranteed to understand what you are in it.

Heard the song bleed it out, so remember the characters in the Linkin Park albums before. Shinoda start off here with his rap. Once completed, followed by Shadow Of The Day. Hmmm, somehow with you, but Menurutku this very inspired song with the band U2. Biar gitu, typical Linkin Park are still can be perceived in this song.

What is the next track I've Done, which is the first single from this album. Liriknya very touching. Moreover, watching video klipnya. Look how they want to convey the humanity of their own way. Steady! With the song What I've Done This, Linkin Park as if to prove to the fans and I pendengarnya they can still rock-nge. Bourdon drum game here looks creative and innovative.

Hands Held High, a song that's very unique. Once again Shinoda nge-rap here accompanied by a wasp ala drum burial in the military. Pas plus chorusnya says "Amen." May want to drop this track president George W Bush with the action to attack Iraq, it is. SMASHING! I made this song as a song favoriteku in this album.

The song is somewhat nge-trash, No More Sorrow. I am sure all fans certainly love with this song. Power-Chester screaming you can hear here while accompanied with heavy distortion on the guitar riff and drum playing that fast. Finished the song, through the In Between.

The electronic beat coupled with reggae guitar? The result can be heard on the song In Pieces. May also tuh. Solo guitar can also be found here.

Next is a Valentine's Day, a song Balada-pop that is very emotional. I believe engga, aja liriknya hear. Slow music, tasty and of course have heard high in the meaning.

Finally, also on the track until the last, The Little Things Give You Away. Longest duration of all the songs have. It's one of a great song! Starting with acoustic guitar passages and diselingin with electronic sound. In the middle of a song filled with the beautiful guitar solo. Chester inspiration in the songs in this. Aja liriknya see that says "All you've ever wanted was someone to truly look up to you. And six feet underwater, I do. " I believe this song is also a president George W Bush who is considered too late in dealing with victims of hurricane Katrina in New Orleans years yesterday.

Ahhh ... finally finished also to me-review album Minutes to Midnight this. Indeed difficult to review this song. To me-reviewnya until I hear this song in tens times in order to know what the meaning of the content of the song. Overall, I love this song rating 5 / 5 stars. Impressed royal? Not as well. Menurutku this is the best album ever made by Linkin Park. Music they are adults. No longer content to hear only songs that yell out mulu [what a pity ama Chester?]

Make the people who do not like with this album and wish Linkin Park album you remove the content exactly as the album Hybrid Theory, I suggest you buy a passable again aja album Hybrid Theory is still terpajang in cassette shops, take it home and set the volume highest. Satisfied?

Or if not, please buy the album the band-band music that seeks to rival or even style Linkin Park Hybrid Theory era. AND THAT JUST Eat Shit!

Thank you Linkin Park for your huge work on this record!

Track Listings [dr no 01 s / d 12]:
Wake [01:40] Given Up [03:10], Leave Out All The Rest [03:18], bleed it out [02:54], Shadow Of The Day [04:50], What I've Done [03:25] Hands Held High [03:53] No More Sorrow [03:38], Valentine's Day [03:15] In Between [03:14], In Pieces [03:37], The Little Things Give You Away [06:23]

Additional:
Linkin Park's official site: http://www.linkinpark.com
LP Underground: http://www.lpunderground.com
Minutes to Midnight's lyrics: http://minutes2midnight.com/lyrics/minutes_to_midnight
Hit Daily Double: http://www.hitsdailydouble.com
Download all every single songs: in search aja http://multiply.com/search

Ramos: Pindahlah, Saviola

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Sun, 25 Jan 2009 13:10:00 +0000

Berita Bola: Madrid - Kini nasib Javier Saviola tak lagi tergantung Real Madrid melainkan pemain yang bersangkutan. Pelatih Juande Ramos sudah menyarankan dia mencari klub lain -- yang lebih kecil.

Sudah satu tahun setengah Saviola berkerja di Santiago Bernabeu tapi sangat jarang dia mengenakan kostum putihnya di lapangan. Ia gagal memenangi hati pelatih terdahulu, Bernd Schuster, maupun Ramos, sehingga teramat jarang dimainkan.

Penyerang Argentina itu belum lama ini menyuarakan lagi keluhannya. Situasi ini, katanya, telah membuat hatinya susah.

Ramos, yang baru dua bulan menukangi El Merengues, tidak buta pada situasi Saviola. Namun saran dia simpel saja: pindahlah ke tempat lain.

"Wajar kalau pemain mengeluh. Saya suka pemain seperti itu ketimbang mereka tidak terganggung kalau tidak terpilih," tutur sang pelatih seperti dikutip dari Goal.com.

"Berambisi itu bagus. Tapi, di sebuah tim seperti Real Madrid, kalau pemain ingin bermain setiap menit, dia sebaiknya mencari tim yang lebih kecil," sambung Ramos.

"Kalau Saviola dimainkan, saya sulit melihat siapa yang harus dipinggirkan. Pemain-pemain di depan dia telah menunjukkan konsistensi yang memberinya jaminan di tim inti."

Saat ini Ramos mengandalkan skuad penyerangnya pada Raul Gonzalez, Gonzalo Higuain, dan Klaas-Jan Huntelaar. Ia juga memiliki gelandang-gelandang berdaya serang tinggi dalam diri Wesley Sneijder, Arjen Robben, dan Rafael van der Vart, di samping tentu saja Ruud van Nistelrooy yang tak bisa main sampai akhir musim karena cedera.

Messi Takkan Pindah ke Bernabeu

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Sun, 25 Jan 2009 13:08:00 +0000

Berita Bola: Barcelona - Lionel Messi dijadikan senjata kampanye seorang calon presiden Real Madrid. Tapi menurut ayah sang bintang, pemain Argentina itu takkan mengganti markasnya yang sekarang dengan Santiago Bernabeu.

Adalah Florentina Perez calon presiden yang dimaksud, yang akan mengikuti bursa di akhir musim ini. Bahwa merekrut bintang-bintang top biasa dijadikan sebagai iming-iming kampanye, ia konon ingin mendekati Messi supaya mau bergabung dengan El Real.

Perez pernah berhasil memboyong Luis Figo dari Nou Camp di tahun 2000, dan berniat melakukan hal serupa pada Messi. Namun, setelah Barcelona menepis isu tersebut, keluarga sang bintang pun mengatakan tidak.

"Dia bahagia di Nou Camp," kata Messi senior kepada El Mundo Deportivo. "Aku tahu Leo ingin bertahan dengan Barca dan takkan pernah pindah ke Madrid."

"Di Madrid mereka bisa mengatakan apapun yang mereka inginkan. Yang dapat aku katakan adalah, ini semua tergantung Messi karena ini adalah keputusan dia. Dan dia merasa sangat, sangat baik di Barcelona."

Selain Figo, El Barca juga pernah melepas beberapa pemain andalannya ke Bernabeu seperti Michael Laudrup dan Ronaldo.

Kaka ke Madrid Juga Tidak Mungkin

noreply@blogger.com (bagghaz) — Sat, 24 Jan 2009 12:58:00 +0000

Berita Bola: Milan - Setelah upaya Manchester City menggaet Kaka gagal, kabar yang berembus mengatakan bahwa pemain Brasil itu akan ke Real Madrid. AC Milan dengan tegas membantahnya.

Kaka dengan lugas menolak tawaran menggiurkan City pekan lalu. Salah satu faktor yang membuat transfer itu gagal terjadi juga akibat kengototan pemilik Milan Silvio Berlusconi mencegah Kaka pergi.

Setelah kabar dengan City surut, rumor tentang masa depan Kaka sekali lagi menyembul. Madrid ramai dikabarkan siap menggaet pemain 26 tahun itu pada akhir musim ini.

Berlusconi dengan tangkas menepis rumor itu. Pria yang juga Perdana Mentri Italia itu memberi jaminan kepada para tifosi Rossoneri bahwa Kaka adalah pemain Milan dan akan selamanya begitu.

"Kami juga sudah pernah menolak tawaran Real Madrid di masa lalu. Jadi saya tidak melihat ada alasan mengapa mereka terus mengejar Kaka dengan klaim semacam itu?" ujar Berlusconi kepada Sky Italia.

"Kami juga tidak akan mengubah pandangan kami. Karena Kaka adalah bagian yang teramat penting untuk masa depan kami," tegas Berlusconi.