Education & Science

NASA's Fermi Telescope Discovers First Gamma-Ray-Only Pulsar

Tue, 03 Nov 2009 11:35:03 -0600

NASA's Fermi Telescope Discovers First Gamma-Ray-Only Pulsar

WASHINGTON -- About three times a second, a 10,000-year-old stellar corpse sweeps a beam of gamma-rays toward Earth. Discovered by NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, the object, called a pulsar, is the first one known that only "blinks" in gamma rays.

"This is the first example of a new class of pulsars that will give us fundamental insights into how these collapsed stars work," said Stanford University's Peter Michelson, principal investigator for Fermi's Large Area Telescope in Palo Alto, Calif.

The gamma-ray-only pulsar lies within a supernova remnant known as CTA 1, which is located about 4,600 light-years away in the constellation Cepheus. Its lighthouse-like beam sweeps Earth's way every 316.86 milliseconds. The pulsar, which formed about 10,000 years ago, emits 1,000 times the energy of our sun.

A pulsar is a rapidly spinning neutron star, the crushed core left behind when a massive sun explodes. Astronomers have cataloged nearly 1,800 pulsars. Although most were found through their pulses at radio wavelengths, some of these objects also beam energy in other forms, including visible light and X-rays. However, the source in CTA 1 only pulses at gamma-ray energies.

"We think the region that emits the pulsed gamma rays is broader than that responsible for pulses of lower-energy radiation," explained team member Alice Harding at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "The radio beam probably never swings toward Earth, so we never see it. But the wider gamma-ray beam does sweep our way."

Scientists think CTA 1 is only the first of a large population of similar objects.

"The Large Area Telescope provides us with a unique probe of the galaxy's pulsar population, revealing objects we would not otherwise even know exist," says Fermi project scientist Steve Ritz, also at Goddard.

The pulsar in CTA 1 is not located at the center of the remnant's expanding gaseous shell. Supernova explosions can be asymmetrical, often imparting a "kick" that sends the neutron star careening through space. Based on the remnant's age and the pulsar's distance from its center, astronomers believe the neutron star is moving at about a million miles per hour -- a typical speed.

Fermi's Large Area Telescope scans the entire sky every three hours and detects photons with energies ranging from 20 million to more than 300 billion times the energy of visible light. The instrument sees about one gamma ray every minute from CTA 1, enough for scientists to piece together the neutron star's pulsing behavior, its rotation period, and the rate at which it is slowing down.

A pulsar's beams arise because neutron stars possess intense magnetic fields and rotate rapidly. Charged particles stream outward from the star's magnetic poles at nearly the speed of light to create the gamma-ray beams Fermi sees. Because the beams are powered by the neutron star's rotation, they gradually slow the pulsar's spin. In the case of CTA 1, the rotation period is increasing by about one second every 87,000 years.

"This observation shows the power of the Large Area Telescope," Michelson said. "It is so sensitive that we can now discover new types of objects just by observing their gamma-ray emissions."

NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is an astrophysics and particle physics partnership, developed in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy, along with important contributions from academic institutions and partners in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the U.S.

A paper about the new pulsar appears in the Oct. 16 edition of Science Express

Atomic Bomb Brief History

Tue, 03 Nov 2009 11:29:58 -0600

On August 2nd 1939, just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote to then President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Einstein and several other scientists told Roosevelt of efforts in Nazi Germany to purify U-235 with which might in turn be used to build an atomic bomb. It was shortly thereafter that the United States Government began the serious undertaking known only then as the Manhattan Project. Simply put, the Manhattan Project was committed to expedient research and production that would produce a viable atomic bomb.

The most complicated issue to be addressed was the production of ample amounts of `enriched' uranium to sustain a chain reaction. At the time, Uranium-235 was very hard to extract. In fact, the ratio of conversion from Uranium ore to Uranium metal is 500:1. An additional drawback is that the 1 part of Uranium that is finally refined from the ore consists of over 99% Uranium-238, which is practically useless for an atomic bomb. To make it even more difficult, U-235 and U-238 are precisely similar in their chemical makeup. This proved to be as much of a challenge as separating a solution of sucrose from a solution of glucose. No ordinary chemical extraction could separate the two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235 from U-238. Several scientists at Columbia University managed to solve this dilemma.

A massive enrichment laboratory/plant was constructed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H.C. Urey, along with his associates and colleagues at Columbia University, devised a system that worked on the principle of gaseous diffusion. Following this process, Ernest O. Lawrence (inventor of the Cyclotron) at the University of California in Berkeley implemented a process involving magnetic separation of the two isotopes.

Following the first two processes, a gas centrifuge was used to further separate the lighter U-235 from the heavier non-fissionable U-238 by their mass. Once all of these procedures had been completed, all that was needed to be done was to put to test the entire concept behind atomic fission.

Over the course of six years, ranging from 1939 to 1945, more than 2 billion dollars were spent on the Manhattan Project. The formulas for refining Uranium and putting together a working bomb were created and seen to their logical ends by some of the greatest minds of our time. Among these people who unleashed the power of the atomic bomb was J. Robert Oppenheimer.

Oppenheimer was the major force behind the Manhattan Project. He literally ran the show and saw to it that all of the great minds working on this project made their brainstorms work. He was amongst those who oversaw the entire project from its conception to its completion.

Finally the day came when all at Los Alamos would find out whether or not The Gadget (code-named as such during its development) was either going to be the colossal dud of the century or perhaps end the war. It all came down to a fateful morning of midsummer, 1945.

At 5:29:45 (Mountain War Time) on July 16th, 1945, in a white blaze that stretched from the basin of the Jemez Mountains in northern New Mexico to the still-dark skies, The Gadget ushered in the Atomic Age. The light of the explosion then turned orange as the atomic fireball began shooting upwards at 360 feet per second, reddening and pulsing as it cooled. The characteristic mushroom cloud of radioactive vapor materialized at 30,000 feet. Beneath the cloud, all that remained of the soil at the blast site were fragments of jade green radioactive glass...all of this caused by the heat of the reaction.

The brilliant light from the detonation pierced the early morning skies with such intensity that residents from a faraway neighboring community would swear that the sun came up twice that day. Even more astonishing is that a blind girl saw the flash 120 miles away.

Upon witnessing the explosion, reactions among the people who created it were mixed. Isidor Rabi felt that the equilibrium in nature had been upset -- as if humankind had become a threat to the world it inhabited. J. Robert Oppenheimer, though ecstatic about the success of the project, quoted a remembered fragment from Bhagavad Gita. "I am become Death," he said, "the destroyer of worlds." Ken Bainbridge, the test director, told Oppenheimer, "Now we're all sons of bitches."

Several participants, shortly after viewing the results, signed petitions against loosing the monster they had created, but their protests fell on deaf ears. As it later turned out, the Jornada del Muerto of New Mexico was not the last site on planet Earth to experience an atomic explosion.

As many know, atomic bombs have been used only twice in warfare. The first and foremost blast site of the atomic bomb is Hiroshima. A Uranium bomb (which weighed in at over 4 & 1/2 tons) nicknamed "Little Boy" was dropped on Hiroshima August 6th, 1945. The Aioi Bridge, one of 81 bridges connecting the seven-branched delta of the Ota River, was the aiming point of the bomb. Ground Zero was set at 1,980 feet. At 0815 hours, the bomb was dropped from the Enola Gay. It missed by only 800 feet. At 0816 hours, in the flash of an instant, 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 people were injured by a 10 kiloton atomic explosion.

The point of total vaporization from the blast measured one half of a mile in diameter. Total destruction ranged at one mile in diameter. Severe blast damage carried as far as two miles in diameter. At two and a half miles, everything flammable in the area burned. The remaining area of the blast zone was riddled with serious blazes that stretched out to the final edge at a little over three miles in diameter.

On August 9th 1945, Nagasaki fell to the same treatment as Hiroshima. Only this time, a Plutonium bomb nicknamed "Fat Man" was dropped on the city. Even though the "Fat Man" missed by over a mile and a half, it still leveled nearly half the city. Nagasaki's population dropped in one split-second from 422,000 to 383,000. 39,000 were killed, over 25,000 were injured. That blast was less than 10 kilotons as well. Estimates from physicists who have studied each atomic explosion state that the bombs that were used had utilized only 1/10th of 1 percent of their respective explosive capabilities.

While the mere explosion from an atomic bomb is deadly enough, its destructive ability doesn't stop there. Atomic fallout creates another hazard as well. The rain that follows any atomic detonation is laden with radioactive particles. Many survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki blasts succumbed to radiation poisoning due to this occurrence.

The atomic detonation also has the hidden lethal surprise of affecting the future generations of those who live through it. Leukemia is among the greatest of afflictions that are passed on to the offspring of survivors.

While the main purpose behind the atomic bomb is obvious, there are many by-products that have been brought into consideration in the use of all weapons atomic. With one small atomic bomb, a massive area's communications, travel and machinery will grind to a dead halt due to the EMP (Electro- Magnetic Pulse) that is radiated from a high-altitude atomic detonation. These high-level detonations are hardly lethal, yet they deliver a serious enough EMP to scramble any and all things electronic ranging from copper wires all the way up to a computer's CPU within a 50-mile radius.

Conclusively, at one time, during the early days of The Atomic Age, it was a popular notion that one day atomic bombs would be used in mining operations and perhaps aid in the construction of another Panama Canal. Needless to say, it never came about. Instead, the military applications of atomic destruction increased. Atomic tests off of the Bikini Atoll and several other sites were common up until the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was introduced. This treaty hopefully will be respected by all nations equally.

Reference/Source: Outlaw Labs

Interesting Facts

Mon, 02 Nov 2009 07:11:32 -0600

1. Coca-Cola Was Originally Green.

2. The Most Common Name In The World Is "Mohammed".

3. The Name Of All The Continents Ends With The Same Letter That They Start With.

4. The Strongest Muscle In The Body Is The Tongue.

5. There Are Two Credit Cards For Every Person In The United States.

6. TYPEWRITER Is The Longest Word That Can Be Typed Using The Letters Only On One Row Of The Keyboard.

7. Women Blink Nearly Twice As Much As Men!

8. You Can't Kill Yourself By Holding Your Breath.

9. Like Fingerprints, Everyone's Tongue Print Is Different

10. People Say "Bless You" When You Sneeze Because When You Sneeze, Your Heart Stops For A Millisecond.

11. It Is Physically Impossible For Pigs To Look Up Into The Sky.

12. The "Sixth Sick Sheik's Sixth Sheep's Sick" Is Said To Be The Toughest Tongue Twister In The English Language.

13. If You Sneeze Too Hard, You Can Fracture A Rib. If You Try To Suppress A Sneeze; You Can Rupture A Blood Vessel In Your Head Or Neck And Die.

14. Each King In A Deck Of Playing Cards Represents Great King From History."Spades" King David; "Clubs" Alexander The Great; " Hearts" Charlemagne; "Diamonds" Julius Caesar.

15. 111,111,111 X 111,111,111 =12,345,678, 987, 654,321

16. If A Statue Of A Warrior On A Horse Has Both Front Legs In The Air, The Person Died In Battle. If The Horse Has One Front Leg In The Air, The Person Died As A Result Of Wounds Received In Battle. If The Horse Has A All Four Legs On The Ground, The Person Died Of Natural Causes.

17. What Do Bullet Proof Vests, Fire Escapes, Windshield Wipers And Laser Printers All Have In Common? Answer: All Invented By Women.

18. Honey Is The Only Food That Doesn't Spoil.

19. A Crocodile Cannot Stick Its Tongue Out.

20. A Snail Can Sleep For Three Years.

21. All Polar Bears Are Left-Handed.

22. American Airlines Saved $40,000 In 1987 By Eliminating One Olive From Each Salad Served In First-Class.

23. Butterflies Taste With Their Feet.

24. Elephants Are The Only Animals That Can't Jump.

25. In The Last 4000 Years, No New Animals Have Been Domesticated.

26. On Average, People Fear Spiders More Than They Do Death.

27. Shakespeare Invented The Word 'Assassination' And 'Bump'.

28. Stewardesses Is The Longest Word Typed With Only The Left-Hand.

29. The Ant Always Falls Over On Its Right Side When Intoxicated.

30. The Electric Chair Was Invented By A Dentist.

31. The Human Heart Creates Enough Pressure When It Pumps Out To The Body To Squirt Blood 30 Feet.

32. Rats Multiply So Quickly That In 18 Months, Two Rats Could Have Over Million Descendants.

33. Wearing Headphones For Just An Hour Will Increase The Bacteria In Your Ear By 700 Times.

34. The Cigarette Lighter Was Invented Before The Match.

35. Most Lipstick Contains Fish Scales.

36. It Is Impossible To Lick Your Elbow.

37. And Finally Over 90% Of People Who Read This Will Try To Lick Their Elbow.

About Pakistan

Mon, 02 Nov 2009 06:30:57 -0600

m Here With A New Informative Topic ...

Jis Main Aap Say About Pakistan Sawalat Poochay Jain Gay ...

Jo Jawab Day Woh Chahay To Next Question Pooch Sakta Hai ...

Lets See Kon Apni Mother Nation K Baray Main Kitna Janta Hai

So Lets Start.....

Q: When And Where Was The First Educational Conference Held In Pakistan..?? ??

plzz!

Tue, 29 Sep 2009 02:20:26 -0500

AOA

i need some essays on electricity ......... can anyone give me today bcoz one day is only remaining

Be Like Water

Mon, 21 Sep 2009 20:23:56 -0500

Forbearing and wide minded

Don't you see it doesn't distinguish between the rich palaces and the poor cottages and between the rich gardens and the poor fields, while falling?

Soft

It is poured in vessels of different shapes, sizes and colors. It changes its shape without tructure

Pure

Don't you see, the sea is pure and purifies, nothing gets it muddy. If it is thrown with a stone, the surface will get muddy for a while but it gets back as it was rapidly.

Patient

Don't you see how the waves rush towards rocks one by one, day after day, week after week, century after century till they leave their effect on the rocks?

Wise

Don't you see when the it is very hot, it evaporates, and rises to the sky,
And when it is cool and nice, it condenses and back to the land in rain drops.

Friendly

Don't you see how much it is nice that dew which appears in the morning, dallies green plants leaves softly, and runs among morning breaths?

♥Describe ur School Life In 1 Word♥

Thu, 17 Sep 2009 22:25:16 -0500

Describe Your School Life In One Word !!

@ Crazy n Fantastic

FUUAST notifies date for submission of exam forms

Tue, 01 Sep 2009 23:44:48 -0500

The Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology (FUUAST), Karachi Monday notified that the examination forms for B. Sc. (Hon) part-I, II & III and M. Sc. part-I and final could be obtained from September 1 to 15 from National Bank Urdu University branch and submitted at concerned department. The candidates who failed last year in B. Sc. (Hon) part-I and II and M. Sc. part-I and final have to submit examination forms separately for both years.

Classes in public colleges to commence after Eid-ul-Fitr

Tue, 01 Sep 2009 23:42:56 -0500

The process of admissions to the first year classes in government sector colleges in Karachi is proceeding in a smooth manner, and academic activities would commence after Eid-ul-Fitr.

This was stated by the Director General Colleges Prof. Dr Rafiq Ahmed Siddiqui.

Siddiqui pointed out that the last date for submission of admission forms expired on August 29, after it was extended twice. He also informed that the total forms that have been received are more than 81,000, out of a total of 93,000 sold at 50 designated branches of Bank Al-Habib in the metropolis.

He said that faculty-wise lists of the successful candidates would be announced from September 3.

The list of the Computers and Home Economics faculties would be notified first and then of the remaining faculties after a gap of two to three days.

Siddiqui said that there are sufficient numbers of seats in the 124 government sector colleges in the metropolis and that no eligible candidate would be denied admission. He was of the view that there has been no delay in the process of admission despite of late issuance of marks sheets to many of the candidates by the Board of Secondary Education Karachi (BSEK).

Prof. Siddiqui said that those whose names would appear in the list of successful candidates would have to seek admission within a seven days’ period.

The process of teaching of the new entrants is expected to commence after Eid-ul-Fitr, he said.

Pre Admission Notice For Batch 2010

Wed, 19 Aug 2009 13:42:22 -0500

What Should Be In Pencil Box

Tue, 18 Aug 2009 23:50:35 -0500

salam

what should be in a pencil box ??

@ pencil
eraser
pen
ruler
tic tac
chewing gum
tofee

Lahore Results

Sat, 15 Aug 2009 04:25:59 -0500

Intermediate Part 2 result have announced

u can check ur result from these links

4 faisalabad board

http://www.bisefsd.edu.pk/Result.aspx

4 lahore board

http://www.biselahore.com/

Actual Test Answers

Fri, 14 Aug 2009 16:04:12 -0500

These are reputedly real answers to questions on science tests.

When you smell an odorless gas, it is probably carbon monoxide.

Water is composed of two gins, oxygin and hydrogin. Oxygin is pure gin. Hydrogin is gin and water.

Nitrogen is not found in Ireland because it is not found in a free state.

When you breathe, you inspire. When you do not breathe, you expire.

Three kinds of blood vessels are arteries, vanes, and caterpillars.

Before giving a blood transfusion, find out if the blood is affirmative or negative.

The moon is a planet just like the Earth, only it is even deader.

The pistol of a flower is its only protection against insects.

A fossil is an extinct animal. The older it is, the more extinct it is.

For fainting: Rub the person's chest, or, if it's a lady, rub her arm above the hand. Or put her head between the knees of the nearest medical doctor.

Equator: a menagerie lion running around Earth through Africa.

Rhubarb: a kind of celery gone bloodshot.

The skeleton is what is left after the insides have been taken out and the outsides have been taken off. The purpose of the skeleton is so that there is something to hitch the meat to.

To remove dust from the eye, pull the eye down over the nose.

The body consists of three parts - the brainium, the borax and the abominable cavity. The brainium contains the brain. The borax contains the heart and lungs, and the abominable cavity contains the bowels, of which there are five - A, E, I, O, and U.

\\//do U Like Examz? Yes/no?\\//

Sat, 08 Aug 2009 02:15:27 -0500

Hello

Do U like examz?

Which Book Are U Reading At The Moment

Fri, 31 Jul 2009 20:57:27 -0500

Which Book Are You Reading At The Moment?

Which Subject U Hate Most?

Tue, 28 Jul 2009 04:35:15 -0500

Which subject u hate most

me History oopps !!!

>> Sci3nc3 F@ct3 <<

Sun, 19 Jul 2009 11:39:13 -0500

$tr@ng3 $ci3nc3 F@ctS

1 – The speed of light is generally rounded down to 186,000 miles per second. In exact terms it is 299,792,458 m/s (equal to 186,287.49 miles per second).

2 – It takes 8 minutes 17 seconds for light to travel from the Sun's surface to the Earth.

3 – 10 percent of all human beings ever born are alive at this very moment.

4 – The Earth spins at 1,000 mph but it travels through space at an incredible 67,000 mph.

5 – Every year, over one million earthquakes shake the Earth.

6 – When Krakatoa erupted in 1883, its force was so great it could be heard 4,800 kilometers away in Australia.

7 – Every second around 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth.

8 – Every year lightning kills 1000 people.

9 – In October 1999 an Iceberg the size of London broke free from the Antarctic ice shelf .

10 – If you could drive your car straight up you would arrive in space in just over an hour.

11 – Human tapeworms can grow up to 22.9m.

12 – The Earth is 4.56 billion years old…the same age as the Moon and the Sun.

13 – The dinosaurs became extinct before the Rockies or the Alps were formed.

14 – Female black widow spiders eat their males after mating.

15 – When a flea jumps, the rate of acceleration is 20 times that of the space shuttle during launch.

16 – If our Sun were just inch in diameter, the nearest star would be 445 miles away.

17 – Astronauts cannot belch – there is no gravity to separate liquid from gas in their stomachs.

18 – The air at the summit of Mount Everest, 29,029 feet is only a third as thick as the air at sea level.

19 – One million, million, million, million, millionth of a second after the Big Bang the Universe was the size of a …pea.

20 – DNA was first discovered in 1869 by Swiss Friedrich Mieschler.

21 – The molecular structure of DNA was first determined by Watson and Crick in 1953.

22 – The first synthetic human chromosome was constructed by US scientists in 1997.

23 – The thermometer was invented in 1607 by Galileo.

24 – Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1866.

25 – Wilhelm Rontgen won the first Nobel Prize for physics for discovering X-rays in 1895.

26 – The tallest tree ever was an Australian eucalyptus – In 1872 it was measured at 435 feet tall.

27 – Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967 – the patient lived for 18 days.

28 – An electric eel can produce a shock of up to 650 volts.

29 – 'Wireless' communications took a giant leap forward in 1962 with the launch of Telstar, the first satellite capable of relaying telephone and satellite TV signals.

30 – The Ebola virus kills 4 out of every 5 humans it infects.

31 – In 5 billion years the Sun will run out of fuel and turn into a Red Giant.

Currency

Sat, 18 Jul 2009 01:38:28 -0500

COUNTRIES.................................CURRENCY

Afghanistan ...............................afghani (AFA)
Albania ................................................le k (ALL)
Algeria .....................................Algerian dinar (DZD)
American Samoa................................. US dollar (USD)
Andorra .......................................euro (EUR)
Angola .................................................. .kwanza (AOA)
Anguilla.......................................... .. East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Antigua and Barbuda................................. East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Argentina .........................................Argentine peso (ARS)
Armenia .........................................dram (AMD)
Aruba .............................................Aruba n guilder/florin (AWG)
Australia .........................................Australia n dollar (AUD)
Austria........................................... ........ euro (EUR)
Azerbaijan ......................................Azerbaijani manat (AZM)
Bahamas, ...............................The Bahamian dollar (BSD)
Bahrain ......................................Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Bangladesh..................................... taka (BDT)
Barbados ......................................Barbadian dollar (BBD)
Belarus .............................................Belar usian ruble (BYB/BYR)
Belgium ...........................................euro (EUR)
Belize ...........................................Belizea n .dollar (BZD)
Benin .........................................Communaut e Financiere Africaine franc (XOF)
Bermuda ........................................Bermudian dollar (BMD)
Bhutan ngultrum (BTN)...........................; Indian rupee (INR)
Bolivia .................................................. boliviano (BOB)
Bosnia and Herzegovina..................... marka (BAM)
Botswana.............................. ......pula (BWP)
Brazil .................................................. .....real (BRL)
British Virgin Islands ..............................US dollar (USD)
Brunei ...........................................Bruneia n dollar (BND)
Bulgaria ..............................................lev (BGL)
Burkina Faso .........................Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF)
Burma .......................................kyat (MMK)
Burundi........................................... ........ Burundi franc (BIF)
Cambodia.................................. riel (KHR)
Cameroon................................... Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF)
Canada ..............................................Cana dian dollar (CAD)
Cape Verde ........................................Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)
Cayman Islands ..................................Caymanian dollar (KYD)
Chile Chilean ..............................................peso (CLP)
China .................................................. yuan (CNY)
Christmas Island ............................................Austra lian dollar (AUD)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands ........................................Australian dollar (AUD)
Colombia ....................................Colombian peso (COP)
Comoros ...................................Comoran franc (KMF)
Congo, ................................Democratic Republic of the Congolese franc (CDF)
Costa Rica.............................................. Costa Rican colon (CRC)
Cote d'Ivoire .............................Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF)
Cyprus Greek Cypriot area:........................... Cypriot pound (CYP) Turkish........................................... ......... lira (TRL)
Czech Republic....................................... Czech koruna (CZK)
Denmark ................................................Da nish krone (DKK)
Djibouti ................................................Dj iboutian franc (DJF)
Dominica.......................................... . East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Dominican.................................. Republic Dominican peso (DOP)
East Timor...................................... US dollar (USD)
Ecuador ..................................US dollar (USD)
Egypt.................................... Egyptian pound (EGP)
El Salvador ..........................................US dollar (USD)
Equatorial Guinea......................... Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF)
Eritrea ...........................................nakfa (ERN)
Estonia...................................... Estonian kroon (EEK)
Ethiopia ........................................birr (ETB)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) .................................Falkland pound (FKP)
Faroe Islands ......................................Danish krone (DKK)
Fiji ................................ .......dollar (FJD)
Finland .................................................. ......euro (EUR)
France .................................................. .euro (EUR)
French Guiana .....................................euro (EUR)
French Polynesia .........................Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
Gabon....................................... Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF)
Gambia, .........................................The dalasi (GMD)
Gaza Strip.................................... new Israeli shekel (ILS)
Georgia........................................... lari (GEL)
Germany ..........................................euro (EUR)
Ghana .......................................cedi (GHC)
Gibraltar ...........................................Gibralt ar pound (GIP)
Greece .................................................. .......euro (EUR)
Greenland .......................................Danish krone (DKK)
Grenada ......................................East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Guadeloupe .....................................euro (EUR)
Guam .................................................U S dollar (USD)
Guatemala ............................quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed
Guernsey ...................................British pound (GBP)
Guinea .....................................Guinean franc (GNF)
Guinea-Bissau ........................Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF)
Guyana ..................................Guyanese dollar (GYD)
Haiti ........................................gourde (HTG)
Holy See (Vatican City) .............................euro (EUR)
Honduras.......................................... .... lempira (HNL)
Hong Kong ..............................Hong Kong dollar (HKD)
Hungary........................................ forint (HUF)
Iceland ..................................Icelandic krona (ISK)
India ..................................Indian rupee (INR)
Indonesia.............................. Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Iran................................. Iranian rial (IRR)
Iraq .................................New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004
Ireland .............................euro (EUR)
Israel ......................new Israeli shekel (ILS)
Italy .............................euro (EUR)
Jamaica .........................Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Japan........................... yen (JPY)
Jersey ................................British pound (GBP)
Jordan........................................... Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Kazakhstan ..............................tenge (KZT)
Kenya....................................... Kenyan shilling (KES)
Kiribati.................................. Australian dollar (AUD)
Korea, North ..............................North Korean won (KPW)
Korea, South .........................South Korean won (KRW)
Kuwait............................ Kuwaiti dinar (KD)
Laos...................... kip (LAK)
Latvia ...........................Latvian lat (LVL)
Lebanon........................ Lebanese pound (LBP)
Lesotho ............................loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)
Liberia................................ Liberian dollar (LRD)
Libya.................................. Libyan dinar (LYD)
Liechtenstein .............................Swiss franc (CHF)
Lithuania ...........................litas (LTL)
Luxembourg ...................................euro (EUR)
Macau ..................................pataca (MOP)
Macedonia ..............................Macedonian denar (MKD)
Madagascar ..............................Madagascar ariary (MGA)
Malawi.................................. Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Malaysia ................................ringgit (MYR)
Maldives........................................ rufiyaa (MVR)
Mali...................................... Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF)
Malta .........................................Maltese lira (MTL)
Man, Isle of................................... British pound (GBP)
Marshall Islands ...............................US dollar (USD)
Martinique ....................................euro (EUR)
Mauritania ......................................ouguiya (MRO)
Mauritius........................................ Mauritian rupee (MUR)
Mayotte ..........................................euro (EUR)
Mexico..................................... Mexican peso (MXN)
Micronesia,................................ Federated States of US dollar (USD)
Moldova .........................................Moldovan leu (MDL)
Monaco ...............................euro (EUR)
Mongolia ..............................togrog/tugrik (MNT)
Montserrat.................................... East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Morocco...................................... Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Mozambique................................. metical (MZM)
Namibia....................... Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)
Nauru........................................ Australian dollar (AUD)
Nepal ........................................Nepalese rupee (NPR)
Netherlands ...................................euro (EUR)
Netherlands Antilles ......................Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)
New Caledonia...................................... Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
New Zealand ...................................New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Nicaragua ................................gold cordoba (NIO)
Niger.................................... Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF)
Nigeria .................................................n aira (NGN)
Niue........................................ New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Norfolk Island........................................... Australian dollar (AUD)
Northern Mariana Islands .................................US dollar (USD)
Norway ................................................No rwegian krone (NOK)
Oman .............................................Omani rial (OMR)
Pakistan .....................Pakistani rupee (PKR)
Palau .................................US dollar (USD)
Panama........................... balboa (PAB);. US dollar (USD)
Papua .............................New Guinea kina (PGK)
Paraguay ........................................guarani (PYG)
Peru ...........................................nuevo sol (PEN)
Philippines ....................................Philippine peso (PHP)
Pitcairn Islands ........................New Zealand dollar (NZD
Poland................................. zloty (PLN)
Portugal ......................................euro (EUR)
Puerto Rico........................................ US dollar (USD)
Qatar ..................................Qatari rial (QAR)
Reunion................................. euro (EUR)
Romania....................................... leu (ROL)
Russia............................. Russian ruble (RUR)
Rwanda................................... Rwandan franc (RWF)
Saint Helena ................................Saint Helenian pound (SHP)
Saint Kitts and Nevis ...........................East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Lucia............................... East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon ..............................euro (EUR)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines .............East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Samoa ..................................tala (SAT)
San Marino ......................................euro (EUR)
Sao Tome and Principe .............................dobra (STD)
Saudi Arabia........................... Saudi riyal (SAR)
Senegal.......................... Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF)
Serbia and Montenegro ...........................new Yugoslav dinar (YUM)
Seychelles ............................Seychelles rupee (SCR)
Sierra. Leone ...........................................leone (SLL)
Singapore .............................Singapore dollar (SGD)
Slovakia ...............................Slovak koruna (SKK)
Slovenia ......................................tolar (SIT)
Solomon Islands ..............................Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)
Somalia ..................................Somali shilling
South Africa......................................... rand (ZAR)
Spain............................................. .. euro (EUR)
Sri Lanka .................................Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)
Sudan ...........................................Sudanes e dinar (SDD)
Suriname..................................... Surinamese dollar (SRD)
Svalbard ........................................Norwegian krone (NOK)
Swaziland......................................... .... lilangeni (SZL)
Sweden......................................... Swedish krona (SEK)
Switzerland Swiss............................... franc (CHF)
Syria .......................................Syrian pound (SYP)
Taiwan................................... new Taiwan dollar (TWD)
Tajikistan ..........................................somoni
Tanzania ...................................Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
Thailand............................. baht (THB)
Togo .......................................Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF)
Tokelau .......................................New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Tonga .......................................pa'anga (TOP)
Trinidad and Tobago ...............................trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)
Tunisia ........................................Tunisian dinar (TND)
Turkey ....................................Turkish lira (TRL), New Turkish lira (YTL)
Turkmenistan ...............................Turkmen manat (TMM)
Turks and Caicos Islands ......................US dollar (USD)
Tuvalu ...............................................Aus tralian dollar (AUD)
Uganda ..........................................Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Ukraine ..........................................hryvnia (UAH)
United Arab Emirates............................. Emirati dirham (AED)
United Kingdom.............................. British pound (GBP)
United States ......................................US dollar (USD)
Uruguay ....................................Uruguayan peso (UYU)
Uzbekistan .............................Uzbekistani sum (UZS)
Vanuatu.................................. vatu (VUV)
Venezuela............................... bolivar (VEB)
Vietnam .......................................dong (VND)
Virgin Islands ...................................US dollar (USD)
Wallis and Futuna ...............Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
West Bank...................... new Israeli shekel (ILS)Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Western Sahara ................................Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Yemen ........................................Yemeni rial (YER)
Zambia.................... ...................Zambian kwacha (ZMK)
Zimbabwe............... .....................Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD

B.a./b.sc. Annual Examination 2009

Thu, 16 Jul 2009 03:41:15 -0500

Universisty of punjab (lahore) has announced B.A/B.Sc. result

here a link

http://www.pu.edu.pk/results/details.asp?result%20id=1948

u can check ur result

this year 27 point something candidates have passed exam of graduation.

Faisalabad Results

Thu, 16 Jul 2009 03:16:06 -0500

Result H.S.S.C (part 1)

date of declaration of H.S.S.C (part1) annual examintation 2009 is 15 september

Result H.S.S.C (part 2)

date of declaration of H.S.S.C (part2) annual examintation 2009 is 15 august

Result S.S.C (10 th)

date of declaration of S.S.C (10th) annual examintation 2009 is 1 august

Result S.S.C (9th)

date of declaration of S.S.C (9th)annual examintation 2009 is 25 august

Beautiful Garden Inside Our Body

Thu, 02 Jul 2009 07:30:27 -0500

SEE THIS

1. This image of red blood cells is one of a series appearing in the book Inside The Body: Fantastic Images from Beneath the Skin.

2. Here the blood cells are travelling along a vein within the liver. The images are provided by the Science Photo Library.

3. This bead-like structure with its projecting legs is a nerve cell. It sends signals and commands to and from the brain.

4. This dirty-looking surface is actually a healthy tooth. The cells in the green layer produce enamel, which protects the tooth.

5. A cross section of a piece of carpet? This is actually the small intestine where food is digested.

6. The surface of the tongue is rough due to these paillae, which contain the taste buds and send tactile information to the brain.

7. The cells lining the stomach secrete a layer of mucus to protect against the acidic gastric juices.

8. These crystals may look pretty, but the kidney stones they form can be extremely painful to pass through the urine.

9. These match-like structures are found in the brain and secrete a substance that cushions the brain and spinal cord against shock.

10. Rose petals scattered on a scarlet divan? This is actually the lining of the rectum. The book's publisher is Cassell Illustrated.

Facts About Blood

Wed, 01 Jul 2009 21:56:34 -0500

1-There is no substitute for human Blood.

2-Blood makes up about 7% of your body's weight.

3-An average adult has about 14 to 18 pints of Blood.

4-One standard unit or pint of Blood equals about two cups.

5-Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to all of the body.

6-Blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal.

7-Blood fights against infection and helps heal wounds.

8-One unit of donated whole Blood is separated into components before use
(red Blood cells, white Blood cells, plasma, platelets, etc.)

9-There are four main Blood types: A, B, AB and O.

10-Each Blood type is either Rh positive or negative.

M.b.b.s Final Annual Result 2009

Wed, 01 Jul 2009 04:14:06 -0500

Results of M.B.B.S. Final Professional, Annual Examination 2009
Roll NumberStatus 99001Passed 99002Passed 99003Passed 99004Passed 990053rd Position 99006Passed 99007Passed 99008Passed 99009Passed 99010Passed 99011Passed 99012Passed 99013Passed 99014Passed 99015Passed 99016Passed 99017Passed 99018Passed 99019Passed 99020Passed 99021Passed 99022Passed 99023Passed 99024Passed 99051Passed 99052Passed 99054Passed 99056Passed 99057Passed 99058Passed 99059Passed 99060Passed 99061Passed 99062Passed 99063Passed 99065Passed 99066Passed 99067Passed 99068Passed 99069Passed 99070Passed 99072Passed 99073Passed 99074Passed 99075Passed 99076Passed 99077Passed 99078Passed 99079Passed 99080Passed 99081Passed 99082Passed 99083Passed 99084Passed 99085Passed 99086Passed 99087Passed 99088Passed 99090Passed 99092Passed 99093Passed 99094Passed 99095Passed 99102Passed 99103Passed 99104Passed 99105Passed 99106Passed 99107Passed 99108Passed 99109Passed 99131Passed 99132Passed 99133Passed 99134Passed 99135Passed 99136Passed 99137Passed 99138Passed 99139Passed 99140Passed 99141Passed 99142Passed 99143Passed 99144Passed 99145Passed 99146Passed 99147Passed 99148Passed 99149Passed 99150Passed 99151Passed 99152Passed 99153Passed 99154Passed 99155Passed 99156Passed 99157Passed 99158Passed 99159Passed

Roll NumberStatus 99160Passed 99161Passed 99162Passed 99163Passed 99164Passed 99165Passed 99166Passed 99167Passed 99168Passed 99169Passed 99170Passed 99171Passed 99201Passed 99202Passed 99203Passed 99204Passed 99205Passed 99206Passed 99208Passed 99209Passed 99210Passed 99211Passed 99212Passed 99213Passed 99214Passed 99215Passed 99216Passed 99217Passed 99218Passed 99219Passed 99220Passed 99221Passed 99222Passed 99224Passed 99226Passed 99227Passed 99228Passed 99229Passed 99230Passed 99231Passed 99232Passed 99233Passed 99234Passed 99235Passed 99236Passed 99237Passed 99238Passed 99239Passed 99240Passed 99241Passed 99242Passed 99243Passed 99244Passed 99245Passed 99246Passed 99248Passed 99249Passed 99250Passed 99251Passed 99253Passed 99254Passed 99255Passed 992561st Position 99257Passed 99258Passed 99259Passed 99261Passed 99262Passed 99263Passed 99264Passed 99265Passed 99266Passed 99267Passed 99268Passed 99269Passed 99270Passed 99271Passed 99272Passed 99273Passed 99274Passed 99275Passed 99276Passed 99277Passed 99278Passed 99280Passed 99281Passed 99282Passed 99283Passed 99284Passed 992852nd Position 99286Passed 99287Passed 99288Passed 99303Passed 99304Passed 99309Passed 99310Passed 99311Passed 99336Passed 99337Passed

Roll NumberStatus 99401Passed 99402Passed 99403Passed 99405Passed 99407Passed 99408Passed 99409Passed 99410Passed 99431Passed 99432Passed 99435Passed 99436Passed 99438Passed 99439Passed 99441Passed 99444Passed

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The Six Pillars Of A Character :!

Wed, 01 Jul 2009 03:13:26 -0500

These six core ethical values form the foundation of character :

Integrity

· Be honest
· Don't deceive, cheat or steal
· Be reliable — do what you say you'll do
· Have the courage to do the right thing
· Build a good reputation
. Be loyal — stand by your family, friends and country

Respect

· Treat others with respect; follow the Golden Rule
· Be tolerant of differences
· Use good manners, not bad language
· Be considerate of the feelings of others
· Don't threaten, hit or hurt anyone
· Deal peacefully with anger, insults and disagreements

Responsibility

· Do what you are supposed to do
· Persevere: keep on trying!
· Always do your best
· Use self-control
· Be self-disciplined
· Think before you act — consider the consequences
· Be accountable for your choices

Fairness - Play by the rules

· Take turns and share
· Be open-minded; listen to others
· Don't take advantage of others
· Don't blame others carelessly

Caring

· Be kind
· Be compassionate and show you care
· Express gratitude
· Forgive others
· Help people in need

Belonging

· Do your share to make your school and community better
· Cooperate
· Stay informed; vote
· Be a good neighbour
· Obey laws and rules
· Respect authority
· Protect the environment

:::amazing Fact$:::

Tue, 30 Jun 2009 22:05:08 -0500

1) Longest English Word:
Praetertranssubstan tiationalistical ly has 37 letters.

2) Book Without Letter "e":
GADFY, written by Earnest Wright in 1939 is a 50,000+ word book, which doesn't
contain a
single word with 'e' in it

3) Word without Vowel:
Rhythm
Sky
Fry
Cry

4) Human Brain:
Organ of body which has no sensation when cut.

5) Crocodile:
Only animal & reptile which sheds tear while eating.

6) No of Alphabets, which SOUND as WORDS:

They are

** **B* Bee *
** **C* Sea*
** **G** * Zee*
** ** I* Eye *
** ** Q* Queue*
** ** R* Are *
** ** S* Yes *
** **T* Tea* **
** ** U* You *
** ** Y* Why