indahnya berbagi| dyze'chambers blog

Pengertian Subnetting, Netmask, Network ID, Default Gateway & Broadcast

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Thu, 07 May 2009 08:40:00 +0000

Subnetting

Kita juga harus menguasai konsep subnetting untuk mendapatkan IP address baru, dimana dengan cara ini kita dapat membuat network ID baru dari suatu network yang kita miliki sebelumnya. Subnetting digunakan untuk memecah satu buah network menjadi beberapa network kecil.

Untuk memperbanyak network ID dari suatu network id yang sudah ada, dimana sebagaian host ID dikorbankan untuk digunakan dalam membuat ID tambahan

Ingat rumus untuk mencari banyak subnet adalah 2 n – 2
N = jumlah bit yang diselubungi

Dan rumus untuk mencari jumlah host per subnet adalah 2 m – 2
M = jumlah bit yang belum diselubungi

Contoh kasus dengan penyelesaian I :

Ip address 130.200.0.0 dengan subnet mask 255.255.224.0 yang diidentifikasi sebagai kelas B.

Subnet mask : 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
3 bit dari octet ke 3 telah digunakan , tingal 5 bit yang belum diselubungi maka banyak kelompok subnet yang bisa dipakai adalah kelipatan 2 5 = 32 (256 – 224 = 32)
32 64 96 128 160 192 224

Jadi Kelompok IP yang bisa digunakan dalah ;

130.200.0.0 - 130.200.31.254 ? subnet loopback
130.200.32.1 - 130.200.63.254
130.200.64.1 - 130.200.95.254
130.200.96.1 - 130.200.127.254
130.200.128.1 - 130.200.159.254
130.200.160.1 - 130.200.191.254
130.200.192.1 - 130.200.223.254

Contoh kasus dengan penyelesaian II :

Terdapat network id 130.200.0.0 dengan subnet 255.255.192.0 yang termasuk juga kelas B, cara lain untuk menyelesaikannya adalah ;

• Dari nilai octet pertama dan subnet yang diberikan, dapat diketahui IP address adalah kelas B yang octet ketiga diselubungi dengan angka 192…
• Hitung dengan rumus (4 oktet – angka yang diselubung) 256 – 192 = 64
• Jadi kelompok subnet yang dapat dipakai adalah kelipatan 64 dan 128.

Jadi kelompok ip yang dapat dipakai adalah
130.200.64.1 sampai 130.200.127.254
130.200.128.1 sampai 130.200.199.254

Kasus ;
Kita memiliki kelas B dengan network ID 130.200.0.0 dengan subnet mask 255.255.224.0

Dengan cara yang sama diatas sebelumnya ;
• Dari nilai octet pertama dan subnet yang diberikan dapat diketahui IP address adalah kelas B dengan octet ketiga terseluibung dengan angka 224
• Hitung dengan rumus (256-224) =32
• Jadi kelompok subnet yang dapat dipakai adalah kelipatan 32 yaitu 64 96 128 160 192

Dengan demikian, kelompok IP address yang dapat dipakai adalah ;
130.200.32.1 sampai 130.200.63.254
130.200.64.1 sampai 130.200.95.254
130.200.96.1 sampai 130.200.127.254
130.200.128.1 sampai 130.200.159.254
130.200.160.1 sampai 130.200.191.254
130.200.192.1 sampai 130.200.223.254

Kasus :

misalkan kita menggunakan kelas C dengan network address 192.168.81.0 dengan subnet mask 255.255.255.240, maka

• Dari nilai octet pertama dan subnet yang diberikan dapat diketahui IP address adalah kelas C dengan oktat ketiga terselubung dengan angka 240
• Hitung (256 – 240) = 16
• Maka kelompok subnet yang dapat digunakan adalah kelipatan 16, yaitu 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224

Maka kelompok IP address yang dapat digunakan adalah ;

192.168.81.17 sampai 192.168.81.20
192.168.81.33 sampai 192.168.81.46
192.168.81.49 sampai 192.168.81.62
192.168.81.65 sampai 192.168.81.78
192.168.81.81 sampai 192.168.81.94
192.168.81.97 sampai 192.168.81.110
192.168.81.113 sampai 192.168.81.126
192.168.81.129 sampai 192.168.81.142
192.168.81.145 sampai 192.168.81.158
192.168.81.161 sampai 192.168.81.174
192.168.81.177 sampai 192.168.81.190
192.168.81.193 sampai 192.168.81.206
192.168.81.209 sampai 192.168.81.222
192.168.81.225 sampai 192.168.81.238

Kasus :

Sebuah perusahaan yang baru berkembang mempunyai banyak kantor cabang dan tiap kantor cabang mempunyai 255 workstation, network address yang tersedia adalah 164.10.0.0, buatlah subnet dengan jumlah subnet yang terbanyak

Penyelesaian ; 164.10.0.0 berada pada kelas B, berarti octet 3 dan 4 digunakan untuk host, sedangkan 1 kantor cabang ada 254 host, maka ambil 1 bit lagi dari octet ke 3 agar cukup.

Maka subnetmask yang baru
11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
255. 255. 254. 0

Subnet yang tersedia adalah 256 – 254 = 2, maka subnetnya kelipatan 2 sampai dengan 254.

Jumlah subnet (2 7 – 2) = 128 – 2 = 26 subnet
Jumlah host / subnetnya (2 9 - 2 ) = 512 – 2 = 510 host

164.10.0.0 sampai 164.10.1.0 ? dibuang
164.10.2 .1 sampai 164.10.3.254
164.10.4.1 sampai 164.10.5.254
164.10.6.1 sampai 164.10.7.254
164.10.8.1 sampai 164.10.9.254
.
.
.
164.10.252.1 sampai 164.10.253.254

Kasus :

Kita mendapatkan IP dari ISP yaitu 192.168.20.0 untuk alamat network dan subnet masknya 255.255.255.192 ini berarti notasi /26.

Jumlah subnet adalah 192, berarti 11000000, maka 22 – 2 = 2
Berapa banyak host per subnet, 26 – 2 = 62 host
Hitung subnet yang valid 256 – 192 = 64 subnet, maka terus tambahkan block size sampai angka subnet mask. 64 + 64 = 128. 128 + 64 = 192, yang tidak valid karena ia adalah sebuah subnet mask. Maka subnet yang valid adalah 64 dan 128.

Subnet 64 128
Host pertama 65 129
Host terakhir 126 190
Alamat Broadcast 127 191

Cara membaca tabel diatas yaitu dari atas ke bawah untuk setiap kolom subnet, contoh: kolom pertama subnet 64 atau lengkapnya 192.168.20.64 memunyai host pertama 65 atau 192.168.20.65, host terakhir 126 atau 192.168.20.126 dan alamat broadcast di 127 atau 192.168.20.127.

Kasus

Kita mendapatkan IP dari ISP yaitu 192.168.10.0 untuk alamat network dan subnet masknya 255.255.255.224 ini berarti notasi /27.

Berapa jumlah subnet, 224 adalah 11100000, jadi 23-3 = 6
Berapa banyak host per subnet, 25 – 2 = 30 host
Hitung subnet yang valid 256 – 224 = 32
32 + 32 = 64
64 + 32 = 96
96 + 32 = 128
128 + 32 = 160
160 + 32 = 192
192 + 32 = 224
224 tidak valid karena ia adalah sebuah subnet mask. Maka subnet yang valid adalah
32, 64, 96,128,160,129,224

Subnet 32 64 96 128 160 192
Host pertama 33 65 97 129 161 193
Host terakhir 62 94 126 158 190 222
Alamat Broadcast 63 95 127 159 191 223

Cara membaca tabel diatas yaitu dari atas ke bawah untuk setiap kolom subnet, contoh: kolom pertama subnet 32 atau lengkapnya 192.168.10.32 memunyai host pertama 33 atau 192.168.10.33, host terakhir 62 atau 192.168.10.62 dan alamat broadcast di 63 atau 192.168.10.63.

Kasus kelas C

Kita mendapatkan IP dari ISP yaitu 192.168.10.0 untuk alamat network dan subnet masknya 255.255.255.224 ini berarti notasi /27.

Subnet 32 64 96 128 160 192
Host pertama 33 65 97 129 161 193
Host terakhir 62 94 126 158 190 222
Alamat Broadcast 63 95 127 159 191 223

Kasus :

Di sebuah perusahaan manufacturing yang mempunyai banyak bagian dalam perusahaan tersebut, dimana setiap bagian mempunyai 700 host, network address yang didapat adalah 171.168.10.0, berarti ini kelas B…perhatikan bagaimana jika kita menggunakan kelas C karena kelas C hanya dapat menampung host sebanyak 254 !!!

Classless Inter-Domain Rouitng (CIDR)

Suatu metode yang digunakan oleh ISP untuk mengalokasikan sejumlah alamat pada perusahaan, kerumah seorang pelanggan. ISP menyediakan ukuran blok (block size) tertentu.

Contoh : kita mendapatkan blok IP 192.168.32/28. notasi garis miring atau slash notation (/) berarti berapa bit yang bernilai 1 (contoh diatas adalah /28 berarti ada 28 bit yang bernilai 1).

Nilai maksimum setelah garing adala /32. karena satu byte adalah 8 bit dan terdapat 4 byte dalam sebuah alamat IP (4 x 8 = 32). Namun subnet mask terbesar tanpa melihar class alamatnya adalah hanya /30, karena harus menyimpan paling tidak dua buah bit sebagai bit dan host.

Nilai CIDR

255.0.0.0 /8
255.128.0.0 /9
255.192.0.0 /10
255.224.0.0 /11
255.240.0.0 /12
255.248.0.0 /13
255.252.0.0 /14
255.254.0.0 /15
255.255.0.0 /16
255.255.128.0 /17
255.255.192.0 /18
255. 255.224.0 /19
255. 255.240.0 /20
255. 255.248.0 /21
255. 255.252.0 /22
255. 255.254.0 /23
255. 255.255.0 /24
255.255. 255.128 /25
255.255. 255.192 /26
255. 255. 255.224 /27
255. 255. 255.240 /28
255. 255. 255.248 /29
255. 255. 255.252 /30

Keterangan : pola yang dimaksudkan adalah pola 128, 192, 224, 240, 248, 252, dan 254
Dimana 128 dalam binary yaitu = 10000000 (1 bit subnet), 192 dalam binary yaitu 11000000 (2 bit binary) dan seterusnya. Maka hafalkan pola 128, 192, 224, 240, 248, 252 dan 254.

Contoh latihan subnetting : alamat class B

Alamat Network 172.16.0.0 dan subnet mask 255.255.192.0

Subnet 192 = 11000000, 2 2 – 2 = 2
Host 2 14 – 2 = 16.382 (6 bit di octet ketiga, dan 8 bit di octet keempat)
Subnet yang valid 256 – 192 = 64. 64 + 64 = 128

Subnet 64.0 128.0
Host pertama 64.1 128.1
Host terakhir 127.254 192.254
Broadcast 127.255 199.255

Keterangan, maka subnet 64.0 atau 172.16.64.0, mempunyai host pertama 64.1 atau 172.16.64.1 sampai dengan 171.16.127.254 dan alamat broadcastnya 172.16.127.255

Contoh latihan subnetting : alamat class A

Alamat Network 10.0.0.0 dan subnet mask 255.255.0.0

Subnet 255 = 11111111, 2 8 – 2 = 254
Host 2 16 – 2 = 65.534
Subnet yang valid 256 – 255 = 1, 2 , 3 dan seterusnya. (semua di octet kedua). Subnetnya menjadi 10.1.0.0, 10.2.0.0, 10.3.0.0 dan seterusnya sampai 10.254.0.0

Subnet 10.1.0.0 … 10.254.0.0
Host pertama 10.1.0.1 … 10.254.0.1
Host terakhir 10.1.255.254 … 10.254.255.254
Broadcast 10.1.255.255 … 10.254.255.255

NETMASK/SUBNETMASK

Untuk pengelompokan pengalamatan, selain nomor IP dikenal juga netmask atau subnetmask. Yang besarnya sama dengan nomor IP yaitu 32 bit. Ada tiga pengelompokan besar subnet mask yaitu dengan dikenal, yaitu 255.0.0.0 , 255.255.0.0 dan 255.0.0.0.
Pada dunia jaringan, subnetmask tersebut dikelompokkan yang disebut class dikenal tiga class yaitu :
1. Class A, adalah semua nomor IP yang mempunyai subnetmask 255.0.0.0
2. Class B, adalah semua nomor IP yang mempunyai subnetmask 255.255.0.0
3. Class C, adalah semua nomor IP yang mempunyai subnetmask 255.255.255.0

Gabungan antara IP dan Netmask inilah pengalamatan komputer dipakai. Kedua hal ini tidak bisa lepas. Jadi penulisan biasanya sbb :

IP : 202.95.151.129
Netmask : 255.255.255.0

Suatu nomor IP kita dengan nomor IP tetangga dianggap satu kelompok (satu jaringan) bila IP dan Netmask kita dikonversi jadi biner dan diANDkan, begitu juga nomor IP tetangga dan Netmask dikonversi jadi biner dan diANDkan, jika kedua hasilnya sama maka satu jaringan. Dan kita bisa berhubungan secara langsung.

Ketika kita berhubungan dengan komputer lain pada suatu jaringan, selain IP yang dibutuhkan adalah netmask. Misal kita pada IP 10.252.102.12 ingin berkirim data pada 10.252.102.135 bagaimana komputer kita memutuskan apakah ia berada pada satu jaringan atau lain jaringan? Maka yang dilakukan adalah mengecek dulu netmask komputer kita karena kombinasi IP dan netmask menentukan range jaringan kita.
Jika netmask kita 255.255.255.0 maka range terdiri dari atas semua IP yang memiliki 3 byte pertama yang sama. Misal jika IP saya 10.252.102.12 dan netmask saya 255.255.255.0 maka range jaringan saya adalah 10.252.102.0-10.252.102.255 sehingga kita bisa secara langsung berkomunukasi pada mesin yang diantara itu, jadi 10.252.102.135 berada pada jaringan yang sama yaitu 10.252.102 (lihat yang angka-angka tercetak tebal menunjukkan dalam satu jaringan karena semua sama).
Dalam suatu organisasi komersial biasanya terdiri dari beberapa bagian, misalnya bagian personalia/HRD, Marketing, Produksi, Keuangan, IT dsb. Setiap bagian di perusahaan tentunya mempunyai kepentingan yang berbeda-beda. Dengan beberapa alasan maka setiap bagian bisa dibuatkan jaringan lokal sendiri – sendiri dan antar bagian bisa pula digabungkan jaringannya dengan bagian yang lain.
Ada beberapa alasan yang menyebabkan satu organisasi membutuhkan lebih dari satu jaringan lokal (LAN) agar dapat mencakup seluruh organisasi :
? Teknologi yang berbeda. Dalam suatu organisasi dimungkinkan menggunakan bermacam teknologi dalam jaringannya. Semisal teknologi ethernet akan mempunyai LAN yang berbeda dengan teknologi FDDI.
? Sebuah jaringan mungkin dibagi menjadi jaringan yang lebih kecil karena masalah performanasi. Sebuah LAN dengan 254 host akan memiliki performansi yang kurang baik dibandingkan dengan LAN yang hanya mempunyai 62 host. Semakin banyak host yang terhubung dalam satu media akan menurunkan performasi dari jaringan. Pemecahan yang paling sedherhana adalah memecah menjadi 2 LAN.
? Departemen tertentu membutuhkan keamanan khusus sehingga solusinya memecah menjadi jaringan sendiri.

Pembagian jaringan besar ke dalam jaringan yang kecil-kecil inilah yang disebut sebagai subnetting. Pemecehan menggunakan konsep subnetting. Membagi jaringan besar tunggal ke dalam sunet-subnet (sub-sub jaringan). Setiap subnet ditentukan dengan menggunakan subnet mask bersama-sama dengan no IP.

Pada subnetmask dalam biner, seluruh bit yang berhubungan dengan netID diset 1, sedangkan bit yang berhubungan dengan hostID diset 0.
Dalam subnetting, proses yang dilakukan ialah memakai sebagian bit hostID untuk membentuk subnetID. Dengan demikian jumlah bit yang digunakan untuk HostID menjadi lebih sedikit. Semakin panjang subnetID, jumlah subnet yang dibentuk semkain banyak, namun jumlah host dalam tiap subnet menjadi semakin sedikit.

Gambar pembentukan subnet

Cara Pembentukan Subnet :

Misal jika jaringan kita adalah 192.168.0.0 dalm kelas B (kelas B memberikan range 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255). Ingat kelas B berarti 16 bit pertama menjadi NetID yang dalam satu jaringan tidak berubah (dalam hal ini adalah 192.168) dan bit selanjutya sebagai Host ID (yang merupakan nomor komputer yang terhubung ke dan setiap komputer mempunyai no unik mulai dari 0.0 – 255.255). Jadi netmasknya/subnetmasknya adalah 255.255.0.0
Kita dapat membagi alokasi jaringan diatas menjadi jaringan yang kebih kecil dengan cara mengubha subnet yang ada.
Ada dua pendekatan dalam melakukan pembentukan subnet yaitu :
1. Berdasarkan jumlah jaringan yang akan dibentuk
2. Berdasarkan jumlah host yang dibentuk dalam jaringan.

Cara perhitungan subnet berdasarkan jumlah jaringan yang dibutuhkan :

1. Menentukan jumlah jaringan yang dibutuhkan dan merubahnya menjadi biner.
Misalkan kita ingin membuat 255 jaringan kecil dari nomor jaringan yang sudah ditentukan. 255 ? 11111111
2. Menghitung jumlah bit dari nomor 1. Dan jumlah bit inilah yang disebut sebagai subnetID
Dari 255 ? 11111111 ? jumlah bitnya adalah 8
3. Jumlah bit hostID baru adalah HosiID lama dikurangi jumlah bit nomor 2.
Misal dari contoh diatas hostIDbaru: 16 bit – 8 bit = 8 bit.
4. Isi subnetID dengan 1 dan jumlahkan dengan NetIDLama.
Jadi NetID baru kita adalah NetIDlama + SubNetID :
? 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (24 bit bernilai 1 biasa ditulis /24)
Berkat perhitungan di atas maka kita mempunyai 256 jaringan baru yaitu :
192.168.0.xxx, 192.168.1.xxx, 192.168.2.xxx, 192.168.3.xxx hingga 192.168.255.xxx dengan netmash 255.255.255.0.
xxx ? menunjukkan hostID antara 0-255
Biasa ditulis dengan 192.168.0/24 ? 192.168.0 menunjukkan NetID dan 24 menunjukkan subnetmask (jumlah bit yang bernilai 1 di subnetmask).
Dengan teknik ini kita bisa mengalokasikan IP address kelas B menjadi sekian banyak jaringan yang berukuran sama.

Cara perhitungan subnet berdasarkan jumlah host adalah sebagai berikut :

1. Ubah IP dan netmask menjadi biner
IP : 192.168.1.0 ? 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000
Netmask : 255.255.255.0 ? 11111111.11111111. 11111111.00000000
Panjang hostID kita adalah yang netmasknya semua 0 ? 16 bit.
2. Memilih jumlah host terbanyak dalam suatu jaringan dan rubah menjadi biner.
Misal dalam jaringan kita membutuhkan host 25 maka menjadi 11001.
3. Hitung jumlah bit yang dibutuhkan angka biner pada nomor 1. Dan angka inilah nanti sebagai jumlah host dalam jaringan kita.
Jumlah host 25 menjadi biner 11001 dan jumlah bitnya adalah 5.
4. Rubah netmask jaringan kita dengan cara menyisakan angka 0 sebanyak jumlah perhitungan nomor 3.
Jadi netmasknya baru adalah 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
Identik dengan 255.255.255.224 jika didesimalkan.
Jadi netmask jaringan berubah dan yang awalnya hanya satu jaringan dengan range IP dari 1 -254 menjadi 8 jaringan, dengan setiap jaringan ada 30 host/komputer

Alokasi Range IP
1 192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.31
2 192.168.1.32 – 192.168.1.63
3 192.168.1.64 – 192.168.1.95
4 192.168.1.96 – 192.168.1.127
5 192.168.1.128 – 192.168.1.159
6 192.168.1.160 – 192.168.1.191
7 192.168.1.192 – 192.168.1.223
8 192.168.1.224 – 192.168.1.255

Nomor IP awal dan akhir setiap subnet tidak bisa dipakai. Awal dipakai ID Jaringan (NetID) dan akhir sebagai broadcast.
Misal jaringan A 192.168.1.0 sebagai NetID dan 192.168.1.31 sebagai broadcast dan range IP yang bisa dipakai 192.168.1.1-192.168.1.30.

IP ADDRESS

Agar unik setiap computer yang terkoneksi ke Internet diberi alamat yang berbeda. Alamat ini supaya seragam seluruh dunia maka pemberian alamat IP address diseluruh dunia diberikan oleh badan internasional Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA), dimana IANA hanya memberikan IP address Network ID nya saja sedangkan host ID diatur oleh pemilik IP address tersebut.
Contoh IP address untuk cisco.com adalah 202.93.35.9 untuk www.ilkom.unsri.ac.id dengan IP nya 202.39.35.9

Alamat yang unik terdiri dari 32 bit yang dibagi dalam 4 oktet (8 bit)

00000000 . 00000000 . 00000000 . 00000000
o 1 o 2 o 3 o 4

Ip address dibagi menjadi 2 bagian yaitu Network ID dan Host ID,
Network ID yang akan menentukan alamat dalam jaringan (network address), sedangkan Host ID menentukan alamat dari peralatan jaringan yang sifatnya unik untuk membedakan antara satu mesin dengan mesin lainnya.

Ibaratkan Network ID Nomor jalan dan alamat jalan sedangkan Host ID adalah nomor rumahnya

IP address dibagi menjadi kelas yaitu ;

Kelas yang umum digunakan adalah kelas A sampai dengan kelas C.

Pada setiap kelas angka pertama dengan angka terakhir tidak dianjurkan untuk digunakan karena sebagai valid host id, misalnya kelas A 0 dan 127, kelas B 128 dan 192, kelas C 191 dan 224. ini biasanya digunakan untuk loopback addresss.

Catatan :
• alamat Network ID dan Host ID tidak boleh semuanya 0 atau 1 karena jika semuanya angka biner 1 : 255.255.255.255 maka alamat tersebut disebut floaded broadcast
• alamat network, digunakan dalam routing untuk menunjukkan pengiriman paket remote network, contohnya 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0 dan 192.168.10.0

Dari gambar dibawah ini perhatikan kelas A menyediakan jumlah network yang paling sediikit namun menyediakan host id yang paling banyak dikarenakan hanya oktat pertama yang digunakan untuk alamat network bandingkan dengan kelas B dan C.

Untuk mempermudah dalam menentukan kelas mana IP yang kita lihat, perhatikan gambar dibawah ini. Pada saat kita menganalisa suatu alamat IP maka perhatikan octet 8 bit pertamanya.

Pada kelas A : 8 oktet pertama adalah alamat networknya, sedangkan sisanya 24 bits merupakan alamat untuk host yang bisa digunakan.
Jadi admin dapat membuat banyak sekali alamat untuk hostnya, dengan memperhatikan
2 24 – 2 = 16.777.214 host
N ; jumlah bit terakhir dari kelas A
(2) adalah alamat loopback

Pada kelas B : menggunakan 16 bit pertama untuk mengidentifikasikan network sebagai bagian dari address. Dua octet sisanya (16 bits) digunakan untuk alamat host

2 16 – 2 = 65.534

Pada kelas C : menggunakan 24 bit pertama untuk network dan 8 bits sisanya untuk alamat host.

2 8 – 2 = 254

Nomor IP terdiri dari 32 bit yang didalamnya terdapat bit untuk NETWORK ID (NetID) dan HOST ID (HostID). Secara garis besar berikut inilah pembagian kelas IP secara default

GATEWAY/ROUTER

Gateway adalah komputer yang memiliki minimal 2 buah network interface untuk menghubungkan 2 buah jaringan atau lebih. Di Internet suatu alamat bisa ditempuh lewat gateway-gateway yang memberikan jalan/rute ke arah mana yang harus dilalui supaya paket data sampai ke tujuan. Kebanyakan gateway menjalankan routing daemon (program yang meng-update secara dinamis tabel routing). Karena itu gateway juga biasanya berfungsi sebagai router. Gateway/router bisa berbentuk Router box seperti yang di produksi Cisco, 3COM, dll atau bisa juga berupa komputer yang menjalankan Network Operating System plus routing daemon. Misalkan PC yang dipasang Unix FreeBSD dan menjalankan program Routed atau Gated. Namun dalam pemakaian Natd, routing daemon tidak perlu dijalankan, jadi cukup dipasang gateway saja.
Karena gateway/router mengatur lalu lintas paket data antar jaringan, maka di dalamnya bisa dipasangi mekanisme pembatasan atau pengamanan (filtering) paket-paket data. Mekanisme ini disebut Firewall.
Sebenarnya Firewall adalah suatu program yang dijalankan di gateway/router yang bertugas memeriksa setiap paket data yang lewat kemudian membandingkannya dengan rule yang diterapkan dan akhirnya memutuskan apakah paket data tersebut boleh diteruskan atau ditolak. Tujuan dasarnya adalah sebagai security yang melindungi jaringan internal dari ancaman dari luar. Namun dalam tulisan ini Firewall digunakan sebagai basis untuk menjalankan Network Address Translation (NAT).
Dalam FreeBSD, program yang dijalankan sebagai Firewall adalah ipfw. Sebelum dapat menjalankan ipfw, kernel GENERIC harus dimodifikasi supaya mendukung fungsi firewall. Ipfw mengatur lalu lintas paket data berdasarkan IP asal, IP tujuan, nomor port, dan jenis protocol. Untuk menjalankan NAT, option IPDIVERT harus diaktifkan dalam kernel.

DIVERT (mekanisme diversi paket kernel)
Socket divert sebenarnya sama saja dengan socket IP biasa, kecuali bahwa socket divert bisa di bind ke port divert khusus lewat bind system call. IP address dalam bind tidak diperhatikan, hanya nomor port-nya yang diperhatikan. Sebuah socket divert yang dibind ke port divert akan menerima semua paket yang didiversikan pada port tersebut oleh mekanisme di kernel yang dijalankan oleh implementasi filtering dan program ipfw. Mekanisme ini yang dimanfaatkan nantinya oleh Network Address Translator.
Itulah beberapa bahasan awal yang akan mengantar kita ke pembahasan inti selanjutnya.

BROADCAST

Alamat ini digunakan untuk mengirim/menerima informasi yang harus diketahui oleh seluruh host yang ada pada suatu jaringan. Seperti diketahui, setiap paket IP memiliki header alamat tujuan berupa IP Address dari host yang akan dituju oleh paket tersebut. Dengan adanya alamat ini, maka hanya host tujuan saja yang memproses paket tersebut, sedangkan host lain akan mengabaikannya. Bagaimana jika suatu host ingin mengirim paket kepada seluruh host yang ada pada jaringannya? Tidak efisien jika ia harus membuat replikasi paket sebanyak jumlah host tujuan. Pemakaian bandwidth/jalur akan meningkat dan beban kerja host pengirim bertambah, padahal isi paket-paket tersebut sama. Oleh karena itu, dibuat konsep broadcast address. Host cukup mengirim ke alamat broadcast, maka seluruh host yang ada pada network akan menerima paket tersebut. Konsekuensinya, seluruh host pada jaringan yang sama harus memiliki broadcast address yang sama dan alamat tersebut tidak boleh digunakan sebagai nomor IP untuk host tertentu.
Jadi, sebenarnya setiap host memiliki 2 alamat untuk menerima paket : pertama adalah nomor IP yang bersifat unik dan kedua adalah broadcast address pada jaringan tempat host tersebut berada. Broadcast address diperoleh dengan membuat seluruh bit host pada nomor IP menjadi 1. Jadi, untuk host dengan IP address 167.205.9.35 atau 167.205.240.2, broadcast addressnya adalah 167.205.255.255 (2 segmen terakhir dari IP Address tersebut dibuat berharga 11111111.11111111, sehingga secara desimal terbaca 255.255). Jenis informasi yang dibroadcast biasanya adalah informasi routing.

Peritah paling sering digunakan dalam linux

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Thu, 07 May 2009 08:37:00 +0000

perintah apa saja yang sering digunakan sehingga
tidak banyak menghabiskan banyak waktu untuk memperlajari semua perintah
yang ada pada referensi anda. Berikut perintah-perintah yang sering
digunakan:

Manampikan file dan direktori
>ls

Dimana
saya sekarang
>pwd

Siapa saya?
>whoami

Saya
adalah a, bagaimana saya mengubah diri menjadi user b
>su b

password : ******

Mematikan komputer
>poweroff

Merestart komputer
>reboot

Membuat file

>touch nama_file

===
catatan :
touch sebenarnya
perintah untuk mengubah properties waktu pada sebuah file, namuan jika

anda melakukan touch sedangkan file yang d-touchkan tidak ada maka
touch akan membuat file

Menghapus file
>rm -f nama_file

Menghapus direktori
>rm -rf nama_direktori

Meliaht
perintah yang pernah dilakukan
>history

Mengpus history

>history -c

Logout
>exit atau logout atau tekan
Ctrl+d

Masuk kesebuah direktori (lihat dimana saya sekarang)

> cd /nama/direktori

Melihat service (layanan) apa saja
yang dijalankan saat boot
>chkcofig –list |grep ‘:on’

Menjalankan service
>service nama_layanan kondisi
nama
layanan misalnya httpd,mysql,smb,sound,network dlll
kondisi : start
,stop,status,reload,dll

Melihat proses
>top
-keluar
dari top dengan menekn tombol q

Melihat kapasitas hardisk (yang
termount)
>df -a

Melihat sebuah file (lihat Manampikan file
dan direktori)
>cat nama_file

Melihat tanggal
>date

Melihat kalender
>cal

Mengekstart file .zip

>unzip namafile.zip

Melihat ukuran file
>du
nama_file atau du nama_direktori

Memindahkan file
>mv
nama_file /ke/tempat/yang/baru

Mengkopi file
>cp nama_file
/ke/tempat/yang/baru

Membuat direktori
>mkdir
nama_direktori

Melakuakan perintah dengan antrian

>ls;pwd;whoami;dan_peritnah_lain

Matikan komputer dua menit
lagi
>shutdown -h 2

Sudah berpa lama komputer saya hidup

>uptime

Mengakses floppy/disket
>mount /dev/fd0
/mnt/floppy
dan lihat isi disket anda pada direktori /mnt/floppy

Mengakses cdrom
>mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
dan lihat
isi cd anda pada direktori /mnt/cdrom

Mengeluarkan pintu cdrom

>eject

Memasukan pintu cdrom yang terbukan
>eject -t

Ko’ ada yg tulis perintah tetapi ada yang pake - (min)
>Min
disini adalah opsi, artinya perintah tersebut punya fasilitas lainnya

untuk melihat opsi dari perintah gunakan:
>perintah –help

misalnya :
>eject –help

Melihat struktur direktori

>tree (jika tidak ada, install paket tree dari cd distro anda)

Memformat disket
>mformat a:
+Install paket mtools jika
perintah mformat tidak ada
+jangan heran kalo memformatnya cepat

+jika tidak diizinkan, lakukanlah perintah tersebut sebagai root
(baca:Saya adalah A, bagaimana saya mengubah diri menjadi user B)

Pulang kerumahku
>cd
+cd tersebut tanpa opsi

Melakukan perulangan thd perintah tertentu dengan delay waktu

>watch -n waktu_dlm_detik perintah
+contoh :
>watch -n 1
uptime

Saya peke kernel berapa ?
>uname -r

Membut
link file atau direktori
>ln -s /direktori/asal /direktori/tujuan/

contoh :
>ln -s /home /tmp/gue_linux
+sekarang anda bisa
lihat didalam direktori /tmp ada direktori gue_linux,
direktori
tersebut sebenarnya alias dari /home

Mendengarkan mp3

>mpg123 file.mp3
+anda harus mengintall paket mpg123 untuk
menjalankan perintah tersebut

Menjalankan perintah secara
background
>perintah&

Mencari sebuah file

>find|grep nama_yg_dicari
contoh > find|grep data_kemarin

Membuka file .tar.gz
>tar -xvzf file.tar.gz

Siap
saja yang sedang login
>users

Mengunci keyboard

>vlock -a
+Install paket vlock jika vlock belum ada

Melihat IP aktif
>/sbin/ifconfig

ping
>ping
nama_host atau ip

Melihat struktur proses
>pstree

Mengubah password,contoh :
vx11a~vx11a$ passwd
Changing
password for user vx11a.

FreeBSD Kernel Upgrade Release ke Stable

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Thu, 07 May 2009 08:36:00 +0000

Tadi malem akhirnya maen-maen lagi ama FreeBSD 6.2 , Setelah sempat bingung mau ngapain dengan FreeBSD akhirnya iseng-iseng mau klo upgrade kernelnya yang dari Release ke Versi Stable-nya.

Oke langsung aja mumpung masih pagi and seger ingatannya nech Tapi sebelum meng-upgrade kernel ke versi stable, portsnap dan cvsup wajib di install dulu dech… buat ngambil package-package kernelnya dari CVSUP Server FreeBSD.

Yups, jadinya bener banget untuk meng-upgrade kenel ini dibutuhkan koneksi internet yang lumayan lah… asal jangan koneksi dial up bisa lumutan ntar ngunggunya

Installasi CVSUP :

# whereis cvsup-without-gui
cvsup-without-gui: /usr/ports/net/cvsup-without-gui
# cd /usr/ports/net/cvsup-without-gui/
# make install clean

Tunggu sampe selesai installasinya… lumayan lama seh tergantung koneksi internet yang dipake tentunya

Jika udah selesai update ports-nya dan juga stable ports-nya tapi sebelumnya copy dulu file ports-supfile dan stable-supfile ke directory /etc dengan menjalankan perintah :

#rehash
#cp /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile /etc/
#cp /usr/share/examples/cvsup/stable-supfile /etc/

Edit ke-2 file CVSUP yang tadi dicopykan ke directory /etc dengan memasukan konfigurasi server cvsup yang terdekat dan tercepat, disini kebetulan menggunakan cvsup singapur (cvsup.sg.freebsd.org) :

# ee /etc/ports-supfile
# ee /etc/stable-supfile

pada bagian -

*default host=CHANGE_THIS.FreeBSD.org

silahkan ganti dengan CVSUP server yang mau digunakan ! saya memberi rekomendai untuk menggunakan beberapa cvsup server yang saya tahu, silahkan pilih salah satunya :

cvsup.sg.FreeBSD.org
cvsup.id.FreeBSD.org
cvsup.jp.FreeBSD.org

disini saya menggunakan cvsup server miliknya singapur (cvsup.sg.FreeBSD.org) karena dari ISP yang saya gunakan lebih dekat dan cepat menggunakan cvsup server ini.

jadi setelah di edit akan tampak seperti

*default host=cvsup.sg.FreeBSD.org

sekarang silahkan save dan keluar dari editor dengan menekan [Esc] dan [Enter] dua kali.

Jika ke-2 file sudah di edit selanjutnya tinggal menjalankan update ports-nya :

#cd etc
#cvsup -g -L 2 ports-supfile && cvsup -g -L 2 stable-supfile

Silahkan menunggu lagi… coz ini memakan waktu yang lama …

Jika selesai dikonfigurasi selanjutnya tinggal di upgrade :

#cd /usr/src
# make buildworld
# make buildkernel KERNCONF=ROUTER
# make installkernel KERNCONF= ROUTER
# make installworld
# reboot

*ROUTER adalah nama kernel yang telah saya konfigurasi dan akan saya upgrade ke stable. Tapi jika Anda tidak ingin melakukan konfigurasi dengan kernel anda dan hanya ingin men-upgradenya ke stable saja dapat melakukannya dengan perintah :

#cd /usr/src
#make buildworld && make buildkernel
#make installkernel && reboot

Sekarang silahkan lihat apakah kernelnya udah beribah ! gunakan perintah uname -a

Build an Alexa rank checker

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Thu, 07 May 2009 08:33:00 +0000

In this tutorial we will be building an Alexa rank checker, a web tool, like the one hosted here, which allows users to check the Alexa rank of any website inputted.We will be using the simplexml_load_file function, this is only available in PHP5.

The HTML

First up create a file called alexachecker.html and put in the below HTML. This will create a simple form with a textbox to input a URL and a submit button to process the form. The method is set to GET so the form data is sent via the URL.


Website URL:

This form will look something like this:

The PHP

Next we create a file called alexachecker.php, this will find the rank for the given URL.

Obtaining the requested URL

The first part of the PHP code is to obtain the URL the user has requested the rank for. This is done by using the $_GET array. The PHP below obtains the URL and stores it in a variable called $url

= $_GET['url']; ?>

Getting the rank

In order to get the rank for the URL we use this XML file provided by Alexa: http://data.alexa.com/data?cli=10&dat=s&url=URL goes here, for example: http://data.alexa.com/data?cli=10&dat=s&url=http://www.spyka.net

We insert the URL provided by the user into the Alexa URL using {$url} as shown by the code below:

= $_GET['url'];

$data_url = “http://data.alexa.com/data?cli=10&dat=s&url={$url}”;
?> Next step is to get this XML data into the PHP code for use. simplexml_load_file will convert the XML document into an object:

= $_GET['url'];

$data_url = “http://data.alexa.com/data?cli=10&dat=s&url={$url}”;

$data = simplexml_load_file($data_url) or die(“Could not load data”);
?> The or statement will stop the script and output an error if the function fails.

Lastly we get the Alexa rank for the given domain by referencing the appropriate element of the $data object, this is then stored in a variable called $rank.

= $_GET['url'];

$data_url = “http://data.alexa.com/data?cli=10&dat=s&url={$url}”;

$data = simplexml_load_file($data_url) or die(“Could not load data”);

$rank = $data->SD->POPULARITY['TEXT'];
?>

Outputting the rank

Last part of the PHP code is to output the rank. We use a simple if…else statement to check the rank is above 0 before outputting. If it isn’t an error will be shown - this would be caused by an incorrect URL or a URL which doesn’t currently have a rank (a new website)

= $_GET['url'];

$data_url = “http://data.alexa.com/data?cli=10&dat=s&url={$url}”;

$data = simplexml_load_file($data_url) or die(“Could not load data”);

$rank = $data->SD->POPULARITY['TEXT'];

if($rank > 0)
{
echo “The Alexa rank for this website is {$rank}”;
}
else
{
echo “Could not obtain rank”;
}
?> And that’s it - your Alexa rank checker is complete!

How to block one.lv

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Mon, 04 May 2009 09:41:00 +0000

Some times peoples dont work and go to social networks like one.lv. In this example I will show you how you can stop this.

Add new address list with name onelv. This list must be updated manually from ripe.net.Search vaule ONELIMITED-NET

/ip firewall address-list
add list=onelv address=62.85.54.0/26
add list=onelv address=62.85.117.0/26
add list=onelv address=62.85.33.64/28
add list=onelv address=62.85.70.224/27
add list=onelv address=62.85.70.192/27
add list=onelv address=62.85.126.0/24

Create address list with ip witch doesnt have access to one.lv with name blockonelv

/ip firewall address-list
add list=blockonelv address=192.168.0.2
add list=blockonelv address=192.168.0.3
add list=blockonelv address=192.168.0.4
add list=blockonelv address=192.168.0.5
add list=blockonelv address=192.168.0.6

And now you can create firewall rule witch blocks one.lv for these ips

/ip firewall filter
add chain=forward action=drop src-address-list=blockonelv dst-address-list=onelv protocol=tcp dst-port=80

Protecting your customers

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Mon, 04 May 2009 09:37:00 +0000

To protect the customer's network, we should check all traffic which goes through router and block unwanted. For icmp, tcp, udp traffic we will create chains, where all unwanted packets will be dropped. For the beginning, we can copy and paste the following commands into RouterOS terminal console:

/ip firewall filter
add chain=forward connection-state=established comment="allow established connections"
add chain=forward connection-state=related comment="allow related connections"
add chain=forward connection-state=invalid action=drop comment="drop invalid connections"

Here, the first two rules deal with packets of already opened or related connections. We assume that those are okay. We do not like invalid connection packets, therefore they are dropped.

Next, we should filter out and drop all unwanted packets that look like coming from virus infected hosts. Instead of adding those rules to the forward chain, we create a new chain for all unwanted netbios and similar traffic. We can give the chain a descriptive name, say, "virus" when adding the following rules to the ip firewall filter (you can copy and paste these rules into the terminal window, if you are in the /ip firewall filter menu):

add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=135-139 action=drop comment="Drop Blaster Worm"
add chain=virus protocol=udp dst-port=135-139 action=drop comment="Drop Messenger Worm" 
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=445 action=drop comment="Drop Blaster Worm"
add chain=virus protocol=udp dst-port=445 action=drop comment="Drop Blaster Worm"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=593 action=drop comment="________"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1024-1030 action=drop comment="________"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1080 action=drop comment="Drop MyDoom"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1214 action=drop comment="________"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1363 action=drop comment="ndm requester"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1364 action=drop comment="ndm server"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1368 action=drop comment="screen cast"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1373 action=drop comment="hromgrafx"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1377 action=drop comment="cichlid"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1433-1434 action=drop comment="Worm"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=2745 action=drop comment="Bagle Virus"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=2283 action=drop comment="Drop Dumaru.Y"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=2535 action=drop comment="Drop Beagle"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=2745 action=drop comment="Drop Beagle.C-K"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=3127-3128 action=drop comment="Drop MyDoom"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=3410 action=drop comment="Drop Backdoor OptixPro"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=4444 action=drop comment="Worm"
add chain=virus protocol=udp dst-port=4444 action=drop comment="Worm"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=5554 action=drop comment="Drop Sasser"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=8866 action=drop comment="Drop Beagle.B"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=9898 action=drop comment="Drop Dabber.A-B"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=10000 action=drop comment="Drop Dumaru.Y"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=10080 action=drop comment="Drop MyDoom.B"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=12345 action=drop comment="Drop NetBus"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=17300 action=drop comment="Drop Kuang2"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=27374 action=drop comment="Drop SubSeven"
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=65506 action=drop comment="Drop PhatBot, Agobot, Gaobot"

Here, we list all those well known "bad" protocols and ports, used by various trojans and viruses when they take over your computer. This list is incomplete; we should add more rules to it! We can jump to this list from the forward chain by using a rule with action=jump:

add chain=forward action=jump jump-target=virus comment="jump to the virus chain"

The forward chain looks now as follows:

If the packet does not match any of the rules in the virus chain, the processing is returned back to the forward chain.

At this point we are left with various options, and you should explore this more thoroughly by reading the manual.

For the purposes of this example we want to block all traffic except that which we explicitly allow to pass through. For example we wish to allow HTTP Traffic and SMTP Traffic as well as some TCP and UDP packets and ICMP (Ping).

We can now simply add rules allowing the traffic that we want and then drop everything else (this is the part where we block all traffic):

add chain=forward action=accept protocol=tcp dst-port=80 comment="Allow HTTP"
add chain=forward action=accept protocol=tcp dst-port=25 comment="Allow SMTP"
add chain=forward protocol=tcp comment="allow TCP"
add chain=forward protocol=icmp comment="allow ping"
add chain=forward protocol=udp comment="allow udp"
add chain=forward action=drop comment="drop everything else"

NOTE THAT THE LAST RULE WILL BLOCK OR DROP ALL TRAFFIC THAT IS NOT EXPLICITLY ALLOWED THROUGH BY PREVIOUS RULES!

Forwarding a port to an internal IP

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Mon, 04 May 2009 09:37:00 +0000

This will go on a 2.9.x or 3.x Mikrotik where you want to forward a port (tcp 5900) to an internal IP. 69.69.69.69 is the example wan IP, 192.168.1.101 is the desired internal destination.

/ip firewall nat add chain=dstnat dst-address=69.69.69.69 protocol=tcp dst-port=5900 \
   action=dst-nat to-addresses=192.168.1.101 to-ports=5900

How to Block Customer

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Mon, 04 May 2009 09:36:00 +0000

How to Block a Customer and Tell him to Pay the Bill

Sometimes you may need to cut off a customer and tell him to pay his bill. It's best done by redirecting his http requests to a page with information telling to pay in order to get reconnected. You can do it with a simple destination NAT rule that captures all http requests from a specific address and sends them to a server with webpage telling to pay the bill. However, it's quite easy to make this using the HotSpot feature of RouterOS. Please note that this don't work with PPPoE connections.

To make this setup, you should have Hotspot package enabled on the RouterOS. This example will cover how to block customer's computer. When he tries to open a webpage he would be redirected to the hotspot page which will contain info that he hasn't paid the bill for the Internet access. Your router should have already been configured and working (customer should have access to the Internet), you should have the DNS server specified in the router.

First you should edit the Hotspot login.html page with the text that contains information that will be shown to the customers who haven't paid their bills. It could be something like this: "Service not available, please pay the bill and contact us by phone to get reconnected

Next, add an ip-binding rule that will allow all customers to bypass the hotspot page. It is done using such a command:

/ip hotspot ip-binding add type=bypassed address=0.0.0.0/0 \
comment="bypass the hotspot for all the paying customers"

After that add the Hotspot server on the interface where your clients are connected. It can be done using such command:

/ip hotspot add interface=local disabled=no

Now you can add ip-binding rules for the customers that haven't paid their bill. You can match them by IP address or MAC address. Here is an example using MAC address:

/ip hotspot ip-binding add mac-address=00:0C:42:00:00:90 type=regular comment "Non paying client 1"

Now we have such configuration:

[admin@MikroTik] ip hotspot ip-binding> print
Flags: X - disabled, P - bypassed, B - blocked
#   MAC-ADDRESS       ADDRESS                         TO-ADDRESS      SERVER
0 P ;;; bypass the hotspot for all the paying customers
                     0.0.0.0/0
1   ;;; Non paying client 1
   00:0C:42:00:00:90

There is one more step to make it work, you should change the order of these rules, the first rule should be above the bypass rule so it could be processed. You can move it using move command:

[admin@MikroTik] ip hotspot ip-binding> move 1 0

Now the ip-binding configuration should look like this:

[admin@MikroTik] ip hotspot ip-binding> print
Flags: X - disabled, P - bypassed, B - blocked
#   MAC-ADDRESS       ADDRESS                         TO-ADDRESS      SERVER
0   ;;; Non paying client 1
   00:0C:42:00:00:90
1 P ;;; bypass the hotspot for all the paying customers
                     0.0.0.0/0

If the customers can pay their bill using internet you can modify the login.html by adding some links to clients bank web-page where they can pay their bill. After you add these links in the login page you should also add them in the hotspot configuration so the blocked customer could access that page. This can be done in the 'ip hotspot walled-garden ip' menu. Here is an example:

/ip hotspot walled-garden ip add dst-host=www.paypal.com

FireWall on Router MikroTik

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Mon, 04 May 2009 09:34:00 +0000

Untuk mengamankan router MikroTik dari traffic virus dan excess ping dapat digunakan skrip firewall berikut

Pertama buat address-list "ournetwork" yang berisi alamat IP ether1 ke radio, IP ether2 ke LAN1 dan IP ether3 ke Lan2 atau IP ether lainnya bila ada.

Dalam contoh berikut alamat IP ether1 ke radio (DHCP) dapat = 202.93.239.118/29, IIP ether2 ke LAN1 = 192.168.1.0/24 dan IP ether3 ke Lan2 = 192.168.2.0/24

Untuk membuat address-list dapat menggunakan contoh skrip seperti berikut ini tinggal disesuaikan dengan konfigurasi jaringan Anda.

Buat skrip berikut menggunakan notepad kemudian copy-paste ke console MikroTik

/ ip firewall address-list
add list=ournetwork address=202.93.239.118/29 comment="fm ISP" \
disabled=no
add list=ournetwork address=192.168.1.0/24 comment="LAN1 NetWork" disabled=no
add list=ournetwork address=192.168.2.0/24 comment="LAN2 Network" disabled=no

Selanjutnya copy-paste skrip berikut pada console MikroTik

/ ip firewall filter
add chain=forward connection-state=established action=accept comment="allow \
established connections" disabled=no
add chain=forward connection-state=related action=accept comment="allow \
related connections" disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=udp dst-port=135-139 action=drop comment="Drop \
Messenger Worm" disabled=no
add chain=forward connection-state=invalid action=drop comment="drop invalid \
connections" disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=135-139 action=drop comment="Drop \
Blaster Worm" disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1433-1434 action=drop comment="Worm" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=445 action=drop comment="Drop Blaster \
Worm" disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=udp dst-port=445 action=drop comment="Drop Blaster \
Worm" disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=593 action=drop comment="________" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1024-1030 action=drop comment="________" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1080 action=drop comment="Drop MyDoom" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1214 action=drop comment="________" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1363 action=drop comment="ndm requester" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1364 action=drop comment="ndm server" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1368 action=drop comment="screen cast" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1373 action=drop comment="hromgrafx" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=1377 action=drop comment="cichlid" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=2745 action=drop comment="Bagle Virus" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=2283 action=drop comment="Drop Dumaru.Y" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=2535 action=drop comment="Drop Beagle" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=2745 action=drop comment="Drop \
Beagle.C-K" disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=3127 action=drop comment="Drop MyDoom" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=3410 action=drop comment="Drop Backdoor \
OptixPro" disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=4444 action=drop comment="Worm" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=udp dst-port=4444 action=drop comment="Worm" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=5554 action=drop comment="Drop Sasser" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=8866 action=drop comment="Drop Beagle.B" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=9898 action=drop comment="Drop \
Dabber.A-B" disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=10000 action=drop comment="Drop \
Dumaru.Y, sebaiknya di didisable karena juga sering digunakan utk vpn atau \
webmin" disabled=yes
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=10080 action=drop comment="Drop \
MyDoom.B" disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=12345 action=drop comment="Drop NetBus" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=17300 action=drop comment="Drop Kuang2" \
disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=27374 action=drop comment="Drop \
SubSeven" disabled=no
add chain=virus protocol=tcp dst-port=65506 action=drop comment="Drop PhatBot, \
Agobot, Gaobot" disabled=no
add chain=forward action=jump jump-target=virus comment="jump to the virus \
chain" disabled=no
add chain=input connection-state=established action=accept comment="Accept \
established connections" disabled=no
add chain=input connection-state=related action=accept comment="Accept related \
connections" disabled=no
add chain=input connection-state=invalid action=drop comment="Drop invalid \
connections" disabled=no
add chain=input protocol=udp action=accept comment="UDP" disabled=no
add chain=input protocol=icmp limit=50/5s,2 action=accept comment="Allow \
limited pings" disabled=no
add chain=input protocol=icmp action=drop comment="Drop excess pings" \
disabled=no
add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=21 src-address-list=ournetwork \
action=accept comment="FTP" disabled=no
add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=22 src-address-list=ournetwork \
action=accept comment="SSH for secure shell" disabled=no
add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=23 src-address-list=ournetwork \
action=accept comment="Telnet" disabled=no
add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=80 src-address-list=ournetwork \
action=accept comment="Web" disabled=no
add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=8291 src-address-list=ournetwork \
action=accept comment="winbox" disabled=no
add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=1723 action=accept comment="pptp-server" \
disabled=no
add chain=input src-address-list=ournetwork action=accept comment="From \
Datautama network" disabled=no
add chain=input action=log log-prefix="DROP INPUT" comment="Log everything \
else" disabled=no
add chain=input action=drop comment="Drop everything else" disabled=no

Efek dari skrip diatas adalah:

Router MikroTik hanya dapat diakses FTP, SSH, Web dan Winbox dari IP yang didefinisikan dalam address-list "ournetwork" sehingga tidak bisa diakses dari sembarang tempat.
Port-port yang sering dimanfaatkan virus di blok sehingga traffic virus tidak dapat dilewatkan, tetapi perlu diperhatikan jika ada user yang kesulitan mengakses service tertentu harus dicek pada chain="virus" apakah port yang dibutuhkan user tersebut terblok oleh firewall.
Packet ping dibatasi untuk menghindari excess ping.

Selain itu yang perlu diperhatikan adalah:

Sebaiknya buat user baru dan password dengan group full kemudian disable user admin, hal ini untuk meminimasi resiko MikroTik Anda di hack orang.

kutipan dari www.r-wli.net

Jakarta City Hotels Information

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Mon, 04 May 2009 09:09:00 +0000

Arriving to Jakarta
Arriving to Jakarta, you will be entering Indonesia through the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport also known locally as “Cengkareng” (because of its location) provides you with a glimpse of what is to follow. That is to say the airport looks like a modern, international airport. However, with few exceptions, it is not as convenient and organized as it may appear or you may expect.

The International Arrival Hall is clean and pleasantly decorated with artifacts from around the archipelago. Upon disembarking you will proceed directly to immigration.

Visitors and tourists entering Indonesia need a valid passport, visa and a completed disembarkation card and customs declaration (given to you on the aircraft and filled out prior to arrival at the immigration desk) and onward/ return tickets to your next destination. Upon successful presentation of these item to the immigration official visitors will be granted access to the country for 30 days.

Some Asean countries are given a free visa upon arrival, all others will be required to obtain a visa in order to enter the country. Some nationalities may apply and pay for the visa upon arrival most, though, will need to apply, pay and obtain the visa prior to arriving to Indonesia. For more information on visa rules and requirements.

Once past Immigration you will find luggage carts available free of charge. The carts are not well maintained so be prepared. As you make your way to the luggage claim area you will pass restrooms, banks, duty free shops, moneychangers and ATMs etc. If you don't have any local currency now is the time to change a bit. (Unless the company car is picking you up, you will need it for the taxi ride into town). The rate may not be the best, but you at least won't be fumbling with your luggage while surrounded by a crowd hawking rides and whatnot.

Customs Formalities
Once you have claimed your luggage you proceed to Customs. Present your “Customs Declaration” to the attendant and place all carry on bags or parcels on the conveyor that passes through an X-ray machine. For the record you are allowed 1 liter of alcohol and up to 200 cigarettes (or 50 cigars or 100 grams of tobacco) duty free.

Computers, cameras, video cameras, cassette recorders and sports equipment are allowed provided that they are taken out of the country when you leave. Such items are supposed to be declared to Customs officials but this requirement is difficult to enforce and is often ignored by officials and visitors alike.

Prohibited items include: Firearms, narcotic drugs, Chinese medicines and anything with Chinese printing. Also films, video tapes and laser discs must be screened by the Board of Censors (but truth be told this is seldom - if ever - happens).

There is no restriction on the import or export of foreign currencies and travelers checks. However, importing or exporting Indonesian Rupiah in excess of 10 million is prohibited.

Upmarket Hotels in Jakarta

01. Allson Residence Jakarta 4 star / 158 rooms
Rates: 1 Bdrm. Suite Rp 678,810 / 2 Bdrm. Suite Rp 811,910 (include breakfast)
The Allson Residence Jakarta is situated within the Mitra Oasis complex which itself is just minutes from The National Monument (Monas) in Central Jakarta. Offering full service, apartment style accommodation, each suite at the Allson Residence features a separate bedroom, living room, dining room, kitchen and maid's quarters. Suites start at a spacious 69 sq. metres making them an interesting choice for long staying visitors.

02. Hotel Borobudur Jakarta 5 star / 565 rooms
One of Jakarta's most prominent landmarks, the luxurious Hotel Borobudur Jakarta is set in 23 hectares of lush tropical gardens and parkland. With its central location, close to government offices and the central business district, shopping and tourist attractions the hotel is, quite literally, a quiet oasis in the heart of Jakarta.

03. Hotel Sahid Jaya Jakarta 5 star / 667 rooms / Rating: 7.0 (2 reviews)
Ideally situated along Jl. Sudirman in the centre of Jakarta's Golden Triangle, with easy access from either Jl. Sudirman or Jl. MH Thamrin the locally owned and managed Sahid Jakarta (one of several Sahid Hotels in Indonesia). The hotel's traditional decor and all the ammenities of an international hotel combined with friendly staff offers visitors a taste of Indonesian hospitality in the heart of Jakarta.

04. Le Meridien Hotel Jakarta 5 star / 346 rooms
Situated in the very heart of Jakarta's 'Golden Triangle' stands the elegant Le Méridien Jakarta. Offering 346 comfortably appointed guestrooms with airy, spacious bathrooms, the hotel exemplifies intimate luxury and personalised service. Le Méridien Jakarta features sleek and refreshing bars, delicious Lebanese and Japanese cuisine, and a world-class spa and wellness centre making it an ideal choice for business and leisure stays.

05. Millennium Hotel Sirih 4 star / 405 rooms
Conveniently located in the business district of Central Jakarta and within walking distance to many key government offices and only minutes from major office buildings keeping your travel time down to a minimum. Combining an extremely friendly and service motivated staff with guest rooms and suites that are quite spacious and comfortable. The attractive four-star Millennium Hotel Sirih Jakarta is well positioned to get the most out of any trip to Jakarta.

06. RedTop Hotel Jakarta 4 star / 390 rooms
Don't let the inconspicuous name deter you, the RedTop Hotel Jakarta is a surprisely nice hotel in the northern part of Central Jakarta - near Mangga Dua and all the commercial, trading & entertainment areas of Kota (Chinatown) as well as Government offices of Central Jakarta. Combining large, well appointed and comfortable rooms with a friendly professional staff the RedTop Hotel offers good value for money in an excellent location allowing guests to combine business with pleasure.

07. Alila Hotels and Resorts Jakarta 4 star / 182 rooms
Rates: Deluxe Room US$ 114.95 / Executive Room US$ 133.10 (include breakfast)
Ultra cool, ultra chic and a breath of fresh air on Jakarta's hotel scene, the Alila Hotels and Resorts Jakarta offers stylish accommodation for people who know what they want. The hotel's design and architecture reflect today's contemporary lifestyle with rooms that have broadband access and Buzz Cafe, the hotel's restaurant, serving fine food from an eclectic menu and there's a excellent gym with spa facilities.

08. Arcadia Hotel Jakarta 3 star / 93 rooms / Rating: 7.6 (6 reviews)
Rates: Standard Rp 423,500
Nicely located on Jl. Wahid Hasyim and close to the city's business, shopping and dining areas is The Arcadia - often touted as Jakarta's first "boutique hotel". Though the hotel has 'only' 93 rooms, rooms are smartly furnished and the hotel still has many of the facilities today's business and value conscious travelers require with very competitive rates. Special rate available

09. Aston Atrium Senen Hotel 4 star / 402 rooms / Rating: 7.4 (1 review)
Rates: Superior US$ 75.00 / Deluxe US$ 90.00 (include breakfast)
With its orgins in Hawaii, Aston Hotels & Resorts introduces the Aloha spirit of Hawaii to Jakarta at the Aston Atrium Senen Hotel & Convention Center. Formerly the Dai-Ichi Hotel, the Aston Atrium is situated in the Senen area of Central Jakarta just minutes from Jakarta's government offices, dining, shopping and entertaiment areas. The hotel offers comfortable, good-sized rooms together with a tradition of friendly service.

10. Aston Rasuna Hotel & Residence 4 star / 112 rooms / Rating: 8.4 (4 reviews)
Rates: Executive Suite US$ 72.00 / Superior Suite US$ 77.00 (include breakfast)
With its convenient and strategic location in the Taman Rasuna Complex along Jl. Rasuna Said, the Aston Rasuna Hotel and Residence offers quick and easy access throughout Jakarta's Central Business District. More a serviced apartment than hotel, guestrooms are larger than average and offer apartment style amenities that are ideal for long staying guests or travelers with families. Managed by Aston Hotels and Resorts, you can be assured of the highest standards of service and facilities all at rates that represent good value for money. Special rate available

11. Hotel Sari Pan Pacific Jakarta 4 star / 400 rooms
Rates: Standard US$ 96.80 / Deluxe US$ 112.53 (include breakfast)
Located along Jl. Thamrin, the most famous boulevard in Jakarta, is the venerable Sari Pan Pacific. Managed by Pan Pacific and offering 400 rooms and suites that provide the highest standard of accommodation and service. The hotel is ideally located for the businessman needing quick and easy access to government offices and the Central Business District (and leisure visitors will love the hotel's proximity to great shopping and dining - all within walking distance from the hotel).

02. Ibis Kemayoran Jakarta 3 star / 130 rooms / Rating: 6.9 (2 reviews)
Rates: Ibis Room Rp 345,000
Right in the heart of historic Jakarta, only 5 minutes driving distance from Jakarta Fair Ground, 25 minutes from Soekarno-Hatta Internatonal Airport, 10 minutes from Chinatown-Mangga Dua shopping area and 5 minutes from Gambir Railway station.

13. Ibis Tamarin Jakarta 3 star / 125 rooms / Rating: 7.2 (2 reviews)
Rates: Standard US$ 49.00 (include breakfast)
Very well placed in the centre of Jakarta, on Jl. Wahid Hasyim is the Ibis Tamarin. Offering clean, budget accommodation is the hallmark of Ibis Hotels and Ibis Tamarin is no exception putting you in the heart of Central Jakarta's exciting shopping and entertainment area and only minutes from the Presidential Palace, Monas and the central business district at a very reasonable rate.

Jalan Jaksa Budget Hotels Information

Jl. Jaksa is quite popular for its cheap but good hotels especially among backpackers. In the first part of two articles, The Jakarta Post reporter Lenah Susianty interviews visitors and also Nathanael Lawalata, the man who first developed a hotel for budget tourists, to gain insight on how the street earned international fame.

JAKARTA (JP): If you ask for Jl. Jaksa, taxi drivers will take you to Wisma Delima Youth Hostel, states a guide book published in the 1980s by The Lonely Planet.

Today Wisma Delima is not the only hotel located on the street which provides the cheapest accommodation for backpackers in the city. Many establishments have sprung up in the area joining in on the lucrative business. However, it is Wisma Delima which brought the narrow street to the attention of foreign backpackers and gave Jl. Jaksa a place in history.

Jl. Jaksa became a tourist center by serving International Youth Hostel Federation members. Indonesia is no longer a member of the Federation because the Federation rules that its members must be from the private circle, not the government.

The street was named Jl. Jaksa because it was where students of the Rechts Hogeschool (the Law College), which was located near the National Museum during colonial times, lived. Jaksa, listed in every guide book of Indonesia, means attorney.

01.Le Margot (021-3913830),

Le Margot (021-3913830), which resembles an actual hotel inside as well as outside. Rooms are about Rp. 150.000 and have a/c, tv, safety deposit box and hot water. The attached backpackers' restaurant is quite popular and bang in the middle of all the action on Jalan Jaksa.

02. Hotel Karya Bahana (021-3140484/3150519)

Hotel Karya Bahana (021-3140484/3150519) can be found on Jalan Jaksa No. 32. Its slogan reads ‘with Royal and Golden service' and although that might be slightly exaggerated, the hotel indeed has a friendly staff and not too bad rooms, with a/c, bathroom with bathtub, tv and minibar. Prices start at Rp. 170,000 and include breakfast.

03. Borneo hostel (021-3140095) j

Borneo hostel (021-3140095) just west of Jalan Jaksa, on Jalan Kebon Sirih Barat No. 35. It has rooms starting from Rp. 50,000 with communal bathroom and fan, to air-conditioned rooms with bathroom for Rp. 135,000. The place has recently been redecorated and therefore spurs an un-Jaksa-like coziness. The best room is upstairs at the front where there's a cozy balcony and access to the flower filled rooftop terrace.

04. Bloemsteen Homestay (021-325389)

Bloemsteen Homestay (021-325389) and the next-door Kresna Homestay (021-325403), located in Gang 1, a small alley on the Eastern side of Jalan Jaksa. Although rooms are cramped and could use a good scrub, they are very affordable starting at Rp. 35,000, and the atmosphere is slightly less depressing than other places in the neighborhood.

kutip on www.lombokmarine.com

Prambanan Temples Central Java Travel Guides

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Mon, 04 May 2009 09:06:00 +0000

PRAMBANAN HINDUS TEMPLE OF CENTRAL JAVA

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Indonesia, located in Central Java, approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta.

The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the largest Hindu temples in south-east Asia. It is characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the 47m high central building inside a large complex of individual temples.

History
It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after its construction, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites. A temple will only be rebuilt if at least 75% of the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of the smaller shrines are now visible and with no plans for their reconstruction.

The temple was damaged during the earthquake in Java in 2006. Early photos suggest that although the complex appears to be structurally intact, damage is significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple has been closed to the public until damage can be fully assessed. The head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that: "it will take months to identify the precise damage".[2] However, some weeks later in 2006 the site re-opened for visitors. The immediate surroundings of the Hindu temples remain off-limits for safety reasons.

The complex
The compound is assembled of eight main shrines or candis, and more than 250 surrounding individual candis. The three main shrines, called Trisakti (Ind. "three sacred places"), are dedicated to the three gods: Shiva the Destroyer, Vishnu the Keeper and Brahma the Creator.

The Shiva shrine at the center contains four chambers, one in every cardinal direction. While the first contains a three meter high statue of Shiva, the other three contain smaller statues of Durga, his wife, Agastya, a risi, and Ganesha, his son.

The shrine of Durga is also called the temple of Loro Jonggrang (slender virgin), after a Javanese princess, daughter of King Boko. She was forced to marry a man she did not love, Bandung Bondowoso. After long negotiations she eventually agreed to the marriage, under the condition that her prince should build her a temple ornamented with 1000 statues, between the setting and the rising of the sun.

Helped by supernatural beings, the prince was about to succeed. So the princess ordered the women of the village to set a fire in the east of the temple, attempting to make the prince believe that the sun was about to rise. As the cocks began to crow, fooled by the light, the supernatural helpers fled. The prince, furious about the simple trick, changed Loro Jongrang to stone. She became the last and the most beautiful of the thousand statues.

The two other main shrines are that of Vishnu, to the north, and the one of Brahma, facing to the south. In front of each main temple is a smaller candis on the east side, dedicated to the mounts of the respective god - the bull Nandi for Shiva, the gander Angsa for Brahma, and Vishnu's Eagle Garuda, which serves as the national symbol of Indonesia (cf. also to the airline Garuda Indonesia).

The bas-reliefs along the twenty sides of the temple depict the Ramayana legend. They illustrate how Sita, the wife of Rama, is abducted by an evil ogre. The monkey king Hanuman brings his army to help Rama and rescue Sita. This story is also shown by the Ramayana Ballet, regularly performed at full moon in front of the illuminated Prambanan complex.

The temple complex is surrounded by more than 250 individual temples of different sizes, called Pewara, believed to have been offered to the king as a sign of submission. The Pewara are arranged in four rows around the central temples, according to the rank of the people allowed to enter them. While the central row was accessible to the priests only, the other three were reserved for the nobles, the knights and the simple people respectively.

Not far to the west are found Candi Kalasan and Candi Sari, and to the south the Ratu Boko on higher ground. Each provides further clues and details of the.

kutip on www.lombokmarine.com

Borobudur Temples Central Java Travel Guides

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Mon, 04 May 2009 08:57:00 +0000

BOROBUDUR BUDDHIST TEMPLE OF CENTRAL JAVA

Borobudur is a ninth century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Central Java, Indonesia. The monument comprises six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome is located at the center of the top platform, and is surrounded by seventy-two Buddha statues seated inside perforated stupa.

The monument is both a shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows a path circumambulating the monument while ascending to the top through the three levels of Buddhist cosmology, namely, Kamadhatu (the world of desire); Rupadhatu (the world of forms); and Arupadhatu (the world of formless). During the journey, the monument guides the pilgrims through a system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the wall and the balustrades.

Evidence suggests Borobudur was abandoned following the fourteenth century decline of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms in Java, and the Javanese conversion to Islam.[2] It was rediscovered in 1814 by Sir Thomas Raffles, the British ruler of Java. Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO, following which the monument was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[3] Borobudur is still used for pilgrimage, where once a year Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak at the monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction

Etymology
In Indonesian, temples are known as candi, thus "Borobudur Temple" is locally known as Candi Borobudur. The term candi is also used more loosely to describe any ancient structure, for example, gates and bathing structures. The origins of the name Borobudur however are unclear, although the original names of most ancient Indonesian temples are no longer known. The name 'Borobudur' was first written in the Sir Thomas Raffles book on Java history.[8] Raffles wrote about a monument called borobudur, but there are no older documents suggesting the same name. The only old Javanese manuscript that hints at the monument as a holy Buddhist sanctuary is Nagarakertagama, written by Mpu Prapanca in 1365.

The name 'Bore-Budur', and thus 'BoroBudur', is thought to have been written by Raffles in English grammar to mean the nearby village of Bore; most candi are named after a nearby village. If it followed Javanese language, the monument should have been named 'BudurBoro'. Raffles also suggested that 'Budur' might correspond to the modern Javanese word Buda ('ancient') - i.e., 'ancient Boro'. However, another archaeologist suggests the second component of the name ('Budur') comes from Javanese term bhudhara (or mountain)

Location
Approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) northwest of Yogyakarta, Borobudur is located in an elevated area between two twin volcanoes, Sundoro-Sumbing and Merbabu-Merapi, and two rivers, the Progo and the Elo. According to local myth, the area known as Kedu Plain is a Javanese 'sacred' place and has been dubbed 'the garden of Java' due to its high agricultural fertility. Besides Borobudur, there are other Buddhist and Hindu temples in the area, including the Prambanan temples compound. During the restoration in the early 1900s, it was discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut, are lined in one straight line position.[12] It might be accidental, but the temples' alignment is in conjunction with a native folk tale that a long time ago, there was a brick-paved road from Borobodur to Mendut with walls on both sides. The three temples (Borobodur–Pawon–Mendut) have similar architecture and ornamentation derived from the same time period, which suggests that ritual relationship between the three temples, in order to have formed a sacred unity, must have existed, although exact ritual process is yet unknown.

Unlike other temples, which were built on a flat surface, Borobudur was built on a bedrock hill, 265 m (869 ft) above sea level and 15 m (49 ft) above the floor of the dried-out paleolake.[13] The lake's existence was the subject of intense discussion among archaeologists in the twentieth century; Borobudur was thought to have been built on a lake shore or even floated on a lake. In 1931, a Dutch artist and a scholar of Hindu and Buddhist architecture, W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp, developed a theory that Kedu Plain was once a lake and Borobudur initially represented a lotus flower floating on the lake.[10] Lotus flowers are found in almost every Buddhist work of art, often serving as a throne for buddhas and base for stupas. The architecture of Borobudur itself suggests a lotus depiction, in which Buddha postures in Borobudur symbolize the Lotus Sutra, mostly found in many Mahayana Buddhism (a school of Buddhism widely spread in the east Asia region) texts. Three circular platforms on the top are also thought to represent a lotus leaf. Nieuwenkamp's theory, however, was contested by many archaeologists because the natural environment surrounding the monument is a dry land.

Geologists, on the other hand, support Nieuwenkamp's view, pointing out clay sediments found near the site. A study of stratigraphy, sediment and pollen samples conducted in 2000 supports the existence of a paleolake environment near Borobudur,which tends to confirm Nieuwenkamp's theory. The lake area fluctuated with time and the study also proves that Borobudur was near the lake shore circa thirteenth and fourteenth century. River flows and volcanic activities shape the surrounding landscape, including the lake. One of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, Mount Merapi, is in the direct vicinity of Borobudur and has been very active since the Pleistocene

History
There is no written record of who built Borobudur or of its intended purpose.[ The construction time has been estimated by comparison between carved reliefs on the temple's hidden foot and the inscriptions commonly used in royal charters during the eight and ninth centuries. Borobudur was likely founded around 800 AD.[16] This corresponds to the period between 760–830 AD, the peak of the Sailendra dynasty in central Java, when it was under the influence of the Srivijayan Empire. The construction has been estimated to have taken 75 years and been completed during the reign of Samaratungga in 825.

There is confusion between Hindu and Buddhist rulers in Java around that time. The Sailendras were known as ardent followers of Lord Buddha, though stone inscriptions found at Sojomerto suggest they may have been Hindus.[18] It was during this time that many Hindu and Buddhist monuments were built on the plains and mountain around the Kedu Plain. The Buddhist monuments, including Borobudur, were erected around the same time as the Hindu Shiva Prambanan temple compound. In 732 AD, the Shivaite King Sanjaya commissioned a Hindu Shiva lingga sanctuary to be built on the Ukir hill, only 10 km (6.2 miles) east of Borobudur.

Construction of Buddhist temples, including Borobudur, at that time was possible because Sanjaya's immediate successor, Rakai Panangkaran, granted his permission to the Buddhist followers to build such temples. In fact, to show his respect, Panangkaran gave the village of Kalasan to the Buddhist community, as is written in the Kalasan Charter dated 778 AD. This has led some archaeologists to believe that there was never serious conflict concerning religion in Java as it was possible for a Hindu king to patronize the establishment of a Buddhist monument; or for a Buddhist king to act likewise.[22] However, it is likely that there were two rival royal dynasties in Java at the time—the Buddhist Sailendra and the Saivite Sanjaya—in which the latter triumphed over their rival in the 856 battle on the Ratubaka plateau. This confusion also exists regarding the Lara Jonggrang temple at the Prambanan complex, which was believed that it was erected by the victor Rakai Pikatan as the Sanjaya dynasty's reply to Borobudur,but others suggest.

Rediscovery
Following the Anglo-Dutch Java War, Java was under British administration from 1811 to 1816. The appointed governor was Lieutenant Governor-General Thomas Stamford Raffles, who took great interest in the history of Java. He collected Javanese antiques and made notes through contacts with local inhabitants during his tour throughout the island. On an inspection tour to Semarang in 1814, he was informed about a big monument deep in a jungle near the village of Bumisegoro. He was not able to make the discovery himself and sent H.C. Cornelius, a Dutch engineer, to investigate.

In two months, Cornelius and his 200 men cut down trees, burned down vegetation and dug away the earth to reveal the monument. Due to the danger of collapse, he could not unearth all galleries. He reported his findings to Raffles including various drawings. Although the discovery is only mentioned by a few sentences, Raffles has been credited with the monument's recovery, as one who had brought it to the world's attention.

Hartmann, a Dutch administrator of the Kedu region, continued Cornelius' work and in 1835 the whole complex was finally unearthed. His interest in Borobudur was more personal than official. Hartmann did not write any reports of his activities; in particular, the alleged story that he discovered the large statue of Buddha in the main stupa.[26] In 1842, Hartmann investigated the main dome although what he discovered remains unknown as the main stupa remains empty.

The Dutch East Indies government then commissioned F.C. Wilsen, a Dutch engineering official, who studied the monument and drew hundreds of relief sketches. J.F.G. Brumund was also appointed to make a detailed study of the monument, which was completed in 1859. The government intended to publish an article based on Brumund study supplemented by Wilsen's drawings, but Brumund refused to cooperate. The government then commissioned another scholar, C. Leemans, who compiled a monograph based on Brumund's and Wilsen's sources. In 1873, the first monograph of the detailed study of Borobudur was published, followed by its French translation a year later. The first photograph of the monument was taken in 1873 by a Dutch-Flemish engraver, Isidore van Kinsbergen.

Appreciation of the site developed slowly, and it served for some time largely as a source of souvenirs and income for "souvenir hunters" and thieves. In 1882, the chief inspector of cultural artifacts recommended that Borobudur be entirely disassembled with the relocation of reliefs into museums due to the unstable condition of the monument. As a result, the government appointed Groenveldt, an archeologist, to undertake a thorough investigation of the site and to assess the actual condition of the complex; his report found that these fears were unjustified and recommended it be left intact.

kutip dari www.lombokmarine.com

Kuta Beach Bali Travel Guides

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Mon, 04 May 2009 08:46:00 +0000

Kuta in addition to being the Sunset Site Number One, with its daily spectacular sunsets, it is also the centre of night life activities in Southern Bali and a shopping mecca, with its lines of shops, boutiques, and galleries. Restaurants line up the streets as well as the Bachfront,Hotels, ranging from a small, inexpensive homestay to a luxurious resort, will ready accomodate you.

The beach of Kuta is one of the first favorite beaches discovered by tourist. On the south, the beach is fenced by the airport’s runway, which gives you a breathtaking landing experience. The beach stretches as far north as the eyes can see. As short walk away north, waves will invite you to test your surfing

Kuta is very short drive away from the airport, and transportation is readily available to take you from and to Kuta to and from anywhere else in Bali

Kuta Beach is the most famous beach in Bali and the first one most people see.

Its proximity to the cheap guest houses on Poppies I & II as well as Jl. Benesari and the budget hotels on Jl. Melasti make it super accessible for a surfer just arriving for the first time. For someone staying at hotel Bounty on Poppies II for example you only have to walk for about 3 minutes and you will be at the beach.

At the bottom end of Jl. Pantai Kuta you will see the lifeguard tower which is in operation from 6am to 7pm. It is equipped with 2 jet-skis, a Toyota Landcruiser and a surf rescue longboard. There have been over 300 rescues in 2004 as well as 14 drownings.

Being a sandy beach break most of the surfers you will find on Kuta Beach are beginners or intermediates taking it easy. Any time there is swell expect a lot of Balinese in the water as well as Japanese, plus a sprinkling of other nationalities.

Best times to surf this beach are at high tide.

The slope of Kuta Beach is very gradual and you can walk out 100 meters and still be only chest high in the water, a perfect place for beginners. The waves come in flat meaning you are not going to get a very long ride.

Kuta Beach itself has the densest beach activity of any place in Bali with drink, sarong, carving sellers all over the place. Boards of all sizes are available for rent. There seems to be someone with a rack of boards every 10 meters under the trees. You can also get a body board if that is your preference. I asked a number of renters for a rate and they ask 50,000rp for 2 hours with the body board and 75,000-100,000rp for 2 hours for a surfboard. This is their asking price of course and the realities are somewhat different. If you persist you can probably get them down a lot. Remember you can rent a motorbike for a day for 40,000rp.

Expect to be hassled like mad by massage ladies and all kinds of vendors as soon as you sit down for a break. Getting to know a single drink vendor will help if you are planning to stay around for a while, because as trust develops they will guard your belongings as they see you as a regular customer. I still would not bring too much cash or valuables to the beach.

For people planning to spend the whole day at the beach there are a million drink vendors. A Coke goes for 5,000rp and a small Bintang for 10,000rp.

Indonesian food vendors are all over too selling quick snacks that are popular with locals including rujak, the spicy concoction of unripe fruits sprinkled with salt, chili and caramel sauce.

Close to the life guard tower at the bottom on Jl. Pantai Kuta there is a toilet / shower facility which charges 1,000rp for the toilet. There is another similar facility on the beach across from Poppies Lane II and another at Halfway and another at Jl.Pantai Legian a little ways up the beach from the turn off at Jl. Melasti.

Across from the beach down by Poppies I is a Circle K and a McDonalds which may please some people. There are also free-standing ATM machines in this area as well in some of the Circle K’s.

Warungs offering cheap food are within a 2 minute walk on Poppies Lane I so no need to get sucked into a beachside restaurant and high prices.

As a rule of thumb the swell hits harder the further you head north in regard to Kuta Bay. The surf schools often are based in the Kuta Beach area across from Poppies I & II. If you head up to Kuta Halfway which is halfway up Jl. Pantai Kuta to Jl. Melasti, at the end you will have way less of everything, food options, drink sellers ad shade as the trees have not grown here much, although there is a new Circle K next to the Aussie-themed Southern Cross restaurant serving an assortment of western food. Black pepper steak is 45,000rp and red snapper is the same price. For people surfing at Kuta Halfway your nearest budget food options are on Jl. Benesari a minutes walk south.

South Kuta Bali is more that just a great beach......it is conveniently located just a short distance from Bali's International aiprort and a comfortable stroll form the nightlife and excitment of central Kuta.

KUTA & LEGIAN BEACH HOTELS LIST
Hotel Name	Class	Hotel Name	Class
Alam Kulkul Boutique Resort	04 Star	Inna Kuta Beach Hotel	04 Star
Barong Hotel Kuta	02 Star	Bounty Hotel	03 Star
Champlung Mas Hotel	02 Star	Dewi Sri Cottages Kuta	02 Star
Ida Hotel Bali	01 Star	Kuta Beach Hotel Club	03 Star
Kuta Lagoon Resort	03 Star	Kuta Sea view Cottages	04 Star
Mercure Kuta Bali	04 Star	Ramayana resort & Spa	04 Star
The Oasis HotelKuta	03 Star	White Rose Hotel & Spa	04 Star

All Season Resort Legian	03 Star	Casa Padma Suites	03 Star
Jayakarta Hotel & Residences	04 Star	Melasti Beach Resort & Spa	03 Star
Puri Raja Beach Hotel	02 Star	Rama Garden Hotel	02 Star
The Lokha Legian	03 Star	Losari Hotel and Villa	03 Star
Adika Sari Bungalows		Baleka Beach Resort
Prani Legian Hotel		Suriwathi Beach Resort
Park Royal Resort	04 Star	Cendana Hotel	01 Star

Come and Discover Indonesia Islands with us!

kutip dari www.lombokmarine.com

Bandung and Vicinity | West Java Travel Guides

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Mon, 04 May 2009 08:37:00 +0000

BANDUNG INTRODUCTION

Bandung is the capital of West Java in Indonesia. Bandung is 180 kilometres south-east from Jakarta Today Bandung has a population of 2 million people, the Bandung area an extimated 4 million. Bandung is situated on a plateau 768 meters above sea level with a cool climate throughout the year. Bandung is the most European city of Java. The raining season starts in Bandung a little bit earlier, then the rest of Indonesia. Normally the raining season in Indonesia is from October till May, the peak of the raining season is in January. The dry season is from June until August, temperature is then 25-30 degrees Celsius during the day. In the morning the sun is almost shining every day, but in the afternoon many times it gets cloudy, for sunbathing you have to wake up early from 6.30 the sun is already there! In the evening when the sun is down the temperature drops.The average temperature in Bandung is 22 degrees Celsius, the weather is pleasant all year round.

HOW TO GET TO BANDUNG

Bandung is 180 kilometres south-east from Jakarta, about 2 hours driving by car. It is better to take the train from Gambir station in Jakarta to Bandung, because this is a great experience. For a comfortable trip take the "Eksekutif" class. A pleasant 3 hour journey through mountains, paddy fields, tea plantations and a beautiful panorama. From Halim Airport in Jakarta there are several daily flights with Deraya and Merpati to Bandung and vise versa, a flight Jakarta - Bandung takes only 30 minutes.

HISTORY
The city history dates from 1488 when the first reference to Bandung exists. But from ancient archaeological finds, we know the city was home to Australopithecus, Java Man. These people lived on the banks of the Cikapundung in north Bandung, and on the shores of the Great Lake of Bandung. Flint artefacts can still be found in the Upper Dago area and the Geological Museum has displays and fragments of skeletal remains and artefacts.

The Sundanese were a pastoral people farming the fertile regions of Bandung. They developed a lively oral tradition, which includes the still practised Wayang Golek puppet theatre, and many musical forms. "There is a city called Bandung, comprising 25 to 30 houses," wrote Juliaen de Silva in 1614.

The achievements of European adventurers to try their luck in the fertile and prosperous Bandung area, led eventually to 1786 when a road was built connecting Jakarta, Bogor, Cianjur and Bandung. This flow was increased when in 1809 Louis Napoleon, the ruler of the Netherlands, ordered Governor General H.W. Daendels, to increase defences in Java against English. The vision was a chain of military defence units and a supply road between Batavia and Cirebon. But this coastal area was marsh and swamp, and it was easier to construct the road further south, across the Priangan highlands.

The Groote Postweg (Great Post Road) was built 11 miles north of the capital of Bandung. With his usual terseness, Daendels ordered the capital to be relocated to the road. Bupati Wiranatakusumah II chose a site south of the road on the western bank of the Cikapundung, near a pair of holy wells, Sumur Bandung, supposedly protected by the ancient goddess Nyi Kentring Manik. On this site he built his dalem (palace) and the alun-alun (city square). Following traditional orientations, Mesjid Agung (The Grand Mosque) was placed on the western side, and the public market on the east. His residence and Pendopo (meeting place) was on the south facing the mystical mountain of Tangkuban Perahu. Thus was The Flower City born. In the beginning of the 19th century, the Dutch established Bandung. The area was full of woods and only a few people lived in the area. The area of Bandung was difficult to reach and Bandung was only a spot on the map.

Around the middle of the l9th Century, South American cinchona (quinine), Assam tea, and coffee was introduced to the highlands. By the end of the century Priangan was registered as the most prosperous plantation area of the province. In 1886 the rail line connecting Batavia (Jakarta) and Bandung was completed, and promised a 2 1/2 hour trip from the blistering capital in Jakarta to Bandung. Bandung still was a small village (population in 1896 was 29.386).

With the rail way life changed in Bandung, hotels, cafes, shops sprouted up to serve the planters who either came down from their highland plantations or up from the capital to frolic in Bandung. The Concordia Society was formed and with its large ballroom was the social magnet for weekend activities in the city. The Preanger Hotel and the Savoy Homann were the hotels of choice. The Braga became the promenade, lined with exclusive Europeans shops.

With the railroad, light industry flourished. Once raw plantation crops were sent directly to Jakarta for shipment to Europe, now primary processing could be done efficiently in Bandung. The Chinese who had never lived in Bandung in any number came to help run the facilities and vendor machines and services to the new industries. Chinatown dates from this period.

In the first years of the 20th century, Pax Neerlandica was proclaimed, resulting in the passing of military government to a civilian one. With this came the policy of decentralisation to lighten the administrative burden of the central government. And so Bandung became a municipality in 1906.

This turn of events left a great impact on the city. City Hall was built at the north end of Braga to accommodate the new government, separate from the original native system. This was soon followed by a larger scale development when the military headquarters was moved from Batavia to Bandung around 1920. The chosen site was east of City Hall, and consisted of a residence for the Commander in Chief, offices, barracks and military housing.

By the early 20's the need for skilled professionals drove the establishment of the technical high school that was sponsored by the citizens of Bandung. At the same time the plan to move the capital of the Netherlands Indies from Batavia (Jakarta) to Bandung was already mature, the city was to be extended to the north. Bandung underwent a sudden boom and the population increased rapidly, this was the "Golden Century" of Bandung. The capital district was placed in the northeast, an area that had formerly been rice fields, and a grand avenue was planned to run for about 2.5 kilometres facing the fabled Tangkuban Perahu volcano with Gedung Sate at the south end, and a colossal monument at the other. On both sides of this grand boulevard buildings would house the various offices of the massive colonial government.

Along the east bank of the Cikapundung River amidst natural scenery was the campus of the Technische Hoogeschool, dormitories and staff housing. The old campus buildings and its original landscaping reflect the genius of its architect Henri Maclain Pont. The southwestern section was reserved for the municipal hospital and the Pasteur Institute, in the neighbourhood of the old quinine factory. These developments were carefully planned down to the architectural and maintenance details. These years shortly before World War II were the golden ones in Bandung and those alluded to today as Bandung Tempoe Doeloe.

Considering themselves as an upper class society, the Europeans community insisted on keeping themselves up-to-date with European lifestyles. To support this high fashion standard it was necessary to have some kind of "Champs de Ellyses", and Jl. Braga was the result. It turned into a shopping lane complete with theatre with the latest movies. Bandung then became famous as "Paris of Java". The city parks and gardens with the blooming flowers and the beautiful women, with a light braun and soft skin made Bandung also famous as the "City of flowers" or "Kota Kembang".

The war years did little to change the city of Bandung, but in 1946, facing the return of the Colonial Dutch to Indonesia, citizens chose to burn down their beloved Bandung in what has become known as Bandung Lautan Api, Bandung Ocean of Fire. Citizens fled to the southern hills and overlooking the "ocean of flames" penned "Halo Halo Bandung," the anthem promising their return. Political unrest coloured the early years of Independence and consequently people flocked to Bandung where safety was. The population skyrocketed from 230,000 in 1940 to 1 million by 1961. Economic prosperity following the oil boom in the 70's pushed this further so that by 1990 there were 2 million inhabitants. After World War II, Bandung became in the shadow from Jakarta.

Present day Bandung is thriving. As home to more than 25 schools of higher education, there is a vibrant collegiate atmosphere. The ITB still reigns supreme in Indonesian education. The ITB (Institute Teknologi Bandung) located right in the center of the elite area of Bandung. Today ITB produces qualified engineers and several graduates of the Arts faculty are acknowledged as famous commercial artists. The Universities of Padjadjaran and Parahyangan receive students from all over the country. The National Hotel Institute, the National Railway Institute, the Senior Officers Military Institute, the Women's Police Academy, grace the city. The excellent fine arts offerings have produced an artist colony of great repute and excitement. The textile industry is the largest in the country and contributes to a vigorous business climate.

In 1987 the city extended its administrative boundaries toward a Greater Bandung Plan (Bandung Raya) Plans for the city include higher concentrations of development outside the current city centre, in an attempt to dilute some of the population density in the old core. These days Bandung Raya is still years ahead, yet the land has suffered deeply. Commercial activities run amok, God only knows who can take control. The city core is practically uprooted, old faces are torn down, lot sizes regrouped, and what was idyllic residence is now bustling chain supermarkets and rich banks.

Bandung is also a place with a lot of industries, mostly in textile. The Indonesia aircraft factory of IPTN is also based in Bandung and has sold a number of aircraft's overseas. Bosscha Astronomical Observatory in Lembang installed in 1923 and still functioning as Astronomy research center. Technology is not the only science that Bandung can boast, Lembaga Pasteur, or Pasteur's institute, where the rabies serum and smallpox vaccine were researched and developed, is also located in Bandung. Present population of Bandung is extimated 2 million, with the surrounding cities the Bandung area houses an extimated 4 million people.

Getting around
The taxi service in Bandung is not so good as in Jakarta. Most taxi drivers don't drive on the meter/ argo and before entering a taxi you must negotiate about the price, ask your hotel or guide for an indication of the price. The taxi drivers almost never have change, so take small banknotes with you (500, 1000, 5000 and 10.000 rupiah). Some good taxi companies are Blue Bird and Gemari Pahah taxi (blue/ green taxi's), Blue Bird & GR taxi's always drives on the meter/ argo and our choice if we need a taxi. For more information about transportation, see the website Bandung Expat. It is also possible to rent a car with a driver for some hours or a day, this is an easier way to get around the city and visit the tourist attractions around Bandung. On sunday and public holidays it is always very busy on the road in and around Bandung, so better make your travel plans on other days.

On the first 1 or 2 letters you can find out from which area a car comes from, in the weekend Bandung is floaded with cars with number plate starting with B (Jakarta). The licence plate of Bandung starts with a D. An overview of the number plate system of cars in Indonesia, click here.

The Jl. Braga still serves as a shopping lane, here you can find a couple of antique shops, some shops from the colonial days are still there. For batik, souvenirs and handicraft there is Sarinah Department store on Jl. Braga a bigger selection can be found in Sarinah Department store in Jakarta. Another shopping street is along Jl. A. Yani. A modern shopping center is Bandung Indah Plaza (BIP), at Jl. Merdeka, Bandung Super Mall at Jl. Gatot Subroto and Istana Plaza. For jeans and T-shirts is Jl. Cihampelas "Jeans Street" the place to be. The Jeans street is a must when you go shopping in Bandung. There are many malls, stores and supermarkets in Bandung some of our favorites are Instana Parijs Van Java Mall, Plaza, Borma at the Jl. Setia Budi, Cihampelas Walk (CI Walk) the Jl. Cihampelas. The best supermarket in Bandung is Setia Budhi supermarket at the Jl. Setia Budhi. The are also some hypermarkets in Bandung such as Carrefour & Giant.
Money matters

There a plenty of banks in Bandung local banks and also foreign banks, so plenty of ATM's to choose from. If you want to change money Golden Money Changer in Jl. Juanda and in Otto Iskandardinata are recommended.
Going out

Some of our favorites are Gambrinus (German pub & restaurant) at Jl. Prof. Drg. Surya Sumantri No 59. Another must see are the restaurants Kampung Daun, Sapu Lidi and the Peak, all 3 in the north of Bandung, direction of Lembang. If you like pizza our favourite place in ? at Cihampelas Walk (CI walk) and many nice restaurants at Parijs van Java Mall.

Tourist attractions in the Bandung area

Bandung has many tourist attractions, some are described on this page. For more information the book "All around Bandung" ISBN 962-593-030-2 is a good guide where you can find more information about below mentioned attractions. The travelling time mentioned on this page is the minimum travel time needed, on a Sunday or public holiday the travelling time can be much longer or even double! Our advice is stay at home during a Sunday or a public holiday.

Kebun Binatang/ Bandung Zoo
This is a zoo in the centre of Bandung, near ITB Bandung. It is a nice place to visit, the zoo has varity of animals and birds most from Indonesia. Some species which can be seen komodo, tigers from Java and Sumatra, monkeys and orang utans and many kind of birds.

Tangkuban Perahu crater
Tangkuban perahu is a vulcano, 25 kilometre north of Bandung direction of Lembang. The name means hulk of overturned boat, the only crater in Java accessible all the way by car as far as its rim. This is Bandung's most famous natural attraction. You can see a breathtaking view by standing on the rim of far from active and its smouldering crater. Also take a walk with a local guide to the hot spring of the vulcano. This walk takes you about 30 minutes down hill through the forest from the rim of the vulcano to the hot spring. Indonesia has about 400 vulcanos, from which 350 still active.

Ciater Hot Spring
In the Hot Spring Ciater Resort you can enjoy swimming in warm sulphurized water pools, good for healing rheumatism and skin problems. It is a nice park with small pools in which you can sit or swim. About 30 minutes from Tangkuhan perahu crate.

Mt Ratuha and Kawah Putih
Mt Patuhu is located southwest of Bandung, Kawah Putih is a lake on this mountains is sometimes pale turquoise, or as it's name says white. The direction is drive to Ciwidey. Kawah Putih can easy be reached by car all the way to the rim and then it is a 100 metre walk to the lake it self. It is a very nice colourfull lake.

Cimanggu Hot Springs
The Cimanggu Hot Springs are some swimming pools full of hot water from the mountain. The water is much hotter then in the Hot Spring Ciater Resort, the area of this hot spring is very nice and a good place to relax. This hot spring is not so crowded as the Ciater Hot Spring. The drive from Bandung takes about 2 hours.

Lake Patengan or Situ Patengan
From the Cimanggu Hot Spring it is just a 30 minute drive through tea plantations. This is a lovely site for boating, the lake looks a a green carpet, the lake is surrounded by tea plantations. The Lake Patengan is a very popular spot for Indonesians on a Sunday and public holiday, but this can be said from all tourist attractions mentioned on this page.

Sindang Reret Hotel & Restoran at the Jl Raya Propinsi Ciwidey, is a good place for eating on your way or the way back to Bandung. From Bandung you will find the restaurant on the left side of the road. It serve good food and the asmosphere is great, nice location and many beautiful, big fish to watch.

Puncak Pass
Between Bandung and Bogor in the mountains lays Puncak. A cool area which is very popular, specially by people from Jakarta. People from Jakarta escape in the weekend and on public holidays from the heat and busy streets of the capital of Indonesia to Puncak. Bandung to Puncak takes about 3 hours drive.

Bogor
A bit futher away from Bandung about 4,5 hours drive is Bogor, also called the city of rain. In Bogor you must visit the botanical garden. This botanical garden and in the garden is the palace "Buitenzorg" On a not so busy day on the road a visit to Bogor and Taman Safari can be done on the same day.

Taman Safari/ Safari Park
Taman safari is a drive through zoo and amusement park and is open every day. On the way from Bandung to Taman Safari you have to pass Puncak, do not try to do this on Sunday or public holiday because you can end up in a big traffic jam. Because Puncak is a very popular spot for people from Jakarta. Normaly it take 3,5 hours from Bandung to get to Taman Safari

Bali - The Island of Gods Travel Guides

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Mon, 04 May 2009 08:19:00 +0000

It is a paradise island for all visitors and a world of Hinduism temples. Bali is a most favorite holiday destination for everyone from all part of the world. Bali offers peaceful place, great fun, relaxation for those who want to escape themselves and the family from the pressures of daily life.

Besides the leisure and relaxing, Bali is also conjure up the unique experience for the couple who love one each other to marry here in the beautiful island. Bali gives a blessing with a spirit from the paradise in the day where once in your lifetime experience.

Bali is an Indonesian island located at 8°25′23″S, 115°14′55″ECoordinates: [show location on an interactive map] 8°25′23″S, 115°14′55″E, the western most of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island. The island is home to the vast majority of Indonesia's small Hindu minority. It is also the largest tourist destination in the country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking and music.

History
Bali has been inhabited since early prehistoric times firstly by descendants of a prehistoric race who migrated through mainland Asia to the Indonesian archipelago, thought to have first settled in Bali around 3000 BC.[citation needed] Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.

Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, and particularly Sanskrit, culture, in a process beginning around the 1st century AD. The name Balidwipa has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong charter issued by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 913 AD and mentioning Walidwipa. It was during this time that the complex irrigation system subak was developed to grow rice. Some religious and cultural traditions still in existence today can be traced back to this period. The Hindu Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java founded a Balinese colony in 1343. When the empire declined, there was an exodus of intellectuals, artists, priests and musicians from Java to Bali in the 15th century.

The First European contact with Bali is thought to have been when Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman arrived in 1597, though a Portuguese ship had foundered off the Bukit Peninsula as early as 1585.[citation needed] Dutch rule over Bali came later, was more aggressively fought for, and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku.

In the 1840s, a presence in Bali was established, first in the island's north, by playing various distrustful Balinese realms against each other. The Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults first against the Sanur region and then Denpasar. The Balinese were hopelessly overwhelmed in number and armament, but rather than face the humiliation of surrender, they mounted a final defensive but suicidal assault, or puputan. Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 4,000 Balinese marched to their death against the invaders. Afterwards the Dutch governors were able to exercise little influence over the island, and local control over religion and culture generally remained intact.

Japan occupied Bali during World War II during which time a Balinese military officer, Gusti Ngurah Rai, formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. Following Japan's Pacific surrender in August 1945, the Dutch promptly returned to Indonesia, including Bali, immediately to reinstate their pre-war colonial administration. This was resisted by the Balinese rebels now using Japanese weapons.

On 20 November 1946, the Battle of Marga was fought in Tabanan in central Bali. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai, 29 years old, finally rallied his forces in east Bali at Marga Rana, where they made a suicide attack on the heavily armed Dutch. The Balinese battalion was entirely wiped out, breaking the last thread of Balinese military resistance. In 1946 the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly-proclaimed Republic of East Indonesia, a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta. Bali was included in the "Republic of the United States of Indonesia" when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on Dec. 29, 1949. In 1950 Bali officially renounced the Dutch union and legally became a province within the Republic of Indonesia.

The 1963 eruption of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic havoc and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated to other parts of Indonesia.

In 1965, after a failed coup d'etat in Jakarta against the national government of Indonesia, Bali, along with other regions of Indonesia most notably Java, was the scene of widespread killings of (often falsely-accused) members and sympathizers of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) by right-wing General Suharto-sponsored militias. Possibly more than 100,000 Balinese were killed although the exact numbers are unknown to date and the events remain legally undisclosed.[2] Many unmarked but well known mass graves of victims are located around the island.

On October 12, 2002, a car bomb attack in the tourist resort of Kuta killed 202 people, largely foreign tourists and injured a further 209. Further bombings occurred three years later in Kuta and nearby Jimbaran Bay.

Geography
Bali lies 3.2 km east of Java and approximately 8 degrees south of the equator. East to west, the island is approximately 153 km wide and 112 km north to south (95 by 69 miles, respectively), with a surface area of 5,632 km². The highest point is Mount Agung at 3,142 m (10,308 feet) high, an active volcano that last erupted in March 1963. Mountains cover centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Mount Batur (1,717 m) is also still active. About 30,000 years ago it experienced a catastrophic eruption — one of the largest known volcanic events on Earth.

In the south the land descends to form an alluvial plain, watered by shallow rivers, drier in the dry season and overflowing during periods of heavy rain.

The principal cities are the northern port of Singaraja, the former colonial capital of Bali, and the present provincial capital and largest city, Denpasar, near the southern coast. The town of Ubud (north of Denpasar), with its art market, museums and galleries, is arguably the cultural center of Bali.

There are major coastal roads and roads that cross the island mainly north-south. Due to the mountainous terrain in the island's center, the roads tend to follow the crests of the ridges across the mountains. There are no railway lines.

The island is surrounded by coral reefs. Beaches in the south tend to have white sand while those in the north and west black sand. The beach town of Padangbai in the south east has both: the main beach and the secret beach have white sand and the south beach and the blue lagoon have much darker sand. Pasut Beach, near Ho River and Pura Segara, is a quiet beach 14 km southwest of Tabanan. The Ho River is navigable by small sampan. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of Tanah Lot, this is not yet a tourist area.

To the east, the Lombok Strait that separates Bali from Lombok marks the biogeographical division between the fauna of the Indomalayan ecozone and the distinctly different fauna of Australasia that is known as the Wallace Line, for Alfred Russel Wallace, who first remarked upon the distinction between these two major biomes. When sea levels dropped during the Pleistocene ice age, Bali was connected to Java and Sumatra and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok and the Lesser Sunda archipelago isolated.

The population of Bali is 4,151,000 (as of 2008).

Religion

Unlike most of Muslim-majority Indonesia, about 93.18% of Bali's population adheres to Balinese Hinduism, formed as a combination of existing local beliefs and Hindu influences from mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. Minority religions include Islam (4.79%), Christianity (1.38%), and Buddhism (0.64%). These official statistical figures do not include immigrants from other parts of Indonesia.

Immigrants from other parts of Indonesia have drastically changed the demographics in Bali.[citation needed] Although the majority of the population of Bali adheres to Balinese Hinduism, recent years have brought an influx of people from other islands seeking to benefit from the tourist industry, export of local handicrafts and other factors, making Bali the most affluent island in the region. The bombings in Bali by Muslim militants and the numbers of wealthy Muslims from Jakarta with political connections buying prime real estate for development has started to create Hindu-Muslim tensions where none existed before.

Culture
Bali is famous for many forms of art, including painting, sculpture, woodcarving, handcrafts, and performing arts. Balinese gamelan music is highly developed and varied. The dances portray stories from Hindu epics such as the Ramayana. Famous Balinese dances include pendet, legong, baris, topeng, barong, and kecak (the monkey dance).

National education programs, mass media and tourism continue to change Balinese culture. Immigration from other parts of Indonesia, especially Java, is changing the ethnic composition of Bali's population.

The Hindu new year, Nyepi, is celebrated in the spring by a day of silence. On this day everyone stays at home and tourists are encouraged to remain in their hotels. On the preceding day large, colorful sculptures of ogoh-ogoh monsters are paraded and finally burned in the evening to drive away evil spirits. Other festivals throughout the year are specified by the Balinese pawukon calendrical system.

Kutip dari www.lombokmarine.com

Mengenal Komunikasi Serat Optik

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Sat, 02 May 2009 13:47:00 +0000

Media komunikasi digital pada dasarnya hanya ada tiga, tembaga, udara dan kaca. Tembaga kita kenal sebagai media komunikasi sejak lama, telah berevolusi dari hanya penghantar listrik menjadi penghantar elektromagnetik yang membawa pesan, suara, gambar dan data digital. Berkembangnya teknologi frekuensi radio menambah alternatif lain media komunikasi, kita sebut nirkabel atau wireless, sebuah komunikasi dengan udara sebagai penghantar. Tahun 1980-an kita mulai mengenal media komunikasi yang lain yang sekarang menjadi tulang punggung komunikasi dunia, yaitu serat optik, sebuah media yang memanfaatkan pulsa cahaya dalam sebuah ruang kaca berbentuk kabel, total internal reflection.

Sebuah kabel serat optik dibuat sekecil-kecilnya (mikroskopis) agar tak mudah patah/retak, tentunya dengan perlindungan khusus sehingga besaran wujud kabel akhirnya tetap mudah dipasang. Satu kabel serat optik disebut sebagai core. Untuk satu sambungan/link komunikasi serat optik dibutuhkan dua core, satu sebagai transmitter dan satu lagi sebagai receiver. Variasi kabel yang dijual sangat beragam sesuai kebutuhan, ada kabel 4 core, 6 core, 8 core, 12 core, 16 core, 24 core, 36 core hingga 48 core. Satu core serat optik yang terlihat oleh mata kita adalah masih berupa lapisan pelindungnya (coated), sedangkan kacanya sendiri yang menjadi inti transmisi data berukuran mikroskopis, tak terlihat oleh mata.

Bentuk kabel dikenal dua macam, kabel udara (KU) dan kabel tanah (KT). Kabel udara diperkuat oleh kabel baja untuk keperluan penarikan kabel di atas tiang. Baik KU maupun KT pada lapisan intinya paling tengah diperkuat oleh kabel khusus untuk menahan kabel tidak mudah bengkok (biasanya serat plastik yang keras). Di sekeliling inti tersebut dipasang beberapa selubung yang isinya adalah core serat optik, dilapisi gel (katanya berfungsi juga sebagai racun tikus) dan serat nilon, dibungkus lagi dengan bahan metal tipis hingga ke lapisan terluar kabel berupa plastik tebal. Dari berbagai jenis jumlah core, besaran wujud akhir kabel tidaklah terlalu signifikan ukuran diameternya.

Memotong kabel serat optik sangat mudah, cukup menggunakan gergaji kecil. Sering terjadi maling-maling tembaga salah mencuri, niatnya mencuri kabel tembaga yang laku di pasar besi/loak malah menggergaji kabel serat optik. Yang sulit adalah mengupasnya, namun hal ini dipermudah dengan pabrikan kabel menyertakan serat nilon khusus di bawah lapisan terluar yang keras sehingga cukup dikupas sedikit dan nilon tersebut berfungsi membelah lapisan terluar hingga panjang yang diinginkan untuk dikupas.

Untuk apa dikupas? Tentunya untuk keperluan penyambungan atau terminasi. Kita lihat dulu bagaimana pulsa cahaya bekerja di dalam serat kaca yang sangat sempit ini. Kabel serat optik yang paling umum dikenal dua macam, multi-mode dan single-mode. Transmitter cahaya berupa Light Emitting Diode (LED) atau Injection Laser Diode (ILD) menembakkan pulsa cahaya ke dalam kabel serat optik. Dalam kabel multi-mode pulsa cahaya selain lurus searah panjang kabel juga berpantulan ke dinding core hingga sampai ke tujuan, sisi receiver. Pada kabel single-mode pulsa cahaya ditembakkan hanya lurus searah panjang kabel. Kabel single-mode memberi kelebihan kapasitas bandwidth dan jarak yang lebih tinggi, hingga puluhan kilometer dengan skala bandwidth gigabit.

Inti kaca kabel single-mode umumnya berdiameter 8,3-10 mikron (jauh lebih kecil dari diameter rambut), dan pada multi-mode berukuran 50-100 mikron. Pulsa cahaya yang ditembakkan pada single mode adalah cahaya dengan panjang gelombang 1310-1550nm, sedangkan pada multi-mode adalah 850-1300nm.

Ujung kabel serat optik berakhir di sebuah terminasi, untuk hal tersebut dibutuhkan penyambungan kabel serat optik dengan pigtail serat optik di Optical Termination Board (OTB), bisa wallmount atau 1U rackmount. Dari OTB kabel serat optik tinggal disambung dengan patchcord serat optik ke perangkat multiplexer, switch atau bridge (converter to ethernet UTP).

Penyambungan kabel serat optik disebut sebagai splicing. Splicing menggunakan alat khusus yang memadukan dua ujung kabel seukuran rambut secara presisi, dibakar pada suhu tertentu sehingga kaca meleleh tersambung tanpa bagian coated-nya ikut meleleh. Setelah tersambung, bagian sambungan ditutup dengan selubung yang dipanaskan. Alat ini mudah dioperasikan, namun sangat mahal harganya. Inilah sebabnya meskipun harga kabel fiber optik sudah jauh lebih murah namun alat dan biaya lainnya masih mahal, terutama pada biaya pemasangan kabel, splicing dan terminasinya.

Pigtail yang disambungkan ke kabel optik bisa bermacam-macam konektornya, yang paling umum adalah konektor FC. Dari konektor FC di OTB ini kita tinggal menggunakan patchcord yang sesuai untuk disambungkan ke perangkat. Umumnya perangkat optik seperti switch atau bridge menggunakan konektor SC atau LC. Cukup menyulitkan ketika menyebut jenis konektor yang kita kehendaki kepada penjual, FC, SC, ST, atau LC.

Setelah kabel optik terpasang di OTB dilakukan pengujian end-to-end dengan menggunakan Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR). Dengan OTDR akan didapatkan kualitas kabel, seberapa besar loss cahaya dan berapa panjang kabel totalnya. Harga perangkat OTDR ini sangat mahal, meskipun pengoperasiannya relatif mudah. OTDR ini digunakan pula pada saat terjadi gangguan putusnya kabel laut atau terestrial antar kota, sehingga bisa ditentukan di titik mana kabel harus diperbaiki dan disambung kembali.

Untuk keperluan sederhana misalnya sambungan fiber optik antar gedung pada jarak ratusan meter (hingga 15km) kini teknologi bridge/converter-nya sudah semakin murah dengan kapasitas 100Mbps, sedangkan untuk full gigabit harga switch/module-switch-nya masih mahal. Jadi, meskipun harga kabel serat optik sudah di kisaran Rp10.000/m namun total pemasangannya membengkak karena ada biaya SDM yang menarik dan memasang kabel, biaya splicing setiap core-nya, pemasangan OTB, pengujian OTDR, penyediaan patchcord dan perangkat optiknya sendiri (switch/bridge).

dikutip dari http://yulian.firdaus.or.id

Pengenalan Internet (Poin-poin penting)

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Thu, 30 Apr 2009 16:35:00 +0000

Internet merupakan jaringan global yang terdiri dari berbagai komputer yang saling berhubungan dan bekerjasama dengan cara berbagai informasi dan data menggunakan protocol TCP/IP.
-1969, Proyek Lembaga Riset Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat menghasilkan ARPANET .
-1982, ARPANET menggunakan standar protokol TCP/IP.
-1986, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Amerika Serikat mendanai pembuatan jaringan TCP/IP yang dinamai NSFNET.Jaringan NSFNET ini menjadi embrio Internet yang kita kenal sekarang.
-1987 berdiri UUNET, salah satu provider utama Internet.
Aplikasi di Internet bertambah dengan diciptakannya WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers), Gopher, dan WWW (World Wide Web). WWW berkembang menjadi yang paling populer sampai sekarang.
Protokol adalah Suatu aturan standar komunikasi baik antar komputer maupun antar jaringan komputer.
Berbagai macam protokol komunikasi komputer :
-IPX/SPX : Novell Networe
-NETBEUI : Microsoft Network
-AppleTalk : Apple Macintosh Network
-Banyam Vines, DECnet, dan sebagainya

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) merupakan Protokol yang dikembangkan pada ARPANET dan diterapkan pada jaringan komputer berbasis sistem operasi UNIX dengan konsep open system. TCP/IP menjadi standar protokol yang digunakan pada jaringan internet, karena dapat diterapkan pada hampir segala platform komputer.
Internet tidak terbentuk dari hanya suatu jaringan, melainkan terbentuk dari banyak jaringan. Untuk menghubungkan jaringan–jaringan komputer diperlukan Router dan Gateway.
Satu IP Address mempunyai suatu nama untuk dapat mempermudah identifikasi host.
Dalam tata cara penamaan digunakan istilah Domain, digunakan untuk menentukan posisi hirarki host di jaringan.
Untuk dapat terhubung dengan Internet, perlu adanya koneksi ke internet Gateway.
Salah satu contoh Internet Gateway adalah Online services atau ISP ( Internet Service Provider ). ISP adalah suatu jasa layanan koneksi Internet untuk jaringan komputer yang terhubung kepadanya.
hubungan ke ISP dapat dilakukan melalui :
-Hubungan jaringan langsung misalnya : Ethernet
-Hubungan jarak jauh misalnya : Leased line, micro wave radio, VSAT
-Hubungan lokal misalnya : jalur telepon
Bandwidth adalah kecepatan transmisi dalam sistem komunikasi data, dihitung dalam satuan bit / detik (bps - bit per second)
Contoh :
-Ethernet 10 - 100 Mbps
-Modem 14,4 - 56 Kbps
-Leased line 19 Kbps - 2 Mbps

Contoh peralatan yang dibutuhkan untuk hubungan dari satu komputer :
-Seperangkat komputer
-Modem
-Saluran telepon
-Piranti lunak komunikasi dan protokol TCP/IP
-Menjadi anggota ISP
-Piranti lunak aplikasi Internet
Hotspot adalah Area dimana internet dapat diakses dengan perangkat yang telah berteknologi Wi-Fi, seperti laptop (notebook) dan PDA. Dengan demikian akses internet nirkabel dapat dinikmati.
Disebut nirkabel karena koneksi antara penyedia jasa internet dan pemakainya tidak tersambung dengan kabel melainkan melalui gelombang radio.
GPRS atau General Packet Radio Services adalah sistem koneksi internet yang menggunakan perangkat GSM, dengan GPRS panggilan voice dapat dilakukan secara bersamaan dengan transmisi data.
internet server ada beberapa macam :
-Domain Name Service (DNS) Server
-FTP Server
-WEB Server
-WAIS Server
-IRC Server
-Firewall dan sebagainya
Layanan Aplikasi Internet mencakup :
-WWW (World Wide Web)
-Email / surat elektronik
-IRC
-Newsgroup
-File Sharing
-Finger / Telnet
Manfaat internet :
-Sebagai media komunikasi, setiap pengguna internet dapat berkomunikasi dengan pengguna lainnya dari seluruh dunia.
-Media pertukaran data, dengan menggunakan email, newsgroup, ftp dan www para pengguna internet di seluruh dunia dapat saling bertukar informasi dengan cepat dan murah.
-Media untuk mencari informasi atau data, perkembangan internet yang pesat, menjadikan www sebagai salah satu sumber informasi yang penting dan akurat.
-Kemudahan memperoleh informasi yang ada di internet sehingga manusia tahu apa saja yang terjadi.
-Bisa digunakan sebagai lahan informasi untuk bidang pendidikan, kebudayaan, dan lain-lain.
-Kemudahan bertransaksi dan berbisnis dalam bidang perdagangan sehingga tidak perlu pergi menuju ke tempat penawaran/penjualan

Contoh penggunaan internet :
-Dengan Browser (IE,Mozzila, Opera, Netscape,dll) :
-Membaca Berita-berita di koran dalam versi online (The Times, Kompas, Republika, Popular Online, dll),
-Melihat Foto dari seluruh penjuru dunia
-Ramalan cuaca untuk seluruh kota di dunia
-Membeli VCD atau buku, barang elektronik, dll
-Melihat situs-situs milik grup band favorit dan melihat video terbaru
-Melihat klasemen sementara Liga Inggris dan liga olahraga lain di seluruh dunia
-Mendengarkan siaran radio atau televisi dari stasiun-stasiun terkenal di dunia
-Membuat situs web yang dikunjungi oleh orang seluruh dunia.
-Dan lain-lain
-Dengan software messenger :
(MSN Messenger, Yahoo Messenger,AIM dll )
Anda bisa ngobrol (chat) dengan teman di mana pun ia berada, bertukar foto, dll.
-Dengan fasilitas email :
Anda bisa berikirim email ke siapa saja, kapan saja..
-Dengan program telnet :
Anda dapat menjalankan komputer lain tanpa harus berpindah tempat.

Efek negatif Internet :
-Materi yang Tidak Layak.
(Materi pornografi, seksual, kebencian, rasisme, kejahatan, kekerasan, dll)
-Penyebaran virus komputer.
-Pencurian data, hacking, cracking & carding
-Pelanggaran hak cipta.
-Tindakan kriminal (Penipuan, Pelecehan Fisik dan Non Fisik,).
-Pelanggaran privasi.
-Perjudian
-Dan lain-lain
Masa Depan Internet
-Akses internet makin cepat, mudah dan murah.
-Jumlah domain dan pemakai internet semakin banyak dengan adanya IP versi 6 (internet 2)
-Pemakai Mobile internet bertambah dan semakin populer.
-Aplikasi Video online real time dalam pola streaming di internet makin populer dan banyak digunakan karena bertambahnya bandwidth.
-Dan masih banyak lagi………..

Install Cacti on FreeBSD 6.0

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Thu, 30 Apr 2009 16:33:00 +0000

Cacti menyediakan template grafis yang canggih, metode menyusun beragam data, dan fitur manajemen user. Semua ini dikemas secara praktis, interfais yang mudah dipergunakan, baik untuk kelas instalasi berukuran-LAN hingga ke jaringan secara kompleks dengan ratusan divais.

Untuk lebih jelas nya bisa melihat di http://www.cacti.net

Disini penulis menggunakan FreeBSD 6.0-RELEASE. Persiapan juga beberapa paket minimum yang diperlukan untuk instalasi cacti (diambil via ports cactinya):
#/usr/ports/databases/mysql50-server
#make install clean
#/usr/ports/net-mgmt/net-snmp4
#make install clean
#/usr/ports/net/rrdtool
#make install clean
#/usr/ports/www/apache2
#make install clean
#/usr/ports/lang/php4
#make install clean
#/usr/ports/lang/php4-extensions
#make install clean
#/usr/ports/net/cacti
#make install clean

Salin file instalasi cacti ke /usr/local/www/data-dist/cacti. Sekarang beranjak ke settingan aplikasi cacti:
# cd /usr/local/www/data-dist/cacti

Kemudian lakukan setting pada mysql:
# mysqladmin -u root -p create cacti
# mysql -u root -p cacti <>

Buat juga user cactiuser dalam database mysql
# mysql -u root -p mysql
mysql> GRANT ALL ON cacti.* TO cactiuser@localhost IDENTIFIED BY ‘cacti’;
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> exit
Edit include/config.php dan include/db-settings.php sesuaikan dengan setting dari mysql Anda. Pada artikel kali ini settingan nya adalah:
$database_default = “cacti”;
$database_hostname = “localhost”;
$database_username = “cactiuser”;
$database_password = “cacti”;

Setting perijinan dari direktori rra dan log (user bernama cacti telah dibuat pada saat proses ports()
# chown -R cacti rra/ log/

Lalu jalankan perintah crontab -e
*/5 * * * * /usr/local/bin/php /usr/local/www/data-dist/cacti/poller.php > /dev/null 2>&1

Setelah itu coba mengakses dari web browser anda ke alamat server http://serveranda/cacti/ Login sebagai admin dan password admin.

——— Selamat mencoba ———-

Apa itu PBX ?

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Thu, 30 Apr 2009 16:24:00 +0000

PBX
PBX Virtual. Biasanya digunakan pada telepon berbasis IP. Dengan adanya teknologi ini masing-masing bagian dalam satu perusahaan dapat dihubungkan melalui extension. PBX Virtual ini juga bisa dihubungkan dengan telepon PSTN.

PABX apa dan bagaimana?

Banyak masyarakat yang belum mengenal betul apa sebenarnya fungsi dan cara kerja si PABX/PBX itu sendiri, disini saya mencoba menerjemahkan kegunaan PABX sejauh apa yang saya pahami, PABX adalah sebuah device atau perangkat pendukung dari telekomunikasi dalam hal ini telephone, yang tugasnya me manage lalulintas maupun interaksi komunikasi intern.
Ilustrasinya sebagai berikut, line PSTN dari penyedia jasa telekomunikasi yang masuk ke satu perusahaan/instansi akan mampir ke sebuah alat yang kita sebut PABX, nah dari PABX semua laulintas komunikasi di atur secara smart, kenapa demikian hal ini di sesuaikan dengan kebutuhan perusahaan, jika di perusahaan terdapat 100 unit extension/staion nah tugas sang PABX lah untuk membagi no extension, fasilitas dialnya (full akses, interlokal, local) dan sebagainya.
Pada perusahaan skala besar misalnya, kegunaan PABX ini akan sangat memberikan manfaat yang besar di samping menghemat maintenance telekomunikasi serta efektifitas kerja pun akan lebih maksimal, anda bisa banyangkan jika sebuah perusahaan yang notabene memiliki karyawan 100 orang dan dalam pekerjaanya membutuhkan line telp apakah management perusahan harus berlangganaan 100 line/nomer PSTN WOOW anda bisa bayangkan betapa repotnya maintenancenya. Olehnya dengan hadirnya PABX maka pemanfaatn telekomunikasi akan lebih efisien mulai dari lebih sedikitnya line PSTN yg di butuhkan hingga pembagian extension yang lebih sederhana.

Incoming dan Outgoing
Dalam management PABX di kenal istilah line Incoming dan Outgoing, maksud dari 2 istilah tadi adalah, line incoming adalah line PSTN yang di sediakan pengunaannya khusus untuk menerima panggilan dari luar sehingga apabila line PSTN yang di sediakan untuk menerima panggilan tdk akan cress ada tetap tersedia line untuk menerima panggilan masuk dari luar. Sedangkan line Outgoing adalah line PSTN yg di fungsikan khusus untuk melakukan panggilan ke luar, 2 line ini secara system di bedakan sehingga line PSTN yang ada dapat termanfaatkan dengan baik.

Timer
Fungsi timer di gunakan apabila perusahaan menginginkan pembatasan waktu dial guna efisiensi serta disiplin dalam memanfaatkan fasilitas komunikasi yang tentunya sesuai dengan kebijakan perusahaan, fungsi timer disini adalah meberikan batas waktu pada line Outgoing.

Akses Dial
Akses dial diberikan sesuai tingkat kegunaan fasilitas telekomunikasi setiap user, Pimpinan perusahaan contohnya akan memiliki fasilitas yang tak terbatas artinya dapat melakukan panggilan keluar tanpa ada batasan, dan lain halnya dengan staf operasional yang notabene berbeda mungkin cukup diberikan akses dial ke no Lokal aja.
Nah itu sedikit yang dapat saya bagi tentang apa dan bagaimana si PABX, untuk lebih jauhnya mungkin bisa memanfaatkan fasilitas komentar, saya akan berusaha membagi pengetahuan saya tentang PABX sejauh apa yang saya ketahui.

Apa itu FXO dan FXS?

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Thu, 30 Apr 2009 16:23:00 +0000

Introduction
Apa yang membedakan antara FXS dan FXO? Seringkali ditanya oleh Patton Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) SmartNode solutions.Foreign eXchange Subscriber (FXS) and Foreign eXchange Office (FXO)adalah penamaan dari keduanya yang paling umum yaitu sebagai interfaces (ports or plugs) untuk menemukan lingkungan telepon analog.
Teleponi analog, juga dikenal sebagai Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) adalah layanan yang lokal perusahaan telepon yang pada umumnya dikirim kepada rumah-rumah. Biasanya layanan lokal ini memakai interface kabel tembaga.
Definitions
FXS (Foreign eXchange Subscriber) interface port untuk mengirim layanan POTS dari perusahaan lokal pusat (Central Office [CO]) dan harus disambungkan ke peralatan langganan (Subscriber)seperti telepon,modem,dan mesin Fax. Satu alat penghubung FXS menyediakan jasa utama berikut (kepada seorang Subscriber) :- Dial Tone- Battery Current- Ring Voltageanda dapat melihat dibawah ini, penjelasan pada gambar FXSseperti Foreign eXchange System.

FXO (Foreign eXchange Office) interface port untuk menerima layanan POTS, pada umumnya dari Central Office (CO) dari Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Dengan kata lain satu poin interface FXO kepada kantor Telco(Provider PSTN). Interface FXO menyediakan primer yang berikut layanan kepada alat jaringan Telco :on-hook/off-hook indication (loop closure)
How it Works
Skenario FXS dan FXO sedikit menjadi lebih menarik ketika kita memperkenalkan elemen jaringan tambahan seperti Private Branch Exchange (PBX) atau Voice-over-IP gateway ataupun router. Sebagai contoh, anda dapat menghubungkan interface FXO pada suatu telepon ke port FXSyang disediakan oleh suatu PBX, multiplexer, atau Voice-over-IP gateway ataupun router.
PBX Connections
Suatu PBX menyediakan interface FXS dan FXO.

FXS - Ketika anda menghubungkan suatu PBX ke telepon analog, anda pasang kabel telepon ke port FXS pada PBX. Port FXS pada PBX menyediakan layanan POTS, termasuk battery current, ring voltage, and dial tone pada telepon-telepon.
FXO - Ketika anda menyambungkan suatu PBX ke Telco Central Office(CO), anda pasang line FXS dari perusahaan telepon ke dalam port FXO pada PBX. Port FXO pada PBX menyediakan onhook/off-hook indication (loop closure) pada jaringan Telco lokal.

Manual Mount NTFS to Linux Ubuntu

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Thu, 30 Apr 2009 16:20:00 +0000

pertama...masuk ke fstab, lalu masukan this script:

[ /media/ ntfs-3g defaults,locale=en_US.utf8 0 0 ]

NOTE: If it displays your NTFS partition with a UUID, you can check the relevant device location by running one of the following commands. It is OK (and even advisable) to keep the UUID setup if that is what already exists.sudo blkid
ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/

Replace with the name of the partition you identified earlier. Replace with the location you would like the partition to be mounted at, so you have something like /media/windows or /media/documents for that column.

Note: you can also change your locale option (ex: locale=fr_FR.utf8). Execute locale -a in a terminal to know which ones are supported on your system.

Save and close the file. You will now need to create the mount point for each NTFS partition before you can actually mount them:sudo mkdir -p /media/
Now remount each partition withsudo umount

sudo mount -a

If you have a problem
If you want to revert to your previous configuration, run:sudo mv /etc/fstab.orig /etc/fstab
sudo umount /media/

Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Menggunakan Internet Telephony Gateway (ITG) Planet VIP-400

noreply@blogger.com (My life My adventure) — Thu, 30 Apr 2009 16:17:00 +0000

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)Voice over Internet Protocol dikenal juga dengan sebutan IP Telephony. Secara umum, VoIP didefinisikan sebagai suatu sistem yang menggunakan jaringan internet untuk mengirimkan data paket suara dari suatu tempat ke tempat yang lain menggunakan perantara protokol IP.Dengan teknologi VoIP, diharapkan tiga jenis layanan komunikasi publik berikut ini mempunyai kualitas yang hampir sama dengan teknologi yang sebelumnya :

•Layanan komukasi voice dengan normal
•Layanan voice mail yang dapat ditinggalkan pada nomor yang dihubungi
•Layanan pengiriman transmisi fax dengan biaya yang terjangkau.

Protokol –protokol dalam VoIPDalam dunia komunikasi data komputer, protokol mengatur bagaimana sebuah komputer berkomunikasi dengan komputer lain. Dalam jaringan komputer kita dapat menggunakan banyak macam protokol tetapi agar dua buah komputer dapat saling berkomunikasi, keduanya perlu menggunakan protokol yang sama. Protokol berfungsi mirip dengan bahasa. Agar dapat berkomunikasi, orang-orang perlu berbicara dan mengerti bahasa yang sama.

Berikut ini dijelaskan tentang protokol-protokol yang terlibat pada VoIP diurut berdasarkan urutan proses koneksi yang terjadi. Protokol-protokol yang terlibat dalam VoIP adalah sebagai berikut :
1.Internet Protocol (IP)
IP adalah sebagian dari sederetan protokol TCP/IP, dan merupakan protokol yang paling banyak digunakan dalam internetworking. Sifat-sifat IP dalam pengiriman data :
•Unreliable (tidak andal)Berarti protokol internet tidak menjamin datagram yang dikirimkan pasti sampai di tujuan, hanya berjanji melakukan usaha yang terbaik agar paket yang dikirimkan dapat sampai ke tujuan.
•Connectionless protocolBerarti tidak adanya koneksi terlebih dahulu antara dua titik ujung yang sedang melakukan komunikasi tersebut.
•Datagram delivery serviceBerarti setiap paket yang dikirimkan diperlakukan sebagai sebuah unit data yang berdiri sendiri tanpa ada hubungan apapun dengan unit data lainnya. Sehingga jalur yang ditempuh oleh setiap paket data IP dapat berbeda-beda dengan tujuan yang sama.

2.Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP merupakan connection-oriented protocol, dimana terdapat koneksi disetiap titik ujung sistem dan koneksi ini tetap terjaga pada saat pertukaran data sampai data tersebut selesai dipertukarkan. TCP bertugas membagi sebuah informasi ke dalam paket-paket yang diatur oleh IP dan kemudian pada titik ujung lainnya menyusun kembali paket-paket tersebut kedalam informasi semula.

3.User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
UDP merupakan connectionless protocol yang menggunakan IP untuk mengirimkan sebuah unit data yang disebut datagram dari sebuah komputer ke komputer lainnya. Perbedaan dengan TCP, dimana UDP tidak melakukan pembagian informasi kedalam paket-paket data dan penyusunannya kembali, UDP tidak menyediakan sequencing paket-paket data yang datang sehingga program-program aplikasi yang menggunakan UDP harus dapat memastikan keseluruhan data informasi tersebut tiba dalam urutan yang benar.

4.H.323
H.323 adalah suatu standar yang menentukan komponen, protokol, dan prosedur yang menyediakan layanan komunikasi multimedia, yaitu komunikasi audio, video dan data real-time (waktu nyata), melalui jaringan berbasis paket (packet-based network). Jaringan berbasis paket tersebut anatara lain Internet Protokol (IP), Internet Packet eXchange (IPX), Local Area Network (LAN), Enterprise Network (EN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), dan Wide Area Network (WAN). H.323 dapat diterapkan pada berbagai aplikasi komunikasi, yaitu suara saja (IP Telephony), suara dan gambar (Video Telephony), suara dan data, dan juga suara, gambar dan data. H.323 terdiri dari beberapa protokol yang digunakan untuk tujuan yang berbeda dan digabungkan untuk saling bekerjasama. Protokol-protokol tersebut diantaranya adalah H.225 RAS, H.225 call signaling dan H.245 control signaling.

5.Registration Admission Status (RAS)
RAS merupakan protokol yang digunakan untuk komunikasi antara endpoint dengan gatekeeper. RAS berfungsi untuk melakukan prosedur registration, admission, perubahan bandwidth, status dan pembubaran sambungan antara gateway dan gatekeeper.

6.H.225
H.225 merupakan standar ITU yang digunakan untuk membentuk koneksi antara dua H.323 endpoint dengan cara mempertukarkan H.225 protokol message pada kanal call signaling. H.225 message dipertukarkan antara dua endpoint atau antara endpoint dengan gatekeeper.

7.H.245
H.245 merupakan standar ITU yang dipergunakan oleh terminal untuk mempertukarkan end-to-end H.245 control message. H.245 control message menyediakan informasi mengenai kapabilitas terminal-terminal yang sedang berkomunikasi. Pertukaran kapabilitas termasuk pemberitahuan coder-decoder (CODEC) yang digunakan (G.711, G.722, G.723, G.723.1, G.728 atau G.729).

8.T.120 (Data Interface)
Protokol T.120 menyediakan komunikasi dalam bentuk informasi data antara dua atau lebih terminal. Protokol ini dapat digunakan untuk berbagai bentuk jaringan, seperti PSTN, ISDN dan LAN. Protokol ini mempunyai kemampuan untuk memberikan layanan aplikasi bersama antar terminal yang terhubung dengan jaringan-jaringan yang berbeda.

9.Real-time Protocol (RTP) dan Real-time Control Protocol (RTCP)
RTP dan RTCP merupakan protokol yang digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah aliran paket data audio dan video. Protokol RTP menyediakan mekanisme transport end-to-end layanan audio dan video secara real-time. RTP biasanya digunakan untuk mengirimkan data melalui UDP. Protokol RTCP digunakan untuk mengontrol RTP dengan cara menyediakan feedback untuk menganalisa kesalahan pengiriman.

Komponen-komponen H.323Standar H.323 menetapkan empat komponen yang digunakan pada jaringan VoIP, yakni :

1.Terminal
Terminal H.323 digunakan untuk komunikasi multimedia bidirectional real-time. Terminal H.323 ini dapat berupa PC atau juga stand-alone device. Pada sistem VoIP yang berfungsi sebagai teminal dapat berupa telepon dan PC, karena yang disini yang dilayani adalah suara maka pada sistem ini terminalnya berupa telepon.

2.Gateway
Gateway menghubungkan dua jaringan yang berbeda, jaringan H.323 dan jaringan non-H.323. Gateway juga melakukan komunikasi dengan gatekeeper untuk menjalankan fungsi Registration, Admission, Status (RAS) untuk routing paket ketujuannya didalam jaringan. Selain itu juga gateway berfungsi untuk meroutekan panggilan (call) melalui IP network.

3.Gatekeeper
Gatekeeper dapat dianggap sebagai otaknya jaringan H.323. Satu gatekeeper dapat berhubungan dengan banyak gateway. Gatekeeper memiliki beberapa karakteristik yang melayani beberapa service berikut :•Address translationSkema pengalamatan yang disebut juga alias address digunakan untuk membangun komunikasi IP dimana skema pengalamatan ini dibuat oleh gatekeeper.•Admission controlGatekeeper dapat mengontrol setup call VoIP antara terminal atau gateway.•Bandwidth controlGatekeeper mengatur lebar bandwidth yang digunakan.•Call signallingGatekeeper dapat bertindak sebagai call signalling “proxy” untuk terminal.

4.Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)
MCU mendukung pertemuan tiga atau lebih terminal H.323 dan terminal-terminal tersebut membuat suatu hubungan dengan MCU. MCU mengatur sumber pertemuan, negosiasi antara terminal untuk tujuan determinasi audio atau video coder decoder (CODEC) yang digunakan untuk dapat menangani media-media tersebut.Dalam sistem VoIP disini tidak menggunakan MCU karena pada sistem ini hanya menggunakan voice saja. Perangkat yang digunakan adalah Terminal, Gatekeeper dan Gateway. Perangkat Gateway dan Gatekeeper dapat berupa satu device fisik tunggal.

Format Paket VoIp
Setiap paket VoIP terdiri dari dua bagian yakni header dan payload (beban). Header terdiri atas IP header, Realtime Transport Protocol (RTP) header, User Datagram Protocol (UDP) header dan link header.IP header bertugas menyimpan informasi routing untuk mengirimkan paket-paket ke tujuan. Pada tiap header IP disertakan tipe layanan atau Type of Services (ToS) yang memungkinkan paket tertentu seperti suara diperlakukan berbeda dengan paket yang non real time.UDP header memiliki ciri tertentu yaitu tidak menjamin paket akan mencapai tujuan sehingga UDP tidak sesuai digunakan pada aplikasi real time yang sangat peka terhadap delay dan latency.RTP header merupakan header yang dapt dimanfaatkan untuk melakukan framing dan segmentasi data real time. Seperti UDP, RTP juga tidak mendukung realibilitas paket untuk sampai tujuan. RTP menggunakan protokol kendali yang disebut RTCP (Real time Transport Control Protocol) yang mengendalikan Quality of Services (QoS) dan sinkronisasi media stream yang berbeda.Besarnya link header bergantung pada media yang digunakan.

Standar Layanan VoIP
Industri telekomunikasi mengambil langkah ke depan terhadap keterbatasan bandwidth dengan meningkatkan kapasitas internet backbone. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) mengesahkan spesifikasi H.323, Mei 1996, yang mendefinisikan bagaimana voice, data, dan video trafik akan ditransmisikan melalui IP-based on local area network juga mendefinisikan jaringan multimedia secara lengkap (mulai dari peralatan sampai protokol yang digunakan), termasuk juga T.120 standar data-conferencing. Rekomendasi ini berdasar pada real-time protocol/real-time control protocol (RTP/RTCP) untuk mengatur sinyal audio dan video.Stack protokol H.323 yang digunakan untuk VoIP adalah bagian audio dan control saja. Stack audio menangani semua fungsi dari VoIP. Untuk membawa trafik voice melalui IP, H.323 menggunakan dua protokol transport layer yaitu UDP dan TCP.
Voice CodingSuara manusia dan semua suara yang bisa didengar, secara umum merupakan sinyal analog. PSTN mentransmisikan suara dalam bentuk sinyal digital. PSTN merubah sinyal suara dari telepon diubah ke format digital yang disebut Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Sector) membuat beberapa standar untuk voice coding yang direkomendasikan untuk implementasi VoIP. Beberapa standar yang sering dikenal antara lain:a)G.711 voice coding PCM dengan bandwidth 64 Kbpsb)G.726 voice coding ADPCM dengan bandwidth 40, 32, 24, dan 16 Kbpsc)G.728 voice coding dengan kompresi Code-Excited Linear-Predictive (CELP) dengan bandwidth 16 Kbps.d)G.729 voice coding dengan kompresi CELP dengan bandwidth 8 Kbps. Kualitas suara yang dihasilkan menyamai voice coding ADPCM dengan bandwidth 32 Kbps.e)G.723.1 yang dapat digunakan untuk kompresi percakapan maupun komponen audio pada aplikasi multimedia dengan bandwidth 5,3 dan 6,3 KBps. Standar ini merupakan komponen dari keluarga H.324.

Jenis Konfigurasi Jaringan VoIP

•Telepon melalui Internet
Konfigurasi ini menggunakan fasilitas PSTN atau PABX pada kedua sisi subsistem terminalnya. Konfigurasi seperti ini akan membutuhkan antar muka berupa gateway yang menghubungkan jaringan VoIP dengan jaringan internet.Untuk konfigurasi seperti ini dibutuhkan suatu sistem tambahan lainnya yang dapat memetakan pemanggilan nomor telepon menjadi kode-kode IP, lebih di kenal dengan sebutan Call Manager.

•Gabungan perangkat telepon dan perangkat berbasis IP (Hybrid)Konfigurasi ini menggunakan sistem hybrid, yaitu campuran antara subsistem terminal menggunakan PC disatu sisi dan subsistem terminal menggunakan PSTN + telepon analog disisi yang lain.

•Komunikasi antar perangkat berbasis IP Pada dasarnya, konfigurasi jenis ini lebih banyak pada pengembangan bidang perangkat lunak (software) multimedianya saja.

QoS VoIP
Quality of Services pada IP telephony adalah parameter-parameter yang menunjukkan kualitas paket data jaringan. Beberapa parameter yang menyatakan QoS untuk IP telephony antara lain latency, delay, jitter, packet loss dan sequence error pada jaringan internet.

Latency
Latency adalah waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh suatu perangkat dari meminta hak akses ke jaringan sampai mendapatkan hak akses itu.

Delay
Delay dapat didefinisikan sebagai waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengirimkan data dari sumber (pengirim) ke tujuan (penerima).

Jitter (Variasi Delay)
Jitter disebabkan oleh bervariasinya waktu penerimaan pengiriman paket-paket data dari pengirim ke penerima.

Echo
Echo (gema) disebabkan oleh sinyal refleksi dari speaker voice lawan dan berbalik sampai dengan speaker ear.

Packett Loss
Pada jaringan berbasis IP, semua frame suara diperlakukan sama seperti frame data. Pada saat peak load dan congestion, frame suara akan dibuang sama dengan frame data. Frame suara sensitif terhadap waktu sehingga bila dilakukan retransmisi akan mengubah arti pembicaraan.

Sequence error
Kongesti di dalam jaringan paket switch dapat mengakibatkan paket mengambil route yang berbeda untuk mencapai tujuan yang sama. Akibatnya, paket sampai dengan urutan yang berbeda.

Internet Telephony Gateway (ITG)
Planet VIP-400Internet Telephony Gateway (ITG) Planet VIP-400 adalah peralatan yang dapat menghubungkan VoIP di Internet dengan jaringan telepon yang menggunakan RJ-11. Biasanya peralatan gateway VoIP ini disambungkan ke PBX/PABX di kantor atau di wartel agar telepon biasa yang ada dapat terkait ke jaringan VoIP juga. ITG Planet VIP-400 memiliki dua jenis port, yaitu :1)FXS (Foreign Exchange Subscriber) : digunakan untuk di hubungkan langsung ke pesawat telepon biasa melalui konektor RJ-11.2)FXO (Foreign Exchange Office) : tidak dapat dihubungkan ke pesawat telepon biasa, hanya dapat di hubungkan ke PABX/PBX maupun langsung ke saluran telkom melalui konektor RJ-11.

Pengkodean Suara
Pengkodean suara yang didukung oleh ITG termasuk G.711, G.723.1 5.3 kbps, G.723.1 6.3 kbps dan G.729 AB.