




<!DOCTYPE html>






    










<html lang="en"
      
        
      
      
        

        

        
        
            
        
        
        
        
        

      class="pb-page"
         data-request-id="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"  

>

    
        <head data-pb-dropzone="head">
            









    
        
            
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
            
                
                
<title></title>






                
            
        
    
        
            
        
    







    
        
            
                
                



    
        
    

                
            
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
            
        
    











<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/css/font-awesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff2?v=4.7.0" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/icomoon/icomoon.woff2?g276mb" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">

<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/google/opensans/open-sans-v23-latin-300.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/google/opensans/open-sans-v23-latin-300italic.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/google/opensans/open-sans-v23-latin-600.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/google/opensans/open-sans-v23-latin-600italic.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/google/opensans/open-sans-v23-latin-700.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/google/opensans/open-sans-v23-latin-700italic.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/google/opensans/open-sans-v23-latin-italic.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/google/opensans/open-sans-v23-latin-regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">






<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/pt-serif-micro/ptserif_bold/PTF75F-webfont.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/pt-serif-micro/ptserif_bolditalic/PTF76F-webfont.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/pt-serif-micro/ptserif_italic/PTF56F-webfont.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/pb2/fonts/pt-serif-micro/ptserif_regular/PTF55F-webfont.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">

<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~product.css">










    

    
    

    
    
    
    
        
            
            
            
                
            
        
    





    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/pb/css/t1778649244000-v1778649244000/head_4_698_en.css" id="pb-css" data-pb-css-id="t1778649244000-v1778649244000/head_4_698_en.css"/>










<!-- 
  Transcend Head Asset

  Last Updated: 2025-12-10 by Mandy Luk - Added Load airgap.js Asynchronously for PROD

  IMPORTANT: If you make any changes to this file,
  please update the 'Last Updated' date above and
  add your name. Optionally include a one-line note
  on what was changed.

-->

<!-- Load airgap.js Asynchronously -->
 <script nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">
 // Call `await getAirgap()` to load airgap.js

const BUNDLE_ID = 'ef49a3f1-d8c1-47d6-88fc-50e41130631f';

let airgapAPI;
const getAirgap = () =>
  (airgapAPI ??= new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    // Stub airgap.js ready queue
    if (!self?.airgap?.ready) {
      self.airgap = {
        readyQueue: [],
        ready(callback) {
          this.readyQueue.push(callback);
        },
        ...self?.airgap,
      };
    }

    // Wait for airgap.js to be ready
    self.airgap.ready((airgap) => {
      resolve(airgap);
    });

    const script = document.createElement('script');

    // Reject promise if airgap.js fails to load
    script.addEventListener('error', (evt) => {
      reject(evt);
    });

    // Specify load options:
    // e.g.
    // script.dataset.lazyLoadUi = 'on';
    // script.dataset.prompt = 'auto';
    // script.dataset.dismissedViewState = 'Closed';

    // Load airgap.js script asynchronously
    script.async = script.defer = true;
    script.src = `https://transcend-cdn.com/cm/$ef49a3f1-d8c1-47d6-88fc-50e41130631f/airgap.js`;
    document.documentElement?.appendChild?.(script);
  }));
  </script>

<!-- TCF API Stub -->
<script type="text/javascript" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">"use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}!function(){self.airgap?.ready||(self.airgap={readyQueue:[],ready(e){this.readyQueue.push(e)},...self.airgap});const e=()=>{const e="__tcfapiLocator",t=[],a=window;let n,s,o=a;for(;o;){try{if(o.frames[e]){n=o;break}}catch(e){}if(o===a.top)break;o=o.parent}n||(!function t(){const n=a.document,s=!!a.frames[e];if(!s)if(n.body){const t=n.createElement("iframe");t.style.cssText="display:none",t.name=e,n.body.appendChild(t)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!s}(),a.__tcfapi=function(...e){if(!e.length)return t;"setGdprApplies"===e[0]?e.length>3&&2===parseInt(e[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof e[3]&&(s=e[3],"function"==typeof e[2]&&e[2]("set",!0)):"ping"===e[0]?"function"==typeof e[2]&&e[2]({gdprApplies:s,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"}):t.push(e)},a.addEventListener("message",(function(e){const t="string"==typeof e.data;let a={};if(t)try{a=JSON.parse(e.data)}catch(e){}else a=e.data;const n="object"==typeof a&&null!==a?a.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(a,s){let o={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:a,success:s,callId:n.callId}};e&&e.source&&e.source.postMessage&&e.source.postMessage(t?JSON.stringify(o):o,"*")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};airgap.ready((t=>{"TCF_EU"===t.loadOptions.consentManagerConfig.initialViewStateByPrivacyRegime[t.getRegimes()[0]]&&("undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e:e())}))}();</script>

<!-- The following snippet should be added to the head of the product, placed before the airgap tag. Advanced Consent Override -->
<script nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">
self.airgap = {
overrides: [],
cookieOverrides: [],
...self.airgap,
};
const allowGcmAdvanced = (event) => {
if (event.purposes.has('GcmAdvanced')) {
event.allow();
}
};
self.airgap.overrides.push({override: allowGcmAdvanced});
self.airgap.cookieOverrides.push(allowGcmAdvanced);
</script>

<!-- AirGap (Banner) Test Script -->
<script
data-cfasync="false"
data-local-sync="allow-network-observable"
data-prompt="1" data-report-only="off"
data-dismissed-view-state="Collapsed"
data-tcf-ui-dismissed-view-state="Collapsed"
src="https://transcend-cdn.com/cm/ef49a3f1-d8c1-47d6-88fc-50e41130631f/airgap.js"
 nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>

<!-- Onetrust-head-meta End -->



<script nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">var JQSHIM={$:[]};function $(f){JQSHIM.$.push(f);console.warn("$function added to be executed using the JQUERY shim.\n", f);}</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.pbgrd.com/core-tandf.js" async nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>

<!-- Hotjar Tracking Code for https://www.tandfonline.com -->
<script nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">
    (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){
        h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)};
        h._hjSettings={hjid:864760,hjsv:6};
        a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
        r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1;
        r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv;
        a.appendChild(r);
    })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv=');
</script>


    <script nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">var _prum=[['id','54ff88bcabe53dc41d1004a5'],['mark','firstbyte',(new Date()).getTime()]];(function(){var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],p=document.createElement('script');p.async='async';p.src='//rum-static.pingdom.net/prum.min.js';s.parentNode.insertBefore(p,s);})();</script>




<script nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">var tandf = {}, tandfData ={"search":{},"seamlessAccess":{"apiUrl":"https://service.seamlessaccess.org/ps/","context":"seamlessaccess.org","enabled":false},"identity":{"isSpv":false,"isAuthenticated":false,"isPSA":false,"isChineseSession":false,"regionCode":"US"},"exports":{"pdf":{"max":30}},"altmetric":{"key":"be0ef6915d1b2200a248b7195d01ef22"},"pubCount":{},"actionLog":{"eventGroupKey":"0b6ddbb0-b96e-477b-9955-b4491505de4f"}};
tandf.initialHash=location.hash,tandf.initialHash&&history.replaceState(null,null," ");
</script>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
    <script nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;var n=d.querySelector('[nonce]');n&&j.setAttribute('nonce',n.nonce||n.getAttribute('nonce'));f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-W2RHRDH');</script>
    <!-- End Google Tag Manager -->











    
        
            
                
                
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
            
                
                
                
                    
                    
                    
                
            
        
    
        
            
                
                
                    
                
                
            
        
    
        
            
                
                
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
            
                
                
                
                    
                    





    






<meta name="robots" content="noarchive,noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:large"/>







    <meta name="event_group_key" content="0b6ddbb0-b96e-477b-9955-b4491505de4f"/>



















    




    




    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"/>




<link href="//pi.pardot.com" rel="preconnect"/>
<link href="//static.hotjar.com" rel="preconnect"/>
<link href="//cdn.pbgrd.com" rel="preconnect"/>



    <script type="application/ld+json">
[

    {
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
    "itemListElement":
    [{
    "@type": "ListItem",
    "position": "1",
    "name": "Home"
    
    }]
    }

]
</script>



                    
                
            
        
    




<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    
<!-- head-meta Start Updated 08/01/2026 - Jim Brown -->
 
<!-- third party advertiser: doceree -->
<script async src="https://servedbydoceree.doceree.com/resources/p/doc_ad/75/248/dc.js" data-siteId="248" data-platId="1" data-pubId="75" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>

<!-- cloudflare -->
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v52afc6f149f6479b8c77fa569edb01181681764108816" integrity="sha512-jGCTpDpBAYDGNYR5ztKt4BQPGef1P0giN6ZGVUi835kFF88FOmmn8jBQWNgrNd8g/Yu421NdgWhwQoaOPFflDw==" data-cf-beacon="{&quot;rayId&quot;:&quot;7dbec9692ec52506&quot;,&quot;token&quot;:&quot;b6951d00f50a499ab38e94f58955e14d&quot;,&quot;version&quot;:&quot;2023.4.0&quot;,&quot;si&quot;:100}" crossorigin="anonymous" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v8b253dfea2ab4077af8c6f58422dfbfd1689876627854" integrity="sha512-bjgnUKX4azu3dLTVtie9u6TKqgx29RBwfj3QXYt5EKfWM/9hPSAI/4qcV5NACjwAo8UtTeWefx6Zq5PHcMm7Tg==" data-cf-beacon="{&quot;rayId&quot;:&quot;7f7ba1d6198c97bd&quot;,&quot;token&quot;:&quot;b6951d00f50a499ab38e94f58955e14d&quot;,&quot;version&quot;:&quot;2023.8.0&quot;,&quot;si&quot;:100}" crossorigin="anonymous" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v84a3a4012de94ce1a686ba8c167c359c1696973893317" integrity="sha512-euoFGowhlaLqXsPWQ48qSkBSCFs3DPRyiwVu3FjR96cMPx+Fr+gpWRhIafcHwqwCqWS42RZhIudOvEI+Ckf6MA==" data-cf-beacon="{&quot;rayId&quot;:&quot;833ec1854f7d67a4&quot;,&quot;version&quot;:&quot;2023.10.0&quot;,&quot;token&quot;:&quot;b6951d00f50a499ab38e94f58955e14d&quot;}" crossorigin="anonymous" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v84a3a4012de94ce1a686ba8c167c359c1696973893317" integrity="sha512-euoFGowhlaLqXsPWQ48qSkBSCFs3DPRyiwVu3FjR96cMPx+Fr+gpWRhIafcHwqwCqWS42RZhIudOvEI+Ckf6MA==" data-cf-beacon="{&quot;rayId&quot;:&quot;83be15635d25413e&quot;,&quot;version&quot;:&quot;2023.10.0&quot;,&quot;token&quot;:&quot;3bb0add5452d43a2b5d4b3d6c628944c&quot;}" crossorigin="anonymous" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v84a3a4012de94ce1a686ba8c167c359c1696973893317" integrity="sha512-euoFGowhlaLqXsPWQ48qSkBSCFs3DPRyiwVu3FjR96cMPx+Fr+gpWRhIafcHwqwCqWS42RZhIudOvEI+Ckf6MA==" data-cf-beacon="{&quot;rayId&quot;:&quot;85878feb3ad8987c&quot;,&quot;version&quot;:&quot;2024.2.0&quot;,&quot;token&quot;:&quot;3bb0add5452d43a2b5d4b3d6c628944c&quot;}" crossorigin="anonymous" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v84a3a4012de94ce1a686ba8c167c359c1696973893317" integrity="sha512-euoFGowhlaLqXsPWQ48qSkBSCFs3DPRyiwVu3FjR96cMPx+Fr+gpWRhIafcHwqwCqWS42RZhIudOvEI+Ckf6MA==" data-cf-beacon='{"rayId":"8598828908bb7ac1","version":"2024.2.1","token":"3bb0add5452d43a2b5d4b3d6c628944c"}' crossorigin="anonymous" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v84a3a4012de94ce1a686ba8c167c359c1696973893317" integrity="sha512-euoFGowhlaLqXsPWQ48qSkBSCFs3DPRyiwVu3FjR96cMPx+Fr+gpWRhIafcHwqwCqWS42RZhIudOvEI+Ckf6MA==" data-cf-beacon='{"rayId":"85c1a364cc8e642f","version":"2024.2.1","token":"3bb0add5452d43a2b5d4b3d6c628944c"}' crossorigin="anonymous" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v84a3a4012de94ce1a686ba8c167c359c1696973893317" integrity="sha512-euoFGowhlaLqXsPWQ48qSkBSCFs3DPRyiwVu3FjR96cMPx+Fr+gpWRhIafcHwqwCqWS42RZhIudOvEI+Ckf6MA==" data-cf-beacon='{"rayId":"85f30909ed1167d0","version":"2024.2.4","token":"3bb0add5452d43a2b5d4b3d6c628944c"}' crossorigin="anonymous" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>

<!-- Kameleoon -->
<script nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">
  // Duration in milliseconds to wait while the Kameleoon application file is loaded
  var kameleoonLoadingTimeout = 1000;

  window.kameleoonQueue = window.kameleoonQueue || [];
  window.kameleoonStartLoadTime = new Date().getTime();
  if (! document.getElementById("kameleoonLoadingStyleSheet") && ! window.kameleoonDisplayPageTimeOut) {
    var kameleoonS = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
    var kameleoonCc = "* { visibility: hidden !important; background-image: none !important; }";
    var kameleoonStn = document.createElement("style");
    kameleoonStn.type = "text/css";
    kameleoonStn.id = "kameleoonLoadingStyleSheet";
    if (kameleoonStn.styleSheet) {
      kameleoonStn.styleSheet.cssText = kameleoonCc;
    } else {
      kameleoonStn.appendChild(document.createTextNode(kameleoonCc));
    }
    kameleoonS.parentNode.insertBefore(kameleoonStn, kameleoonS);
    window.kameleoonDisplayPage = function(fromEngine) {
      if (!fromEngine) {
        window.kameleoonTimeout = true;
      }
      if (kameleoonStn.parentNode) {
        kameleoonStn.parentNode.removeChild(kameleoonStn);
      }
    };
    window.kameleoonDisplayPageTimeOut = window.setTimeout(window.kameleoonDisplayPage, kameleoonLoadingTimeout);
  }

</script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="//7p6n62phet.kameleoon.io/engine.js" async="true" fetchpriority="high" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>

<!-- head-meta end -->




    









    







    



    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

       


    
    
        
            
            
            <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent">
        
        
        
    







<meta name="pbContext" content=";wgroup:string:Publication Websites;website:website:TFOPB;page:string:Cookie Absent">
        </head>
    

    



    
        
        
        
            <body
                    class="pb-ui website-TFOPB">
            






    
    
        


<link rel="stylesheet" href="/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~google-fonts.css">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
    <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-W2RHRDH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
    <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->

        <div id="pb-page-content" data-ng-non-bindable>
                
            <div data-pb-dropzone="main" data-pb-dropzone-name="Main">
                
                    
                        





                    
                        





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget pageHeader none  widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="a4d4fdd3-c594-4d68-9f06-b69b8b37ed56"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="modal-overlay fade-and-pop modal-open top-nav"></div>
<header class="page-header" aria-label="Global Navigation">
    











<div  data-pb-dropzone="main" class="">
    
        
            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget responsive-layout none header-top widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="00d6f1bb-2b57-4858-a0da-0ad54a8ec65b"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="container-fluid">
    <div class="row row-md gutterless ">
        
            <div class="col-md-1-1 top-nav-resp">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents0">
                    
                    
                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget general-image alignLeft header-logo widget-none  widget-compact-horizontal" id="296b7422-bb24-4e9f-a0de-c7b1351f1792"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped 172" >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-horizontal"><a href="/" title="Taylor and Francis Online homepage"> <img src="/pb-assets/Global/TFO-logo-new-1716484961953.svg" alt="Taylor and Francis Online homepage" height="41" width="172"/> </a></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget general-html none first-top-navigation qsw-global-nav widget-none" id="95bb198f-2314-4e18-995d-c13968636386"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none "><ul class="top-navigation" aria-label="global menu" data-dropdown-wrapper>
    <li class="top-navigation-list">
        <button
            class="journals--item__dropdown topnav-journals-button topnav-browse-button"
            aria-expanded="false"
            data-behaviour="toggle-dropdown">
            <span>Journals</span>
            <i class="fa fa-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
        </button>
        <div
            class="navigation--item__dropdown-content journals__desktopNavItem hidden"
            tabindex="-1" data-dropdown-content>
            <div class="journals__nav-container">
                <button class="close-search journals__close-btn"
                    data-behaviour="close-dropdown">
                    <span class="off-screen">Close Journals Menu</span>
                    <i class="fa fa-times" aria-hidden="true"></i>
                </button>
                <div class="journals__browse-column journals__left">
                    <div class="journals__column-left">
                        <div class="journals__browse-journals">
                            <p class="journals__nav-title">Browse all
                                journals</p>
                            <ul>
                                <li><a class="topnav-journals-az-link"
                                        href="/action/showPublications?pubType=journal&amp;ejf=on">Browse
                                        all journals A-Z</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a class="topnav-oa-journals-link"
                                        href="/openaccess/openjournals">Open
                                        access journals</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a class="topnav-hybrid-journals-link"
                                        href="/openaccess/openselect">Open
                                        Select (hybrid) journals</a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                        <div class="journals__browse-books">
                            <p class="journals__nav-title">Browse all books</p>
                            <ul>
                                <li><a class="topnav-ebooks-link"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com"
                                        rel="noopener">Explore Taylor &amp;
                                        Francis eBooks <i
                                            class="fa fa-external-link"
                                            aria-hidden="true"></i></a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="journals__column-right journals__publish">
                        <div class="journals__browse-publish">
                            <p class="journals__nav-title">Publish</p>
                            <ul>
                                <li><a
                                        href="/action/showPublications?pubType=journal&amp;ejf=on">Find
                                        a journal</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/call-for-papers/">Search
                                        calls for papers</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/publishing-your-research/choosing-a-journal/journal-suggester/">Journal
                                        Suggester</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/openaccess">Open access
                                        publishing</a></li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com">Find
                                        guidance on Author Services</a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="journals__browse-column journals__right">
                    <div class="journals__browse-subject">
                        <p class="journals__nav-title">Browse by subject</p>
                        <div
                            class="journals__browse-subject__column__col"
                            style="display: flex;">
                            <ul class="journals__browse-subject__column">
                                <li><a href="/subjects/area-studies"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Area
                                        Studies</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/arts"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Arts</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/behavioral-sciences"
                                        class="medicine-health topnav-subject-link">Behavioral
                                        Sciences</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/bioscience"
                                        class="medicine-health topnav-subject-link">Bioscience</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/built-environment"
                                        class="environmental-science topnav-subject-link">Built
                                        Environment</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/communication-studies"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Communication
                                        Studies</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/computer-science"
                                        class="phy-science topnav-subject-link">Computer
                                        Science</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/earth-sciences"
                                        class="environmental-science topnav-subject-link">Earth
                                        Sciences</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="/subjects/economics-finance-business-industry"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Economics,
                                        Finance, Business &amp; Industry</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/education"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Education</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="/subjects/engineering-and-technology"
                                        class="phy-science topnav-subject-link">Engineering
                                        &amp; Technology</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="/subjects/environment-and-agriculture"
                                        class="environmental-science topnav-subject-link">Environment
                                        &amp; Agriculture</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="/subjects/environment-and-sustainability"
                                        class="environmental-science topnav-subject-link">Environment
                                        and Sustainability</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="/subjects/food-science-and-technology"
                                        class="phy-science topnav-subject-link">Food
                                        Science &amp; Technology</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/geography"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Geography</a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                            <ul class="journals__browse-subject__column">
                                <li><a href="/subjects/global-development"
                                        class="environmental-science topnav-subject-link">Global
                                        Development</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/health-and-social-care"
                                        class="medicine-health topnav-subject-link">Health
                                        and Social Care</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/humanities"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Humanities</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/information-science"
                                        class="phy-science topnav-subject-link">Information
                                        Science</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/language-and-literature"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Language
                                        &amp; Literature</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/law"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Law</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="/subjects/mathematics-and-statistics"
                                        class="phy-science topnav-subject-link">Mathematics
                                        &amp; Statistics</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="/subjects/medicine-dentistry-nursing-and-allied-health"
                                        class="medicine-health topnav-subject-link">Medicine,
                                        Dentistry, Nursing &amp; Allied
                                        Health</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="/subjects/museum-and-heritage-studies"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Museum
                                        and Heritage Studies</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/physical-sciences"
                                        class="phy-science topnav-subject-link">Physical
                                        Sciences</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="/subjects/politics-and-international-relations"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Politics
                                        &amp; International Relations</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/social-sciences"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Social
                                        Sciences</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/sports-and-leisure"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Sports
                                        and Leisure</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a
                                        href="/subjects/tourism-hospitality-and-events"
                                        class="social-sciences topnav-subject-link">Tourism,
                                        Hospitality and Events</a>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/subjects/urban-studies"
                                        class="environmental-science topnav-subject-link">Urban
                                        Studies</a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </li>
    <li class="search--item top-navigation-list">
        <button aria-expanded="false" data-behaviour="toggle-dropdown"
            class="search--item__dropdown topnav-search-button">
            <span>Search</span>
            <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i>
        </button>
        <div data-dropdown-content
            class="quickSearchFormContainer search-home navigation--item__dropdown-content hidden">
            <form name="quickSearch" action="/action/doSearch"
                class="quickSearchForm" title="Quick Search"
                role="search" method="get" onsubmit="appendSearchFilters(this)"
                aria-label="Quick Search">
                <span class="quickSearchContainer">
                    <span class="simpleSearchBoxContainer">
                        <input name="AllField"
                            class="searchText main-search-field autocomplete ui-autocomplete-input"
                            value type="search"
                            id="searchText-95bb198f-2314-4e18-995d-c13968636386"
                            title="Type search term here" aria-label="Search"
                            placeholder="Search Taylor &amp; Francis for journals, articles and special issues, by keywords, authors, DOI, etc."
                            autocomplete="off" data-history-items-conf="3"
                            data-publication-titles-conf="3"
                            data-publication-items-conf="3" data-topics-conf="3"
                            data-contributors-conf="3"
                            data-fuzzy-suggester="false"
                            data-auto-complete-target="title-auto-complete">
                    </span>
                    <div class="quick-search-btn">
                        <button class="mainSearchButton searchButtons pointer"
                            type="submit" value title="Search"
                            aria-label="Search"></button>
                    </div>
                </span>
                <button class="close-search" data-behaviour="close-dropdown">
                    <span class="off-screen">Close Search Menu</span>
                    <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-times"></i>
                </button>
            </form>
        </div>
    </li>
    <li class="publish--item top-navigation-list">
        <button aria-expanded="false" data-behaviour="toggle-dropdown"
            class="publish--item__dropdown topnav-publish-button">
            <span>Publish</span>
            <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i>
        </button>
        <div data-dropdown-content
            class="navigation--item__dropdown-content hidden">
            <ul>
                <li><a class="topnav-why-pub-link" href="/why-publish-with-us">Why publish with us?</a></li>
                <li><a class="topnav-find-jnr-link" href="/action/showPublications?pubType=journal&amp;ejf=on">Find a journal </a></li>
                <li><a class="topnav-cfp-link" href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/call-for-papers/">Search calls for papers</a></li>
                <li><a class="topnav-jnr-sug-link" href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/publishing-your-research/choosing-a-journal/journal-suggester/">Journal Suggester</a></li>
                <li><a class="topnav-step-by-step-link" href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/publishing-your-research/">Step-by-step guide</a></li>
                <li><a class="topnav-oa-pub-link" href="/openaccess">Open access publishing </a></li>
            </ul>
            <div class="authorServices-help">
                <p>We're here to help</p>
                <p>Find guidance on <a class="topnav-auth-serv-link" href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com">Author Services</a></p>
            </div>
        </div>
    </li>
</ul></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget literatumInstitutionBanner none bannerWidth widget-none" id="7283c6d9-1060-407d-a084-09d65236931e"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none "><div class="institution-image hidden-xs  hidden-sm logout-institution-image">
    
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget literatumNavigationLoginBar none  widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="78ed73f4-350d-4935-9c1b-bf71130be6dd"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="loginBar not-logged-in">
    <span class="icon-user"></span>
    <a href="/action/showLogin?uri=%2Faction%2FcookieAbsent" class="sign-in-link">
        Login
    </a>
    <span class="loginSeprator">&nbsp;|&nbsp;</span>
    





    



    
    
        <a href="/action/registration?redirectUri=%2F" class="register-link">
            <span>Register</span>
        </a>
    

</div>

<span class="not-logged-in-list-new">
    <button class="loginBar not-logged-in-mobile" aria-expanded="false">
        <span class="fullIndividualName visible-tl">
        <span class="icon-user"></span>
        <span class="off-screen">Log in or Register</span>
        </span>
    </button>
    <ul class="LoginBarList">
        <li>
            <a href="/action/showLogin?uri=%2Faction%2FcookieAbsent" class="sign-in-link">
                <span>Login</span>
            </a>

        </li>
        <li>
            





    



    
    
        <a href="/action/registration?redirectUri=%2F" class="register-link">
            <span>Register</span>
        </a>
    

        </li>
    </ul>
</span></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget eCommerceCartIndicatorWidget none literatumCartLink widget-none" id="492ea409-0544-4418-822b-f467dbb4f761"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none "><a href="/action/showCart?FlowID=1" class="cartLabel" aria-labelledby="cartLabel cartItems">
            <span id="cartLabel" class="visible-tl-inline-block">Cart</span>
            <span class="cartItemSize-new">
                <span class="cartItems" role="status">
                    <span class="off-screen">
                        
                            
                            
                                Add to Cart
                            
                        
                    </span>
                    <span class="fa cart-size fa-lg notification">
                        <span class="fa fa-shopping-cart">
                            
                        </span>
                    </span>
                </span>
            </span>
            <span class="cartItemSize-old">
                <span id="cartItems" class="cartItems" data-id="cart-size" role="status">
                    
                </span>
            </span>
        </a></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget general-html none  widget-none" id="ae54c4d3-b3ec-48fa-a62b-314bcb75e211"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none "><div class="header_burger-menu" data-dropdown-wrapper="">
    <button aria-expanded="false" data-behaviour="toggle-dropdown" class="burger-menu-button">
        <span class="burger-menu off-screen" >Search, Browse, or Publish</span><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-bars"></i><span class="close-burger-menu off-screen">Close Menu</span>
        <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-times"></i>
    </button>

    <div data-dropdown-content="" tabindex="-1" class="navigation--item__dropdown-content-mobile hidden">
        <ul class="top-navigation" aria-label="global menu" data-more-wrapper="">
            <li class="top-navigation-list">
                <span class="off-screen">Search</span>
                <div class="quickSearchFormContainer search-home navigation--item__dropdown-content-mobile">
                    <form name="quickSearch" action="/action/doSearch" class="quickSearchForm"
                          title="Quick Search" role="search"
                          method="get" onsubmit="appendSearchFilters(this)" aria-label="Quick Search">
                        <span class="quickSearchContainer">
                            <span class="simpleSearchBoxContainer">
                                <input name="AllField" class="searchText main-search-field autocomplete ui-autocomplete-input"
                                   value=""
                                   type="search" id="searchText-"
                                   title="Type search term here"
                                   aria-label="Search"
                                   placeholder="Search journals, articles &amp; issues"
                                   autocomplete="off"
                                   data-history-items-conf="3" data-publication-titles-conf="3" data-publication-items-conf="3"
                                   data-topics-conf="3" data-contributors-conf="3" data-fuzzy-suggester="false"
                                   data-auto-complete-target="title-auto-complete"/>
                            </span>
                        </span>
                        <div class="quick-search-btn">
                            <button class="mainSearchButton searchButtons pointer" type="submit" value="" title="Search"
                                    aria-label="Search"></button>
                        </div>
                        <button class="close-search" data-behaviour="close-dropdown">
                            <span class="off-screen">Close search</span>
                            <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-times"></i>
                        </button>
                    </form>
                </div>
            </li>
            <li class="journals--item top-navigation-list" data-more-wrapper="">
                <button
                        aria-haspopup="true"
                        aria-expanded="false"
                        data-behaviour="toggle-more"
                        data-only-one=""
                        class="journals--item__dropdown show-more">
                    <span>Journals</span>
                    <svg width="12" height="7" viewBox="0 0 12 7" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                        <path d="M5.29414 0.293848C5.68477 -0.0967774 6.31914 -0.0967774 6.70977 0.293848L11.7098 5.29385C12.1004 5.68447 12.1004 6.31885 11.7098 6.70947C11.3191 7.1001 10.6848 7.1001 10.2941 6.70947L6.00039 2.41572L1.70664 6.70635C1.31602 7.09697 0.681641 7.09697 0.291016 6.70635C-0.0996094 6.31572 -0.0996094 5.68135 0.291016 5.29072L5.29102 0.290722L5.29414 0.293848Z" fill="#0F147E"></path>
                    </svg>
                </button>
                <div data-more="" class="navigation--item__dropdown-content hidden">
                    <ul>
                        <li
                                data-name="journals__browse-subject"
                                class="has-child"
                                data-more-wrapper="">
                            <button
                                    aria-haspopup="true"
                                    aria-expanded="false"
                                    data-behaviour="toggle-more"
                                    data-only-one=""
                                    class="browse--item__dropdown show-more">
                                
                                <span>Browse by subject</span>
                                <svg width="12" height="7" viewBox="0 0 12 7" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                        <path d="M5.29414 0.293848C5.68477 -0.0967774 6.31914 -0.0967774 6.70977 0.293848L11.7098 5.29385C12.1004 5.68447 12.1004 6.31885 11.7098 6.70947C11.3191 7.1001 10.6848 7.1001 10.2941 6.70947L6.00039 2.41572L1.70664 6.70635C1.31602 7.09697 0.681641 7.09697 0.291016 6.70635C-0.0996094 6.31572 -0.0996094 5.68135 0.291016 5.29072L5.29102 0.290722L5.29414 0.293848Z" fill="#0F147E"></path>
                    </svg>
                            </button>
                            <div
                                    data-more=""
                                    class="navigation--item__dropdown-content hidden">
                                <ul>
                                    <li
                                            data-name="journals__social-sciences"
                                            class="has-child"
                                            data-more-wrapper="">
                                        <button
                                                aria-haspopup="true"
                                                aria-expanded="false"
                                                data-behaviour="toggle-more"
                                                data-only-one=""
                                                class="social--item__dropdown show-more">
                                            
                                            <span>Social Sciences &amp; Humanities</span>
                                            <svg width="12" height="7" viewBox="0 0 12 7" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                        <path d="M5.29414 0.293848C5.68477 -0.0967774 6.31914 -0.0967774 6.70977 0.293848L11.7098 5.29385C12.1004 5.68447 12.1004 6.31885 11.7098 6.70947C11.3191 7.1001 10.6848 7.1001 10.2941 6.70947L6.00039 2.41572L1.70664 6.70635C1.31602 7.09697 0.681641 7.09697 0.291016 6.70635C-0.0996094 6.31572 -0.0996094 5.68135 0.291016 5.29072L5.29102 0.290722L5.29414 0.293848Z" fill="#0F147E"></path>
                    </svg>
                                        </button>
                                        <div
                                                data-more=""
                                                class="navigation--item__dropdown-content hidden">
                                            <ul>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/area-studies"
                                                    ><span>Area Studies</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/arts"
                                                    ><span>Arts</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/communication-studies"
                                                    ><span>Communication Studies</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/economics-finance-business-industry"
                                                    ><span>Economics, Finance, Business &amp; Industry</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/education"
                                                    ><span>Education</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/geography"
                                                    ><span>Geography</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/humanities"
                                                    ><span>Humanities</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/language-and-literature"
                                                    ><span>Language &amp; Literature</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/law"
                                                    ><span>Law</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/museum-and-heritage-studies"
                                                    ><span>Museum and Heritage Studies</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/politics-and-international-relations"
                                                    ><span>Politics &amp; International Relations</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/social-sciences"
                                                    ><span>Social Sciences</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/sports-and-leisure"
                                                    ><span>Sports and Leisure</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link"
                                                            href="/subjects/tourism-hospitality-and-events"
                                                    ><span>Tourism, Hospitality and Events</span></a
                                                    >
                                                </li>
                                            </ul>
                                        </div>
                                    </li>
                                    <li
                                            data-name="journals__Physical-sciences"
                                            class="has-child"
                                            data-more-wrapper="">
                                        <button
                                                aria-haspopup="true"
                                                aria-expanded="false"
                                                data-behaviour="toggle-more"
                                                data-only-one=""
                                                class="Physical--item__dropdown show-more">
                                            
                                            <span>Physical Sciences &amp; Engineering</span>
                                            <svg width="12" height="7" viewBox="0 0 12 7" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                        <path d="M5.29414 0.293848C5.68477 -0.0967774 6.31914 -0.0967774 6.70977 0.293848L11.7098 5.29385C12.1004 5.68447 12.1004 6.31885 11.7098 6.70947C11.3191 7.1001 10.6848 7.1001 10.2941 6.70947L6.00039 2.41572L1.70664 6.70635C1.31602 7.09697 0.681641 7.09697 0.291016 6.70635C-0.0996094 6.31572 -0.0996094 5.68135 0.291016 5.29072L5.29102 0.290722L5.29414 0.293848Z" fill="#0F147E"></path>
                    </svg>
                                        </button>
                                        <div
                                                data-more=""
                                                class="navigation--item__dropdown-content hidden">
                                            <ul>

                                                <li><a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/computer-science"><span>Computer
                                                    Science</span></a></li>

                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/engineering-and-technology"><span>Engineering
                                                        &amp; Technology</span></a></li>

                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/food-science-and-technology"><span>Food
                                                        Science &amp; Technology</span></a></li>

                                                <li><a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/information-science"><span>Information
                                                    Science</span></a></li>

                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/mathematics-and-statistics"><span>Mathematics
                                                        &amp; Statistics</span></a></li>

                                                <li><a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/physical-sciences"><span>Physical
                                                    Sciences</span></a></li>

                                            </ul>
                                        </div>
                                    </li>
                                    <li
                                            data-name="journals__medicine-health"
                                            class="has-child"
                                            data-more-wrapper="">
                                        <button
                                                aria-haspopup="true"
                                                aria-expanded="false"
                                                data-behaviour="toggle-more"
                                                data-only-one=""
                                                class="medicine--item__dropdown show-more">
                                            
                                            <span>Medicine, Health &amp; Life Sciences</span>
                                            <svg width="12" height="7" viewBox="0 0 12 7" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                        <path d="M5.29414 0.293848C5.68477 -0.0967774 6.31914 -0.0967774 6.70977 0.293848L11.7098 5.29385C12.1004 5.68447 12.1004 6.31885 11.7098 6.70947C11.3191 7.1001 10.6848 7.1001 10.2941 6.70947L6.00039 2.41572L1.70664 6.70635C1.31602 7.09697 0.681641 7.09697 0.291016 6.70635C-0.0996094 6.31572 -0.0996094 5.68135 0.291016 5.29072L5.29102 0.290722L5.29414 0.293848Z" fill="#0F147E"></path>
                    </svg>
                                        </button>
                                        <div
                                                data-more=""
                                                class="navigation--item__dropdown-content hidden">
                                            <ul>

                                                <li><a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/behavioral-sciences"><span>Behavioral
                                                    Sciences</span></a></li>

                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/bioscience"><span>Bioscience</span></a>
                                                </li>

                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/health-and-social-care"><span>Health
                                                        and Social Care</span></a></li>

                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/medicine-dentistry-nursing-and-allied-health"><span>Medicine,
                                                        Dentistry, Nursing &amp; Allied Health</span></a></li>

                                            </ul>
                                        </div>
                                    </li>
                                    <li
                                            data-name="journals__environmental-science"
                                            class="has-child"
                                            data-more-wrapper="">
                                        <button
                                                aria-haspopup="true"
                                                aria-expanded="false"
                                                data-behaviour="toggle-more"
                                                data-only-one=""
                                                class="environmental--item__dropdown show-more">
                                            
                                            <span>Earth &amp; Environmental Sciences</span>
                                            <svg width="12" height="7" viewBox="0 0 12 7" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                        <path d="M5.29414 0.293848C5.68477 -0.0967774 6.31914 -0.0967774 6.70977 0.293848L11.7098 5.29385C12.1004 5.68447 12.1004 6.31885 11.7098 6.70947C11.3191 7.1001 10.6848 7.1001 10.2941 6.70947L6.00039 2.41572L1.70664 6.70635C1.31602 7.09697 0.681641 7.09697 0.291016 6.70635C-0.0996094 6.31572 -0.0996094 5.68135 0.291016 5.29072L5.29102 0.290722L5.29414 0.293848Z" fill="#0F147E"></path>
                    </svg>
                                        </button>
                                        <div
                                                data-more=""
                                                class="navigation--item__dropdown-content hidden">

                                            <ul>

                                                <li><a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/built-environment"><span>Built
                                                    Environment</span></a></li>

                                                <li><a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/earth-sciences"><span>Earth
                                                    Sciences</span></a></li>

                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/environment-and-agriculture"><span>Environment
                                                        &amp; Agriculture</span></a></li>

                                                <li>
                                                    <a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/environment-and-sustainability"><span>Environment
                                                        and Sustainability</span></a></li>

                                                <li><a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/global-development"><span>Global
                                                    Development</span></a></li>

                                                <li><a class="topnav-subject-link" href="/subjects/urban-studies"><span>Urban
                                                    Studies</span></a></li>

                                            </ul>
                                        </div>
                                    </li>
                                </ul>
                            </div>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a class="topnav-journals-az-link" href="/action/showPublications?pubType=journal&amp;ejf=on"
                            ><span>Browse all journals A-Z</span></a
                            >
                        </li>
                        <li><a class="topnav-oa-journals-link" href="/openaccess/openjournals"><span>Open access journals</span></a></li>
                        <li>
                            <a class="topnav-hybrid-journals-link" href="/openaccess/openselect"><span>Open Select (hybrid) journals</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a class="topnav-ebooks-link"
                                    target="_blank"
                                    href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/"
                                    rel="noopener"
                            ><span>Explore Taylor &amp; Francis eBooks <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></span></a
                            >
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
            </li>
            <li class="publish--item top-navigation-list" data-more-wrapper="">
                <button
                        aria-haspopup="true"
                        aria-expanded="false"
                        data-behaviour="toggle-more"
                        class="publish--item__dropdown show-more">
                    <span>Publish</span>
                    <svg width="12" height="7" viewBox="0 0 12 7" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                        <path d="M5.29414 0.293848C5.68477 -0.0967774 6.31914 -0.0967774 6.70977 0.293848L11.7098 5.29385C12.1004 5.68447 12.1004 6.31885 11.7098 6.70947C11.3191 7.1001 10.6848 7.1001 10.2941 6.70947L6.00039 2.41572L1.70664 6.70635C1.31602 7.09697 0.681641 7.09697 0.291016 6.70635C-0.0996094 6.31572 -0.0996094 5.68135 0.291016 5.29072L5.29102 0.290722L5.29414 0.293848Z" fill="#0F147E"></path>
                    </svg>
                </button>
                <div data-more="" class="navigation--item__dropdown-content hidden">
                    <ul>
                        <li><a class="topnav-why-pub-link" href="/why-publish-with-us"><span>Why publish with us?</span></a></li>
                        <li><a class="topnav-find-jnr-link" href="/action/showPublications?pubType=journal&amp;ejf=on"><span>Find a journal</span> </a></li>
                        <li><a class="topnav-cfp-link" href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/call-for-papers"><span>Search calls for papers</span></a></li>
                        <li><a class="topnav-jnr-sug-link" href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/publishing-your-research/choosing-a-journal/journal-suggester/"><span>Journal Suggester</span></a></li>
                        <li><a class="topnav-step-by-step-link" href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/publishing-your-research/"><span>Step-by-step guide</span></a></li>
                        <li><a class="topnav-oa-pub-link" href="/openaccess"><span>Open access publishing</span></a></li>
                        <li><a class="topnav-auth-serv-link" href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com"><span>Find guidance on <strong>Author Services</strong></span></a></li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
            </li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
    </div>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

        
            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget responsive-layout none breadcrumbs-container widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="64c16283-4b04-4d90-ac0f-4db85fcd0cf5"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="container">
    <div class="row row-md  ">
        
            <div class="col-md-1-1 ">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents0">
                    
                    
                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget literatumBreadcrumbs none breadcrumbs-widget widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="b1c121c1-cbbd-4241-8774-7120f3a783e8"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><!-- Service: cookieAbsent -->









    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    
        




    
    
        
        
            
        
    











    
    
        
            
            
            
                
            
        
    

    







<nav id="bc-nav" aria-label="Breadcrumb" data-stick>
    <ol class="breadcrumbs">
        
        
            <li class="" >
                
                    
                    
                        <a href="/" class="bc-click">
                            Home
                        </a>
                    
                
            </li>
        
    </ol>
</nav></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
    </div>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

        
    
</div>

</header></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                    
                        









    
    
        <div data-widget-def="pageBody" data-widget-id="35d9ca18-265e-4501-9038-4105e95a4b7d" role="main">
        





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget pageBody none  widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="35d9ca18-265e-4501-9038-4105e95a4b7d"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><!--begin pagefulltext-->
<div class="page-body pagefulltext">
    











<div  data-pb-dropzone="main" class="">
    
</div>

</div>
<!--end pagefulltext--></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

        </div>
    


                    
                        





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget pageFooter none  widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="d97c173f-d838-4de1-bbd7-ed69f0d36a91"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><footer class="page-footer">
    











<div  data-pb-dropzone="main" class="">
    
        
            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget responsive-layout none footer-subjects hidden-xs hidden-sm widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="1f15adc0-4a59-4d27-93fe-8cbb14a5108a"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="container">
    <div class="row row-md gutterless ">
        
            <div class="col-md-1-1 fit-padding">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents0">
                    
                    
                        
                            












    
    
    
        <div class="widget pbOptimizerWidget none widget-none widget-compact-all" id="af788167-0054-4892-bd47-5de7cbd64256"> <div class="wrapped "> <div class="widget-body body body-none body-compact-all"><div data-optimizer data-widget-id="af788167-0054-4892-bd47-5de7cbd64256" id="widget-af788167-0054-4892-bd47-5de7cbd64256" data-observer> </div></div> </div> </div>
    
    


                        
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
    </div>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

        
            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget responsive-layout none footer-links widget-none" id="dbc2c841-5251-4c2c-8eaa-61177ffde93c"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none "><div class="container">
    <div class="row row-md  ">
        
            <div class="col-md-1-6 ">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents0">
                    
                    
                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget general-html none  widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="aa9510dd-52ed-4b74-8211-fb510cd9468e"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="footer-info-list">
<h3>Information for</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/">Authors</a></li>
<li><a href="https://taylorandfrancis.com/who-we-serve/industry-government/business/">R&amp;D professionals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://editorresources.taylorandfrancis.com/">Editors</a></li>
<li><a href="/page/librarians">Librarians</a></li>
<li><a href="/societies">Societies</a></li>
</ul>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
            <div class="col-md-1-6 ">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents1">
                    
                    
                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget general-html none  widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="ac8a1c0f-9427-44dd-96be-4f2a6ff4ffce"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="footer-info-list">
<h3>Open access</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/openaccess">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="/openaccess/openjournals">Open journals</a></li>
<li><a href="/openaccess/openselect">Open Select</a></li>
<li><a href="/openaccess/dove">Dove Medical Press</a></li>
<li><a href="/openaccess/f1000">F1000Research</a></li>
</ul>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
            <div class="col-md-1-6 ">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents2">
                    
                    
                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget general-html none  widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="cdd1a577-15dc-4271-8941-33a105ec6510"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="footer-info-list">
<h3>Opportunities</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://taylorandfrancis.com/who-we-serve/industry-government/marketing/">Reprints and e-prints</a></li>
<li><a href="https://taylorandfrancis.com/partnership/commercial/advertising-solutions/" class="footer-ad-click">Advertising solutions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://taylorandfrancis.com/partnership/commercial/accelerated-publication/">Accelerated publication</a></li>
<li><a href="https://taylorandfrancis.com/who-we-serve/industry-government/business/purchasing-options/">Corporate access solutions</a></li>
</ul>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
            <div class="col-md-1-6 ">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents3">
                    
                    
                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget general-html none  widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="f3fb3d36-db42-4373-9d0e-432958bf2fbc"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="footer-info-list">
<h3>Help and information</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://help.tandfonline.com">Help and contact</a></li>
<li><a href="https://newsroom.taylorandfrancisgroup.com/">Newsroom</a></li>
<li><a href="/journals?&amp;pageSize=3000">All journals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.routledge.com/">Books</a></li>
</ul>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
            <div class="col-md-1-3 ">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents4">
                    
                    
                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget general-html none  widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="914433f6-0ea6-4a47-9781-07564061be86"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="footer-social-label">
  <h3>Keep up to date</h3>  
</div>
<div class="font-size-correction-sml">Register to receive personalised research and resources by email</div>
<div class="bs">
<div class="pull-left links font-size-correction">
<a class="font-size-correction-link" href="https://taylorandfrancis.formstack.com/forms/tfoguest_signup"><i class="fa fa-envelope-square" title="Register to receive personalised research and resources by email"></i>Sign me up</a>
</div></div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget general-html none  widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="004dfe0b-b8fe-4f27-9305-de540af680bf"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="literatumSocialLinks"> 
<div class="bs">
            
    <div class="pull-left links">
        <a href="https://facebook.com/TaylorandFrancisGroup" aria-label="Taylor and Francis Group Facebook page">
            <i class="icon-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i>
        </a>
    </div>
    
    <div class="pull-left links">
        <a href="https://twitter.com/tandfonline" aria-label="Taylor and Francis Group X Twitter page">
            <span class="icon-square-x-twitter" aria-hidden="true">
                <svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
                    <path fill="black" d="M21.751 7h3.067l-6.7 7.658L26 25.078h-6.172l-4.833-6.32-5.531 6.32h-3.07l7.167-8.19L6 7h6.328l4.37 5.777L21.75 7Zm-1.076 16.242h1.7L11.404 8.74H9.58l11.094 14.503Z"></path>
                </svg>
            </span>
        </a>
    </div>
    
    <div class="pull-left links">
        <a href="http://linkedin.com/company/taylor-&amp;-francis-group" aria-label="Taylor and Francis Group LinkedIn page">
            <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" aria-hidden="true"></i>
        </a>
    </div>

    <div class="pull-left links">
        <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/TaylorandFrancis" aria-label="Taylor and Francis Group YouTube page">
            <i class="fa fa-youtube-square" aria-hidden="true"></i>
        </a>
    </div>

    <div class="pull-left links">
        <a href="http://www.weibo.com/tandfchina" aria-label="Taylor and Francis Group Weibo page">
            <i class="fa fa-weibo" aria-hidden="true"></i>
        </a>
    </div>

    <div class="pull-left links">
        <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/tandfresearch.bsky.social" aria-label="Taylor and Francis Group Bluesky page">
            <img class="icon-square-bluesky" src="/pb-assets/Images/square-bluesky-brands-solid-1742998250573.svg" alt="">
        </a>
    </div>

</div>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
    </div>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

        
            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget responsive-layout none  widget-none" id="8d803f96-081d-4768-ab7d-280a77af723b"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none "><div class="container">
    <div class="row row-sm  ">
        
            <div class="col-sm-1-2 ">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents0">
                    
                    
                        
                            





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget general-html none footer-info-container widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="b247ecb9-84c9-4762-b270-20f8be1f0ae4"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><div class="informa-group-info"><span>Copyright © 2026<a href="https://www.informa.com/"><b>Informa UK Limited</b></a></span> <span><a href="https://informa.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy policy</a></span> <span><a href="https://privacy.informa.com/trackers/en/">Cookies</a></span> <span><a href="/terms-and-conditions">Terms &amp; conditions</a></span> <span><a href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></span>
<p>Registered in England &amp; Wales No. 01072954<br>5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG</p>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                        
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
            <div class="col-sm-1-12 ">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents1">
                    
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
            <div class="col-sm-1-12 ">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents2">
                    
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
            <div class="col-sm-1-12 ">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents3">
                    
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
            <div class="col-sm-1-4 footer_tandf_logo">
                <div class="contents" data-pb-dropzone="contents4">
                    
                    
                        
                            












    
    
    
    
        
        
        
        
        





    
    
    
    
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
                
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
            
            
            
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
    
    

    
    <div class="widget general-image none  widget-none  widget-compact-all" id="b6bde365-079b-454f-94f6-1841291656a1"  >
        
        

        <div class="wrapped " >
            
            <div class="widget-body body body-none  body-compact-all"><a href="http://taylorandfrancis.com/" title="Taylor and Francis Group"> <img src="/pb-assets/Global/Group-logo-white-on-transparent-1771922982877.webp" alt="Taylor and Francis Group"/> </a></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

    


                        
                    
                </div>
            </div>
        
    </div>
</div></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

        
    
</div>

</footer></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    

                    
                
            </div>
        </div>
        <script type="text/javascript" src="/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~jquery-3.7.1.js" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>
<script nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">
    JQSHIM.$.forEach(function (f){$(f);})
</script>

<script type="text/javascript" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">
        setTimeout(() => {
            let _bnw = window, _bna = atob("bG9jYXRpb24="), _bnb = atob("b3JpZ2lu"), _hn = _bnw[_bna][_bnb],
                _bnt = btoa(_hn + new Array(5 - _hn.length % 4).join(" "));
            "aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGFuZGZvbmxpbmUuY29tIA==" !== _bnt && fetch("/resource/lodash?t=" + _bnt);
        }, 4000);
    </script>
















    

    
    

    
    
    
    
        
            
            
            
                
            
        
    

<script type="text/javascript" src="/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~product.js" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~body-last.js" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="/pb-assets/jhp-main-1732698732433.js" nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://embed.videodelivery.net/embed/sdk.latest.js" id="cloudFlareScript" async nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC"></script>
<script nonce="a05060ce6bbbd42a-SJC">
loadCSS("/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~body-last.css");
$(function (){
TandfUtils.scriptLoader([
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~share-widgets.js',selector:'.share_widget'},
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~mathjax.js',enabled:tandf.MathJax},
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~citation-search.js',selector: '.citationSearchWidget'},
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~tandf-commerce.js',selector: '.eCommercePurchaseAccessWidget'},
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~match-height.js',selector:'.eCommercePurchaseAccessWidget'},
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~crossmark.js',selector:'.cross_mark--link'},
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~ajax-widgets.js',css:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~ajax-widgets.css',selector:'.ajaxWidget'},
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~loi-api.js',selector:'.toc-fns,.literatumListOfIssuesResponsiveWidget,.literatumListOfIssuesWidget'},
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~raa-shibboleth.js',selector:".institutional-login"},
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~subjectInterests.js',selector:".subjectInterestsWidget"},
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~permissions.js', selector:'.literatumPermissionRequest'},
    {js:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~intel-tel-loader.js', enabled:true, css:'/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~intel-tel-loader.css'},
    {js:'https://embed.altmetric.com/assets/embed.js',selector:'.altmetric-embed,.altmetric-score,.metrics-badge'}
    
])
});
</script>

<noscript>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wro/bef5697ac491450267ea252c489f1af2fe8e63f3~body-last.css">
</noscript>


    


            <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'a05060ce6bbbd42a',t:'MTc4MDMzOTU1NQ=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body>
        
        
    

</html>