<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Sat, 06 Jun 2026 12:36:51 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>MDGS-2015</category><category>Activities</category><category>Just Repost</category><category>Computer Literature</category><category>Curhat</category><category>Learning Linux</category><category>2009 for Solaris</category><category>Achievements</category><category>Human-computer interaction</category><category>Research</category><title>Das sein, das sollen</title><description>&quot;Ketika pena telah diangkat, dan lembaran-lembaran telah mengering...&quot;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>80</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-2369046709565744856</guid><pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2026 00:23:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2026-02-02T07:59:19.554+07:00</atom:updated><title>HARMONY: Human-Trusted AI and Resilient Multimodal Orchestration Framework for Enhancing Normative Trust in Society</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoOcQC7oEVUjuKDqGKdGcbZmcvjHUDgO0c6MGKSuCz495vZevJzpEopKG-5i8OqiFSWPIkgvhskqBQpVKTqqm8Wm9TWW1O37Dkj9jk2YYwuvH_5NxHxeQric1XuDdxbaJywJBAl4ok9y1zZw5PPW0WsE2BpRk3YZ9QXuef69WoVQuspqVwIMmDOMw9ZdY/s838/harmony.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;549&quot; data-original-width=&quot;838&quot; height=&quot;210&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoOcQC7oEVUjuKDqGKdGcbZmcvjHUDgO0c6MGKSuCz495vZevJzpEopKG-5i8OqiFSWPIkgvhskqBQpVKTqqm8Wm9TWW1O37Dkj9jk2YYwuvH_5NxHxeQric1XuDdxbaJywJBAl4ok9y1zZw5PPW0WsE2BpRk3YZ9QXuef69WoVQuspqVwIMmDOMw9ZdY/s320/harmony.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Sustainable urban resource stewardship requires AI systems that are both technically robust and socially aligned. Traditional interventions for public cleanliness, such as static signage, frequently fail due to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&quot;banner blindness&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt; and a lack of situational context. This concept introduces &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;HARMONY (Human-Trusted AI and Resilient Multimodal Orchestration Framework for Enhancing Normative Trust in Society)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;, a conceptual framework for human-trusted multimodal orchestration designed to foster pro-social behaviors through non-coercive &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;nudging&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;.&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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    &lt;title&gt;HARMONY Framework Architecture&lt;/title&gt;
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        &lt;div class=&quot;bg-indigo-900 p-6 text-center text-white&quot;&gt;
            &lt;h1 class=&quot;text-3xl font-bold tracking-tight&quot;&gt;HARMONY FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE&lt;/h1&gt;
            &lt;p class=&quot;text-indigo-200 mt-2 uppercase text-sm tracking-widest&quot;&gt;Human-Trusted AI &amp; Resilient Multimodal Orchestration&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;

        &lt;div class=&quot;p-8 space-y-12&quot;&gt;
            
            &lt;section&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;flex items-center space-x-4 mb-4&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;bg-indigo-600 text-white px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs font-bold&quot;&gt;LAYER 1&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;h2 class=&quot;text-xl font-bold text-indigo-900&quot;&gt;Governance &amp; Trustworthiness (Trust Layer)&lt;/h2&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;grid grid-cols-4 gap-4 text-center&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;p-3 border-2 border-dashed border-indigo-200 rounded bg-indigo-50 text-xs font-semibold&quot;&gt;NIST AI RMF 1.0&lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;p-3 border-2 border-dashed border-indigo-200 rounded bg-indigo-50 text-xs font-semibold&quot;&gt;EU Ethics Guidelines&lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;p-3 border-2 border-dashed border-indigo-200 rounded bg-indigo-50 text-xs font-semibold&quot;&gt;OECD AI Principles&lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;p-3 border-2 border-dashed border-indigo-200 rounded bg-indigo-50 text-xs font-semibold&quot;&gt;ISO/IEC 23894:2023&lt;/div&gt;
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            &lt;/section&gt;

            &lt;section class=&quot;relative&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;flex items-center space-x-4 mb-4&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;bg-emerald-600 text-white px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs font-bold&quot;&gt;LAYER 2&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;h2 class=&quot;text-xl font-bold text-emerald-900&quot;&gt;Situational Awareness (Multimodal Input)&lt;/h2&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;grid grid-cols-3 gap-6&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-emerald-50 p-4 rounded-lg border border-emerald-200 flex flex-col items-center&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;span class=&quot;font-bold text-emerald-700&quot;&gt;Visual&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;p class=&quot;text-xs text-center text-emerald-600&quot;&gt;Computer Vision (CV)&lt;br&gt;State: Bad Behavior Detection&lt;/p&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-emerald-50 p-4 rounded-lg border border-emerald-200 flex flex-col items-center&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;span class=&quot;font-bold text-emerald-700&quot;&gt;Auditory&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;p class=&quot;text-xs text-center text-emerald-600&quot;&gt;Ambient Noise Sensing&lt;br&gt;Contextual Volume Control&lt;/p&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-emerald-50 p-4 rounded-lg border border-emerald-200 flex flex-col items-center&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;span class=&quot;font-bold text-emerald-700&quot;&gt;Environmental&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;p class=&quot;text-xs text-center text-emerald-600&quot;&gt;Crowding / Light / Time&lt;br&gt;Modality Weighting Logic&lt;/p&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/section&gt;

            &lt;section class=&quot;bg-slate-100 p-6 rounded-2xl border-2 border-indigo-500 relative&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;absolute -top-4 left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 bg-indigo-500 text-white px-6 py-1 rounded-full text-sm font-bold shadow-md&quot;&gt;
                    HARMONY AGENT #1 CORE
                &lt;/div&gt;
                
                &lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-around items-center mt-4&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;w-1/3 bg-white p-4 rounded shadow border-l-4 border-amber-500&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;h3 class=&quot;text-amber-700 font-bold text-sm&quot;&gt;1. CORRECTIVE NUDGE&lt;/h3&gt;
                        &lt;p class=&quot;text-[10px] italic&quot;&gt;&quot;Please, throw your garbage in the bin.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p class=&quot;text-[9px] mt-1 text-slate-500&quot;&gt;Goal: Increase Norm Salience&lt;/p&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;

                    &lt;div class=&quot;text-indigo-500 text-3xl font-bold&quot;&gt;→&lt;/div&gt;

                    &lt;div class=&quot;w-1/3 bg-white p-4 rounded shadow border-l-4 border-blue-500 text-right&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;h3 class=&quot;text-blue-700 font-bold text-sm&quot;&gt;2. GRATITUDE LOOP&lt;/h3&gt;
                        &lt;p class=&quot;text-[10px] italic&quot;&gt;&quot;Thank you for keeping us clean!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p class=&quot;text-[9px] mt-1 text-slate-500&quot;&gt;Goal: Positive Reinforcement&lt;/p&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;

                &lt;div class=&quot;mt-6 text-center text-xs font-mono text-indigo-700&quot;&gt;
                    Logic Synthesis: B = MAP (Motivation, Ability, Prompt)
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            &lt;section&gt;
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                    &lt;span class=&quot;bg-slate-800 text-white px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs font-bold&quot;&gt;LAYER 3&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;h2 class=&quot;text-xl font-bold text-slate-800&quot;&gt;Societal Impact (Evaluation)&lt;/h2&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;grid grid-cols-2 gap-4&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;p-4 bg-slate-800 text-white rounded-lg&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;h4 class=&quot;font-bold text-sm mb-1 text-indigo-300&quot;&gt;Technical Outcomes&lt;/h4&gt;
                        &lt;ul class=&quot;text-[11px] list-disc list-inside opacity-80&quot;&gt;
                            &lt;li&gt;Multimodal Resilience&lt;/li&gt;
                            &lt;li&gt;Correct Disposal Rate (CDR)&lt;/li&gt;
                            &lt;li&gt;Interactional Politeness Score&lt;/li&gt;
                        &lt;/ul&gt;
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                    &lt;div class=&quot;p-4 bg-slate-800 text-white rounded-lg&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;h4 class=&quot;font-bold text-sm mb-1 text-emerald-300&quot;&gt;Philosophical Outcomes&lt;/h4&gt;
                        &lt;ul class=&quot;text-[11px] list-disc list-inside opacity-80&quot;&gt;
                            &lt;li&gt;Enhanced Normative Trust&lt;/li&gt;
                            &lt;li&gt;Social Stewardship&lt;/li&gt;
                            &lt;li&gt;Civic Habit Formation&lt;/li&gt;
                        &lt;/ul&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/section&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        
        &lt;div class=&quot;bg-slate-100 p-4 border-t border-slate-200 text-center text-[10px] text-slate-500 uppercase tracking-widest&quot;&gt;
            Zaid Amin, Ph.D. &amp;copy; 2026 | Nilai, Malaysia
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&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2026/02/harmony-human-trusted-ai-and-resilient.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoOcQC7oEVUjuKDqGKdGcbZmcvjHUDgO0c6MGKSuCz495vZevJzpEopKG-5i8OqiFSWPIkgvhskqBQpVKTqqm8Wm9TWW1O37Dkj9jk2YYwuvH_5NxHxeQric1XuDdxbaJywJBAl4ok9y1zZw5PPW0WsE2BpRk3YZ9QXuef69WoVQuspqVwIMmDOMw9ZdY/s72-c/harmony.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-6690506200988445631</guid><pubDate>Thu, 21 Jan 2021 01:24:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2021-01-21T08:38:41.295+07:00</atom:updated><title>Kehidupan Pendidik saat Pandemi COVID-19 (Part I)</title><description>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwbQm_na0SQ7Dq_TLqzbvmwndgzGXzBRCWJhYuwQMmQs_LJhKEq3XgReIylVNqhBCflHmCgZexL8ezbrIhiRyRML1K3OTRd6jfuGzBlUiYwYpQmz9inJRNr41bm4WA8pjjLPhLD_t1Pvc/s920/virtual-learning-gone-wrong.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;592&quot; data-original-width=&quot;920&quot; height=&quot;413&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwbQm_na0SQ7Dq_TLqzbvmwndgzGXzBRCWJhYuwQMmQs_LJhKEq3XgReIylVNqhBCflHmCgZexL8ezbrIhiRyRML1K3OTRd6jfuGzBlUiYwYpQmz9inJRNr41bm4WA8pjjLPhLD_t1Pvc/w640-h413/virtual-learning-gone-wrong.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Tulisan ini saya kembangkan dan terjemahkan dari Author -&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-dcm-c95=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;dark-link&quot; data-feathr-click-track=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.computer.org/csdl/search/default?type=author&amp;amp;givenName=Jay&amp;amp;surname=Liebowitz&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Jay Liebowitz&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;yang berasal dari&amp;nbsp;&lt;span _ngcontent-dcm-c95=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;article-author-affiliations&quot; face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Harrisburg University of Science and Technology&lt;/b&gt;. Beliau menguraikan dan menggambarkan bagaimana ideal nya seorang tenaga pendidik yang profesional (dalam level Professor) mampu beradaptasi selama pandemi COVID-19 yang&amp;nbsp; terjadi saat ini.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span _ngcontent-dcm-c95=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;article-author-affiliations&quot; face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span _ngcontent-dcm-c95=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;article-author-affiliations&quot; face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Artikel ini pun disebarluaskan melalui email dalam keanggotaan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2020/12/09269890/1p1chzXiUSc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;IEEE Computer Society.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Berikut esensi tulisan yang sangat menarik ini:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Sejak Maret 2020, kita menghadapi sebuah pengalaman dan waktu-waktu yang&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;sangat sulit karena persebaran&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;dari COVID-19 di seluruh dunia. Kelas-kelas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;keilmuan menjadi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;online&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;; ketidakjelasan keberlanjutan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;fall semester&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;(antara&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Bulan Agustus&amp;nbsp; - Desember) dan banyak lagi masalah lainnya yang akan menanti.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Artikel ini memberikan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;highlight &lt;/i&gt;transformasi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;apa saja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;yang diperlukan untuk&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;professor atau tenaga pendidik&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;dibawah terminologi &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;normal baru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Pandemi COVID-19 secara global telah menciptakan disrupsi antara kehidupan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;pekerjaan yang biasanya dilakukan di&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;rumah maupun kantor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;. Dari sebagian&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;banyak&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;organisasi dan institusi tersebut, universitas-universitas adalah institusi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;juga sebagian besar telah secara cepat menyesuaikan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;dan beradaptasi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;ke&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;lingkungan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;pembelajaran secara virtual untuk para mahasiswa dan professor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;mereka.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Beruntungnya, kebanyakan dari kita&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;, dimana sebagai professor atau&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;tenaga&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;kependidikan dalam bidang&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;computer science&lt;/i&gt;/IT telah banyak sebelumnya mengajar dengan metode &lt;i&gt;online &lt;/i&gt;atau dalam pengajaran &lt;i&gt;blendid &lt;/i&gt;untuk mengganti atau sebagai suplemen tatap muka (&lt;i&gt;face to face - F2F&lt;/i&gt;) pada lingkungan di ruangan kelas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWgrhoPW2OSb2MS-X-NihNfUnsVVLIowwRyWzoNsL0xbGB-GfS4U5V_ZAkvSIKf7fOqaTGxiirz4T5QRt-JqfETMekLuo1aBRlKVLsCoc_PjumudZhk3Q0GokQ85iNHq2M2QzzCTV3WLU/s543/Blended-Learning-e-learning.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;358&quot; data-original-width=&quot;543&quot; height=&quot;422&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWgrhoPW2OSb2MS-X-NihNfUnsVVLIowwRyWzoNsL0xbGB-GfS4U5V_ZAkvSIKf7fOqaTGxiirz4T5QRt-JqfETMekLuo1aBRlKVLsCoc_PjumudZhk3Q0GokQ85iNHq2M2QzzCTV3WLU/w640-h422/Blended-Learning-e-learning.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Sebagai contoh, saya (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-dcm-c95=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;dark-link&quot; data-feathr-click-track=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.computer.org/csdl/search/default?type=author&amp;amp;givenName=Jay&amp;amp;surname=Liebowitz&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Montserrat; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Jay Liebowit&lt;/a&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;telah cukup lama mengajar dengan metode &lt;i&gt;online &lt;/i&gt;dengan juga melakukan &lt;i&gt;blendid learning&lt;/i&gt; (termasuk F2F) sejak tahun 2002 menggunakan enam sistem manajemen pembelajaran yang berbeda (meliputi Blackboard, Canvas, Sakai, Moodle/Adobe Connect, WebTycho, and D2L).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Sebagai fakultas yang berfokus pada bidang teknologi, kami mungkin memiliki persiapan yang lebih baik dibandingkan beberapa kolega bila dibandingkan dengan disiplin yang lain. Namun, kami harus juga melakukan transformasi untuk menyesuaikan pada dilema coronavirus yang terjadi saat ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Salah satu adaptasi terbesar untuk membangun strategi lingkungan virtual ini adalah bagaimana membangun kedekatan komunikasi dua arah (&lt;i&gt;engagement&lt;/i&gt;) atau mengeratkan hubungan interaksi pembelajaran kepada mahasiswa khususnya dalam konsep virtual dan kursus berbasis online.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Sebagai contoh, jika anda mengajar kelas IT yang biasanya melakukan studi kasus, bagaimana kita dapat memastikan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;level partisipasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt; dan interaksi selama kelas virtual tersebut berjalan? Banyak daripada sistem menajemen pembelajaran yang ada sebelumnya tidak mendukung dan mengizinkan kita untuk melihat mahasiswa untuk menilai komunikasi nonverbal dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;keseriusan mereka dalam belajar.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigZhFePMPm0mUDz-nyYsHNyjSO4zzxSMPz1Ao_8B2C1O0WnLUH_PorogGmh85N1Q2ImzyAYk7EIUJ2-slT9MY_Bkh6dN7QwTN0E-GjYNdmu6oakvZc3AaEYKMKymN6DajLyCanGrzobVo/s792/nmn.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;418&quot; data-original-width=&quot;792&quot; height=&quot;338&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigZhFePMPm0mUDz-nyYsHNyjSO4zzxSMPz1Ao_8B2C1O0WnLUH_PorogGmh85N1Q2ImzyAYk7EIUJ2-slT9MY_Bkh6dN7QwTN0E-GjYNdmu6oakvZc3AaEYKMKymN6DajLyCanGrzobVo/w640-h338/nmn.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Namun, sangat berterima kasih atas kehadiran Zoom, Teams dan aplikasi perangkat lunak lainnya yang bisa mengizinkan mahasiswa dan professor untuk melihat satu sama lain dan melakukan pemisahan ruangan secara virtual (&lt;i&gt;break out room&lt;/i&gt;) jika diperlukan untuk aktifitas seperti diskusi tim.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Kelas-kelas tertentu seperti khususnya pada level Sarjana (&lt;i&gt;graduate&lt;/i&gt;) adalah 3 - 4 jam lamanya, dimana banyak mahasiswa diajarkan dengan metode secara&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;synchronously &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;synchronously&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijBwAvAVJCgjUzcwqCwBhKJhQU4OlG5JWeHMy-0gee6XZoeI0FZGLLgwKY3D2Ot_NF3gmnnFsRdAgmJQrCVTVVXsI1-UBaQqUV42TGeJZA4ekKZ6GeguMaQHqZYiO3UTZ2nh9DgE47X3s/s1600/bnbn.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;900&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijBwAvAVJCgjUzcwqCwBhKJhQU4OlG5JWeHMy-0gee6XZoeI0FZGLLgwKY3D2Ot_NF3gmnnFsRdAgmJQrCVTVVXsI1-UBaQqUV42TGeJZA4ekKZ6GeguMaQHqZYiO3UTZ2nh9DgE47X3s/w640-h360/bnbn.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Untuk metode&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;synchronously &lt;/i&gt;yang dijalankan pada kursus &lt;i&gt;online&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;waktu yang lama ini mungkin membuat ketidaknyamanan untuk berinteraksi dengan mahasiswa selama mereka duduk di depan komputer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;. Namun dapat dipastikan penggunaan &lt;i&gt;polling &lt;/i&gt;(kuisioner). forum diskusi, pembicara tamu, video singkat, &lt;i&gt;podcast&lt;/i&gt;, dan teknik-teknik lainnya dapat digunakan secara efektif untuk meningkatkan kedekatan pembelajaran dan komunikasi dua arah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Sebagai bagian dari&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Advertising Education Foundation Virtual Visiting Professors Program&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-feathr-click-track=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://aef.com/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://aef.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;)&amp;nbsp; selama 1 - 5 Juni 2020, beberapa diskusi oleh pemimpin senior seperti dari IBM, Facebook, R/GA, Ogilvy, dan McCann yang memiiki bahasan diskusi seputar fitur &quot;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;normal baru&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, mengemukakan bahwa perlunya terobosan dalam menghadapi isu besar ini.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Berikut beberapa tren yang diantisipasi selama COVID-19 maupun setelahnya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Digitalisasi akan menjadi sebuah norma dan kebudayaan baru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Individual akan menjadi kita (saling berkolaborasi)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Berfikir cepat dan kualitas kompetensi akan sangat diperlukan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Perbedaan dan penambahan kelimuan baru akan menjadi kebutuhan yang tinggi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Mahasiswa harus memiliki keuletan dan berfikir cepat, seperti beradaptasi dengan kemampuan-kemampuan baru yang berkaitan dengan keilmuan mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Orang-orang akan merasa bosan dan kelelahan dengan aktifitas digital (&lt;i&gt;digital fatigue&lt;/i&gt;), dengan demikian kebutuhan dan penyerapan akan isi teori dan pengalaman praktik menjadi sangat diperlukan daripada sebelumnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Kita akan melihat perusahaan seperti Apple, Google, dan partner pengembang lainnya akan mendukung universitas dalam pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;online&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Teknik-teknik mahir berkelanjutan seperti &lt;i&gt;data analytic,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;i&gt;artificial intelligence, &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;machine learning&lt;/i&gt; akan digunakan sebagai bagian dari proses pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;online.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cont.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;-ZA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;#pendidikCOVID19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;#professorCOVID19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;#belajarSaatCOVID19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;#virtualLearning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2021/01/kehidupan-pendidik-saat-pandemi-covid.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwbQm_na0SQ7Dq_TLqzbvmwndgzGXzBRCWJhYuwQMmQs_LJhKEq3XgReIylVNqhBCflHmCgZexL8ezbrIhiRyRML1K3OTRd6jfuGzBlUiYwYpQmz9inJRNr41bm4WA8pjjLPhLD_t1Pvc/s72-w640-h413-c/virtual-learning-gone-wrong.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-8366556258609506915</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Dec 2020 15:43:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2021-01-21T08:42:43.030+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Research</category><title>Tipe-tipe &quot;bias&quot; dalam penelitian ilmiah</title><description>&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiowHuKjEyj19HmDmODMwoxflFku2XQxqLoTJfEFUPr7GI6lGr5eUgslOg8S5NagzhXjHgNoBwAvpZTs8l3EH0CNiMi3OZCusEBPlhZ_Wut69GFa6akv3hZplWkyXowNjdamShaoBbMIc/s750/tinyresearch-bias.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;430&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiowHuKjEyj19HmDmODMwoxflFku2XQxqLoTJfEFUPr7GI6lGr5eUgslOg8S5NagzhXjHgNoBwAvpZTs8l3EH0CNiMi3OZCusEBPlhZ_Wut69GFa6akv3hZplWkyXowNjdamShaoBbMIc/s16000/tinyresearch-bias.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Dalam konteks menjalankan tahapan penelitian riset yang&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt; &lt;span&gt;objektif dan konsisten&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; sebagai peneliti (akademisi) yang &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;profesional &lt;/span&gt;sudah seharusnya kita memahami beberapa tipe &quot;bias&quot; (penyimpangan) yang seringkali terjadi.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Pertanyaan mendasar timbul, mengenai mengapa kita harus menyadari penyimpangan (bias) ini. Tentu, jawabannya adalah untuk menghindari &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;&quot;Research Misconduct&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Merujuk pada Smith (2006), dalam &quot;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jornal of The Royal Society of Medicine&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&quot; menjelaskan bahwa:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;__p17&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 15.9991px; font-style: italic; margin: 0.6923em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;Research misconduct is defined as fabrification, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;__p18&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 15.9991px; margin: 0.6923em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;i&gt; Fabrification&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt; is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;making up data&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;or results and recording or reporting them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;__p19&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 15.9991px; margin: 0.6923em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;i&gt; Falsification&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt; is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;manipulating research materials,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt; equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;__p20&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 15.9991px; margin: 0.6923em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;i&gt; Plagiarism &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;is the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;appropriation of another person&#39;s ideas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Dalam Smith (2006) tersebut, mendefiniskan bahwa perbuatan yang tidak jujur dan salah dalam riset dikategorikan pada 3 jenis, secara umum yaitu: (1) Fabrikasi, (2) Falsifikasi dan (3) Plagiarisme.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Ketiga&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;&quot;Research Misconduct&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;ini menjelaskan adanya kecenderungan etika yang dilanggar ketika menjalankan riset, utamanya adalah upaya memalsukan data, dimulai dari ide, pernyataan masalah,&amp;nbsp; objektifitas, desain riset, metodologi, pengumpulan data, analisis dan sampai kepada kecenderungan memanipulasi hasil penelitian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Hasil penelitian yang dikonsumsi secara konstruktif atau bahkan disitasi oleh banyak peneliti lainnya (dalam koridor&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;&quot;Research Misconduct&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;),&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;justru pada akhirnya akan menyesatkan, menimbulkan kerugian dan menciptakan yang namanya &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;S&lt;span&gt;cientific Fraud.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Berikut beberapa tipe &quot;bias&quot; yang saya rangkum dari &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.enago.com/academy/dealing-with-bias-in-academic-research/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #2b00fe;&quot;&gt;Enago Academy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/b&gt; khususnya untuk penelitan dengan desain kualitatif yang membutuhkan ketajaman analisa dan pengalaman extra dari peneliti. Serta mempertimbangkan bahwa penelitian kualitatif, memiliki tipe data yang di dominasi bersifat subjektif dan unik pada situasi tertentu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Untuk menghindari &quot;bias&quot;, pada tahap awal sebaiknya kita lebih dahulu mengenali tipe bias seperti apa yang biasanya terjadi pada studi yang kita lakukan, dan mencoba untuk &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;mendeteksi dan menghindari nya sedini mungkin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1. Design Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;2. Sampling Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;3. Procedural Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;4. Measurement Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;5. Interviewer Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;6. Reporting Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Adapun uraian singkat dari 6 kategori tersebut adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1. Design Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Ketika peneliti &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;tidak dapat menentukan metodologi yang tepat &lt;/span&gt;untuk diterapkan sesuai dengan objektif penelitian,&amp;nbsp; faktor seperti pemilihan desain riset yang bersifat kualitatif, kuantitatif atau &quot;&lt;i&gt;mix method&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;, harus ditentukan di tahapan awal guna berkaitan untuk memahami bagaimana cara mengumpulkan dan mengukur data yang nantinya akan diteliti.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;2. Sampling Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Bias ini berkaitan dengan ketika peneliti &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;c&lt;span&gt;enderung untuk mengabaikan sumber &lt;i&gt;sampling &lt;/i&gt;penelitian&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; contohnya ketika peneliti hanya memilih partisipan dengan umur yang lebih muda daripada yang tua, grup yang hanya memiliki kesamaan identitas atau partisipan yang memiliki kesamaan latar belakang etnis dan suku.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;3. Procedural Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Dimana ketika peneliti menjalankan risetnya dengan &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;keterbatasan prosedural,&lt;/span&gt; contohnya ketika peneliti hanya mengalokasikan waktu yang sangat sedikit untuk &lt;i&gt;task &lt;/i&gt;eksperimen yang kompleks pada seorang partisipan, dapat dipastikan&amp;nbsp; partisipan tersebut akan terburu-buru dan data yang akan dihasilkan menjadi sangat prematur, definisi hubungan yang tidak jelas dan tidak komprehensif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;4. Measurement Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Bias ini terjadi ketika peneliti memiliki &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;keterbatasan pada saat mengukur dan menganalisa data penelitian,&lt;/span&gt; seperti kurang atau rusaknya nya peralatan, atau peneliti tidak memahami cara penggunaan sebuah instrumen atau alat bantu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;5. Interviewer Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Ketika proses interview (wawancara) kepada partisipan atau sumber dipengaruhi oleh faktor penganggu, seperti lingkungan yang tidak nyaman, keadaan emosi dan mental partisipan atau peneliti ketika dilakukan wawancara, serta &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;unsur psikologis yang mempengaruhi jawaban responden&lt;/span&gt; membuat peneliti memiliki opini yang relatif berbeda dan menyebabkan hasil wawancara menjadi tidak objektif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;6. Reporting Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Bias ini terjadi ketika peneliti dipengaruhi oleh kecenderungan memiliki minat atau ketertarikan (fanatisme) yang lebih pada suatu topik, atau karena topik memiliki bobot isu atau pernyataan masalah yang secara keyakinan memiliki kesamaan dengan peneliti, sehingga terkadang &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;peneliti memanipulasi hasil laporan penelitian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Demikianlah beberapa tipe-tipe &quot;bias&quot; dalam penelitian ilmiah, semoga bermanfaat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;Salam sukses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;-ZA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;#tipetipebiasdalampenelitian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;#tipetipebiasdalamriset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;#biasdalampenelitian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;#biasdalamriset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2020/12/tipe-tipe-bias-di-dalam-penelitian.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiowHuKjEyj19HmDmODMwoxflFku2XQxqLoTJfEFUPr7GI6lGr5eUgslOg8S5NagzhXjHgNoBwAvpZTs8l3EH0CNiMi3OZCusEBPlhZ_Wut69GFa6akv3hZplWkyXowNjdamShaoBbMIc/s72-c/tinyresearch-bias.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-6111141144736768308</guid><pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2019 14:22:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-14T21:25:48.496+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Human-computer interaction</category><title>Cyberspace</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGb4U9Bw5nqe2CaBcKt2MihZ4ZDXHU9PzYskqioRVkGL3_m8L6gDzSYTdo0O1lpDmep2TzOGDnR7ljuuUiOkyfZjHVT86nEl7eZW0zSyz7aClQFDPip1y21SDAJHep2fGuPj5yGdaVs9M/s1600/vonsebkdafghw5b4e1f7a6f1b5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1125&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1500&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGb4U9Bw5nqe2CaBcKt2MihZ4ZDXHU9PzYskqioRVkGL3_m8L6gDzSYTdo0O1lpDmep2TzOGDnR7ljuuUiOkyfZjHVT86nEl7eZW0zSyz7aClQFDPip1y21SDAJHep2fGuPj5yGdaVs9M/s400/vonsebkdafghw5b4e1f7a6f1b5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Cyberspace&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;is widespread, interconnected digital&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Technology&quot;&gt;technology&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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The term entered the popular culture from science fiction and the arts but is now used by technology strategists, security professionals, government, military and industry leaders and entrepreneurs to describe the domain of the global technology environment. Others consider cyberspace to be just a notional environment in which communication over computer networks occurs.&lt;br /&gt;
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The word became popular in the 1990s when the uses of the Internet, networking, and digital communication were all growing dramatically and the term &quot;cyberspace&quot; was able to represent the many new ideas and phenomena that were emerging.&lt;br /&gt;
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It has been called the largest unregulated and uncontrolled domain in the history of mankind,and is also unique because it is a domain created by people vice the traditional physical domains.&lt;br /&gt;
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The parent term of cyberspace is &quot;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetic&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Cybernetic&quot;&gt;cybernetic&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, derived from the Ancient Greek&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;κυβερνήτης&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;i&gt;kybernētēs&lt;/i&gt;, steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder), a word introduced by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Norbert Wiener&quot;&gt;Norbert Wiener&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for his pioneering work in electronic communication and control science. This word cyberspace first appeared in the art installation of the same name by danish artist&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Ussing&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Susanne Ussing&quot;&gt;Susanne Ussing&lt;/a&gt;, 1968).&lt;br /&gt;
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As a social experience, individuals can interact, exchange ideas, share information, provide social support, conduct business, direct actions, create artistic media, play games, engage in political discussion, and so on, using this global network. They are sometimes referred to as&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;cybernauts&lt;/i&gt;. The term&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;cyberspace&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;has become a conventional means to describe anything associated with the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Internet&quot;&gt;Internet&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the diverse&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberculture&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Cyberculture&quot;&gt;Internet culture&lt;/a&gt;. The United States government recognizes the interconnected information technology and the interdependent network of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Information technology&quot;&gt;information technology&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;infrastructures operating across this medium as part of the US national&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_infrastructure&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Critical infrastructure&quot;&gt;critical infrastructure&lt;/a&gt;. Amongst individuals on cyberspace, there is believed to be a code of shared rules and ethics mutually beneficial for all to follow, referred to as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberethics&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Cyberethics&quot;&gt;cyberethics&lt;/a&gt;. Many view the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_privacy&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Right to privacy&quot;&gt;right to privacy&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as most important to a functional code of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberethics&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Cyberethics&quot;&gt;cyberethics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-cyberethics_5-0&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace#cite_note-cyberethics-5&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Such moral responsibilities go hand in hand when working online with global networks, specifically, when opinions are involved with online social experiences.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;According to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Morningstar&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;&quot; title=&quot;Chip Morningstar&quot;&gt;Chip Morningstar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Randall_Farmer&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;&quot; title=&quot;F. Randall Farmer&quot;&gt;F. Randall Farmer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;, cyberspace is defined more by the social interactions involved rather than its technical implementation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;In their view, the computational medium in cyberspace is an augmentation of the communication channel between real people; the core characteristic of cyberspace is that it offers an environment that consists of many participants with the ability to affect and influence each other. They derive this concept from the observation that people seek richness, complexity, and depth within a virtual world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The term &quot;cyberspace&quot; first appeared in the visual arts in the late 1960s, when Danish artist&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Ussing&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Susanne Ussing&quot;&gt;Susanne Ussing&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1940-1998) and her partner architect Carsten Hoff (b. 1934) constituted themselves as Atelier Cyberspace. Under this name the two made a series of installations and images entitled &quot;sensory spaces&quot; that were based on the principle of open systems adaptable to various influences, such as human movement and the behaviour of new materials.&lt;/div&gt;
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Atelier Cyberspace worked at a time when the Internet did not exist and computers were more or less off-limit to artists and creative engagement. In a 2015-interview with Scandinavian art magazine Kunstkritikk, Carsten Hoff recollects, that although Atelier Cyberspace did try to implement computers, they had no interest in the virtual space as such:&lt;/div&gt;
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To us, &quot;cyberspace&quot; was simply about managing spaces. There was nothing esoteric about it. Nothing digital, either. It was just a tool. The space was concrete, physical.&lt;/div&gt;
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And in the same interview Hoff continues:&lt;/div&gt;
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Our shared point of departure was that we were working with physical settings, and we were both frustrated and displeased with the architecture from the period, particularly when it came to spaces for living. We felt that there was a need to loosen up the rigid confines of urban planning, giving back the gift of creativity to individual human beings and allowing them to shape and design their houses or dwellings themselves – instead of having some clever architect pop up, telling you how you should live. We were thinking in terms of open-ended systems where things could grow and evolve as required.&lt;/div&gt;
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For instance, we imagined a kind of mobile production unit, but unfortunately the drawings have been lost. It was a kind of truck with a nozzle at the back. Like a bee building its hive. The nozzle would emit and apply material that grew to form amorphous mushrooms or whatever you might imagine. It was supposed to be computer-controlled, allowing you to create interesting shapes and sequences of spaces. It was a merging of organic and technological systems, a new way of structuring the world. And a response that counteracted industrial uniformity. We had this idea that sophisticated software might enable us to mimic the way in which nature creates products – where things that belong to the same family can take different forms. All oak trees are oak trees, but no two oak trees are exactly alike. And then a whole new material – polystyrene foam – arrived on the scene. It behaved like nature in the sense that it grew when its two component parts were mixed. Almost like a fungal growth. This made it an obvious choice for our work in Atelier Cyberspace.&lt;/div&gt;
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The works of Atelier Cyberspace were originally shown at a number of Copenhagen venues and have later been exhibited at The National Gallery of Denmark in Copenhagen as part of the exhibition &quot;What’s Happening?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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The term &quot;cyberspace&quot; first appeared in fiction in the 1980s in the work of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Cyberpunk&quot;&gt;cyberpunk&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;science fiction author&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibson&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;William Gibson&quot;&gt;William Gibson&lt;/a&gt;, first in his 1982 short story &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Chrome&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Burning Chrome&quot;&gt;Burning Chrome&lt;/a&gt;&quot; and later in his 1984 novel&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromancer&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Neuromancer&quot;&gt;Neuromancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-wired_10-0&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace#cite_note-wired-10&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the next few years, the word became prominently identified with online computer networks. The portion of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Neuromancer&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;cited in this respect is usually the following:&lt;/div&gt;
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Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts... A graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding.&lt;/div&gt;
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Now widely used, the term has since been criticized by Gibson, who commented on the origin of the term in the 2000 documentary&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Maps_for_These_Territories&quot; style=&quot;background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;No Maps for These Territories&quot;&gt;No Maps for These Territories&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;
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All I knew about the word &quot;cyberspace&quot; when I coined it, was that it seemed like an effective buzzword. It seemed evocative and essentially meaningless. It was suggestive of something, but had no real semantic meaning, even for me, as I saw it emerge on the page.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2019/02/cyberspace.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGb4U9Bw5nqe2CaBcKt2MihZ4ZDXHU9PzYskqioRVkGL3_m8L6gDzSYTdo0O1lpDmep2TzOGDnR7ljuuUiOkyfZjHVT86nEl7eZW0zSyz7aClQFDPip1y21SDAJHep2fGuPj5yGdaVs9M/s72-c/vonsebkdafghw5b4e1f7a6f1b5.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-5309134943815244531</guid><pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 2019 13:52:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-14T21:25:30.079+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Human-computer interaction</category><title>How can academics contribute to tackling disinformation?</title><description>&lt;br /&gt;
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This week the European Commission hosted a day-long conference on Countering Online Disinformation which featured the Director of the FuJo Institute, Dr Jane Suiter. The panel discussed how academic research can contribute to a better understanding of disinformation patterns.&lt;/div&gt;
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Introducing the FuJo Institute Dr Suiter described how the cross-disciplinarity membership draws on social, political and computer sciences as well as engineering and humanities to research the most critical issues facing journalism, media and citizens and society.&lt;/div&gt;
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There is a particular interest in developing research projects that address the need for a vibrant public sphere. Right now, the focus is on re-establishing trust in credible information sources such as journalism and news media. But this is not to say that it is about trusting authority figures.&lt;/div&gt;
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“We should expect some rise in distrust which would grow alongside rising education levels. Because people learn to ask questions and not to be so trusting without thinking about it. We don’t want a society where everyone completely trusted everything they are told by the media or the government. We need societies where people ask questions and have some levels of distrust,” she said.&lt;/div&gt;
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Drawing attention to the need to find new ways to measure trust, Dr Suiter said that by relying on simple survey methods such as the World Values Survey which ask whether an individual trusts the media or not, is problematic. “We don’t really know what people mean when they answer that they do trust or they don’t. Do they trust them to be reliable? To be accurate?,” she asked. The work of cognitive scientists could be particularly informative for developing new systems of measurement she added.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://fujomedia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Screenshot-66.png&quot; rel=&quot;prettyPhoto&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #e54e53; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.4s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Screenshot (66)&quot; class=&quot;alignnone size-medium wp-image-3366 no-display appear&quot; height=&quot;196&quot; sizes=&quot;(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px&quot; src=&quot;https://fujomedia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Screenshot-66-300x147.png&quot; srcset=&quot;https://fujomedia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Screenshot-66-300x147.png 300w, https://fujomedia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Screenshot-66-768x377.png 768w, https://fujomedia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Screenshot-66-1024x502.png 1024w, https://fujomedia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Screenshot-66.png 1115w, https://fujomedia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Screenshot-66-300x147@2x.png 600w&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; height: auto; margin: 0px 21px 21px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.4s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline; will-change: opacity;&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Dr Suiter argues the solution to falling trust is not to ask people to trust more but to enable them to measure the quality of the information they receive. To this end, FuJo is leading PROVENANCE, a project that will enable digital media users to trace the origin and manipulation of the content they receive. “It is a tool that will find content at the pre-viral stage, loaded into a blockchain and records its journey around the internet. It will also track manipulation. In the end, a user will be able to identify the origin, route and manipulation of material and make the decisions regarding trustworthiness by themselves,” she said.&lt;/div&gt;
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“We are not telling people that this information is good, or bad, correct or incorrect. We are showing people this is where it came from and the extent it has been manipulated. It is important to let people make the decisions. You cannot say to people that you have to trust us, you have to enable them to measure the trustworthiness of the content they get,” she added.&lt;/div&gt;
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Critical to the development of these types of tools are databases. Training the algorithm requires a large dataset of original and manipulated images. These are databases that the platform social media companies hold and could support researchers by providing access.&lt;/div&gt;
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But neither the problem nor the solution is entirely technological. Dr Suiter discussed the need to develop more resilient citizens and societies through cultivating healthy political and social discourses. Citing examples of the citizens’ assemblies and constitutional conventions in Ireland leading to marriage equality and better health care for women, which she researched, she addressed the need for people to be able to be enabled to deliberate, ask questions and challenge ideas respectfully. &amp;nbsp;In addition, she stressed there is a need to find measures to support quality journalism.&lt;/div&gt;
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Finishing up, Dr Suiter stressed the need for better cooperation between digital platforms and the research community as well as recognition of how the proactive and predictive nature of academic work can help support citizens and media in a rapidly evolving environment.&lt;/div&gt;
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A recording of the conference can be watched&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://freecaster.tv/player/deploy/dj0xMjA5NDAxJmRhPTEmY2xpZW50X3Rlc3Q9MQ&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #e54e53; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.4s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, with the panel beginning at 7.30.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2019/02/how-can-academics-contribute-to.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSLjRI189PvxzlcAfVHDQj969Jw-e71aTyqp8uLMk-UFmz03jF7LwJmX3Uo0dKQTto-o2yBN-2Nm_HJcB9McizDKOD67u5SoJJuAPtEFi7Pv7n97RRhtFGo48W92uzqXEaKCaGpTVZdTw/s72-c/JS_Tackle_Disinfo.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-6708382649665768631</guid><pubDate>Mon, 07 Jan 2019 01:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-07T08:33:36.057+07:00</atom:updated><title>Dimuliakan melalui makan dan minum</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpSj462XEi-x1i2lG5nTtDY-9Al-EXCk0riOM7ZWwwuux1sfRPXYnnMsVpEWIIRALE_PD4Xi8nYMc0vqAb-t7znycBik-f0FOD3RUjiahIVL44E8M2V52NHEIhzrdQcSDZ2orY2KsmTfc/s1600/lapar+%25281%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;183&quot; data-original-width=&quot;276&quot; height=&quot;265&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpSj462XEi-x1i2lG5nTtDY-9Al-EXCk0riOM7ZWwwuux1sfRPXYnnMsVpEWIIRALE_PD4Xi8nYMc0vqAb-t7znycBik-f0FOD3RUjiahIVL44E8M2V52NHEIhzrdQcSDZ2orY2KsmTfc/s400/lapar+%25281%2529.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sudah kah kita berfikir sejenak, betapa kita sebagai makhluk yaitu manusia... sangat dimuliakan oleh Allah SWT, melalui aktifitas makan dan minum?&lt;/div&gt;
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Mengenai apa yang disajikan di hadapan kita... di meja makan pada hari ini.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh28m7JNcJvo0kvB5Fo7Yh_wuf_hS1sXcoa0rrVgv2Lt6xxMP5gxC4NUtnJSU074aVwB96sRrnE012TQXbAEiVUvLx7aQO8ELNdrpGW69SBHO3eQmuGHqKBO1FbMfhx990a3sgfrOG3wnY/s1600/berbuka-puasa-ala-arab.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;360&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;225&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh28m7JNcJvo0kvB5Fo7Yh_wuf_hS1sXcoa0rrVgv2Lt6xxMP5gxC4NUtnJSU074aVwB96sRrnE012TQXbAEiVUvLx7aQO8ELNdrpGW69SBHO3eQmuGHqKBO1FbMfhx990a3sgfrOG3wnY/s400/berbuka-puasa-ala-arab.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sungguh...&amp;nbsp; kalau kita mau berfikir dan merenung sejenak... betapa Allah SWT sangat memuliakan kita, akan kebutuhan dasar dan utama kita ini.&lt;/div&gt;
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Sebagai contoh misalnya... saat ini di meja makan terdapat sepiring nasi dan sepotong ikan goreng ... apakah makanan tadi hadir secara sendirinya tanpa adanya proses yang panjang?&lt;/div&gt;
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Apakah kita sebagai manusia mampu menciptakan nasi dan ikan goreng? Apakah dengan uang yang menggunung kita mampu membeli &quot;proses&quot; ini?&lt;/div&gt;
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Tidak.&lt;/div&gt;
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Sungguh... betapa sangat dimuliakan nya kita sebagai manusia, ketika Allah SWT meng-karuniakan akal yang luas, menghamparkan tanah hijau yang subur, iklim yang seimbang, sang petani yang bekerja keras menanam, dan sampai lah padi menjadi beras, dan kemudian menjadi sepiring nasi dihadapan kita.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ikan goreng yang sejatinya berasal dari sungai dan laut, yang hidup karena adanya harmonisasi rantai makanan dari proses iterasi yang konsisten, antara hujan, binatang melata seperti siput yang menyaring mineral dari atas gunung, hingga ke samudera luas.&lt;/div&gt;
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Maha besar Allah... hidangan yang kita konsumsi setiap hari tidak serta merta hadir, tanpa adanya proses dan sistem konsisten sedemikian rupa, hingga membuat kita kenyang, dan buruknya membuat lupa akan adanya rahman dan rahim dari pencipta semesta, Allah SWT.&lt;/div&gt;
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Semoga kita selalu termasuk golongan orang-orang yang pandai bersyukur, dan dilimpahkan cahaya ilmu untuk selalu berfikir dan memahami. Tentang pertanyaan besar... Where do we come from?. Why we here?, and What is our future?.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Aamiin Ya Rabbal Aalamiin...&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2019/01/dimuliakan-melalui-makan-dan-minum.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpSj462XEi-x1i2lG5nTtDY-9Al-EXCk0riOM7ZWwwuux1sfRPXYnnMsVpEWIIRALE_PD4Xi8nYMc0vqAb-t7znycBik-f0FOD3RUjiahIVL44E8M2V52NHEIhzrdQcSDZ2orY2KsmTfc/s72-c/lapar+%25281%2529.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-5289214507156829941</guid><pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2018 16:18:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2025-10-09T11:23:22.345+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Research</category><title>Yang tidak kuketahui antara Palembang - Melaka (Cerita Kuliah di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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Duduk manis dalam Bus Trans Internasional Melaka - KL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Mungkin rata-rata sebagian orang akan berfikir&amp;nbsp;dengan lirih dan nyinyir dalam hati, untuk apa melakukan perjalanan yang beresiko, jauh berhari-hari dari Kota Palembang ke Kuala Lumpur - Malaysia, dengan perjalanan darat dan laut, 6 Jam dari Palembang - Jambi, 10 Jam dari Jambi - Pekanbaru, 5 Jam dari Pekanbaru - Dumai, bermalam kemudian 2,5 Jam menyeberang dengan menggunakan kapal cepat dari Dumai - Melaka, dilanjutkan dengan 2,5 jam Bus trans internasional dari Melaka ke KL Sentral.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sungguh... saya rasa sisi praktis dalam diri inipun akan menimbang begitu... konyol.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Ini bukan persoalan jauh atau beresiko... tapi ini adalah kehidupan yang prosesnya seharusnya bisa dinikmati, dan sungguh tidak banyak orang yang dapat menikmati proses seperti ini... ini adalah tentang suatu kesadaran untuk mensyukuri hidup dan kehidupan yang telah diberikan oleh Allah SWT....&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Saya&amp;nbsp;lantas&amp;nbsp;teringat&amp;nbsp;dengan&amp;nbsp;teori&amp;nbsp;yang&amp;nbsp;disampaikan&amp;nbsp;oleh&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;S&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;imon Sinek, &quot;&lt;i&gt;In this time all people want&amp;nbsp;to sit and win practically on the top, but they just simply denied for what is called delayed gratification&quot;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Po. Ratu Intan di Kota Jambi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Singkatnya perjalanan saya dari Palembang - Kuala Lumpur menempuh 3 hari perjalanan, dan ini kali kedua Saya melakukan perjalanan ini. Tujuan saya hanya sebetulnya ingin mengurus administrasi kuliah ke UKM dan menemui supervisor untuk bimbingan disertasi, mengingat mata kuliah pengantar sudah habis di semester 3 ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Kesibukan di pagi hari PO. Ratu Intan di Kota Jambi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Perjalanan dimulai dari Palembang berangkat pukul 22.00 wib, saya pun menuju PO. Ratu Intan Travel untuk berangkat ke Kota Jambi. Selama perjalanan tidak ada yang istimewa, hanya kesibukan dan kepadatan truk angkutan barang di daerah Betung, mobil travel pun melaju kencang menembus heningnya malam, sembari pak sopir terjaga dan berkelakar dengan voice chat nya sesama sopir. Saya pun hanya tertidur sambil menunggu sampai di Kota Jambi esok paginya, sambil menikmati sakit pinggang yang tak kunjung hilang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Tiket Palembang - Pekanbaru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Perjalanan darat menggunakan travel dari Jambi menuju Pekanbaru saya tempuh dalam masa 10 Jam, travel berangkat dari Po tepat pada pukul 09.00 pagi, Saya memiliki pengalaman yang nyaman ketika memilih armada pada Po ini, karena armada yang dimiliki cukup baru dan nyaman. Selama perjalanan menuju Pekanbaru tidak ada pemandangan yang wow, kecuali kebun kelapa sawit membentang dari keluar pinggiran kota Jambi, saya estimasi 250 Km menuju Pekanbaru rata-rata semua perkebunan kelapa sawit, cerita bapak sopir travel kalau melihat perkebunan sepanjang jalan yang tidak ada pagarnya itu... pasti punya warga setempat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Dua kali mobil berhenti untuk istirahat, selama perjalanan banyak cerita bapak sopir yang dibagikan kepada kami, mulai dari cerita mistis, kecelakaan penumpang dan lain sebagainya, pun hanya untuk membuat bapak sopir fokus dalam pekerjaan nya membawa kami ke Pekanbaru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Jambi - Pekanbaru (Estimate local time)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Oh ya, pagi sekali sebelum mobil berangkat ke Pekan (bahasa travel untuk Kota Pekanbaru), saya memesan hotel/penginapan... nantinya sesampai saya di Kota Dumai, dalam perjalanan kali ini saya memilih hotel yang dekat dengan Kantor Indomal Ekspres (kantor kapal cepat Dumai - Melaka) yaitu Andys Nur Penginapan, tarif sekitar Rp. 85 rb/malam saja, selain murah kita tinggal berjalan saja menyeberang ke kantor Indomal Ekspres, sekitar 80 m saja berjalan kaki.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sesampai di Pekanbaru jalur masuk ke kota sedikit terhambat karena banyak truk-truk besar seperti truk kelapa sawit, minyak dan trailer mengantri masuk ke kota, perjalanan mulai melambat namun akhirnya saya sampai di Pekanbaru dengan selamat tepat pukul 20.00 malam. Saya istirahat sebentar dengan membeli nasi bungkus untuk dimakan di perjalanan menuju ke Dumai langsung.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Apakah perjalanan saya berhenti? Oh belum pemirsa, setibanya Saya di Pekanbaru dan turun di PO. Ratu Intan, saya kemudian berjuang lagi menyambung travel yang menuju Kota Dumai dengan menggunakan jasa travel Azka Travel (sebelum sampai di Pekanbaru, saya minta bantuan pak sopir Ratu Intan untuk memesan travel keberangkatan pukul 20.00 langsung ke Dumai). Alhamdulillah saya pun tiba 15 menit lebih awal sebelum melanjutkan kembali perjalanan ke Dumai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Perjalanan menuju Dumai akan saya tempuh dalam masa 5 jam perjalanan, dan estimasi tiba pada pukul 02.00 malam, apa jam 2 malam !!!??? hehehe... tenang selama perjalanan saya banyak menemui penumpang hilir mudik antara Pekanbaru - Dumai, ada yang kerja di Pekanbaru pulangnya ke Dumai, dan dalam perjalanan saya kali ini saya ditemani oleh 2 orang penumpang dari Jakarta yang baru landing (pekerja Pertamina) dan 1 orang perempuan yang kerjanya di Pekanbaru. Yah kalau dikatakan aman atau tidak, saya bisa simpulkan selama 2 kali perjalanan ini relatif aman, kota Dumai sengaja di setting menjadi kota transit, pertemuan jalur sutera pulau sumatera dahulu kala hingga saat ini.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Penginapan Andys Nur Dumai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Masjid Taqwa (seberang Andys Nur penginapan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sesampainya di Kota Dumai, pas pukul 02.30 pagi Saya langsung menuju hotel untuk istirahat (Andys Nur Penginapan), kurang lebih 15 jam perjalanan saya tempuh hanya untuk mengejar kapal cepat di Pagi hari pada pukul 09.00, karena kapal cepat di Indomal Ekspres hanya berangkat 1 kali 1 hari dari Dumai menuju Melaka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sarapan pagi di Gantino Baru (sebelah Indomal Ekspres)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Pagi hari di Kota Dumai saya mulai dengan membeli tiket kapal cepat di Indomal Ekspres, tak menunggu lama datang dengan menunjukkan dan meninggalkan paspor, pada pukul 08.00 pagi saya membayar di loket dengan harga tiket pada saat ini Dumai - Melaka Rp. 320 Ribu (1 kali perjalanan) plus ditambah Rp. 50 Ribu untuk cukai di Imigrasi pelabuhan nanti.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Bosan menunggu, saya mencari tempat untuk sarapan, dan terlihat pas disebelah Indomal Ekspres ada tempat makan yang cukup lama mungkin saya pikir, karena ramai orang sarapan pagi disana, yaitu Boffet GANTINO BARU, saya melihat banyak para orang tua berumur yang makan disini, pikir saya duh ini rumah makan pasti sudah lama dan recommended, hehehe... sebab banyak opa2 dan oma2 juga yang sarapan pagi disini. Menu nya ada lontong sayur, ada nasi minyak dan lain sebagainya. Over all suasana dan rasa makanan cukup enak dan nyaman.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sarapan pagi ditemani dengan pengamen khas melayu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Suasana dalam kapal cepat Dumai - Melaka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Suasana dalam kapal cepat Dumai - Melaka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Tepat pukul 09.30 pagi saya checkout dari hotel dan menuju ke pelabuhan untuk naik kapal, proses menuju ke pelabuhan Dumai kami diantar dengan menggunakan mobil khusus penumpang dari kantor Indomal Ekspres. Masuk ke pelabuhan cukup lancar, yang saya terkejut adalah tidak ada proses screening barang, check point paspor and then kita langsung masuk ke kapal. Terlihat dalam suasana kapal rata-rata dipenuhi oleh warga negara malaysia dan warga negara Indonesia yang berobat, banyak cerita selama saya bulak balik Indo - Malay adalah kualitas pengobatan di negeri jiran ini sudah diakui, sehingga banyak sekali saya lihat warga negara Indonesia (khususnya warga keturunan Tionghoa) yang berobat ke Malaysia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Snack yang diberikan oleh pihak Kapal Indomal Ekspres&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Lebih kurang 2,5 jam perjalanan menyeberang antara Dumai - Melaka, saya pun akhirnya sampai di Melaka tepat pukul 13.30 waktu Malaysia (12.30 Waktu Indonesia). Di sepanjang perjalanan alhamdulillah cuaca cukup bagus dan bersahabat, gelombang laut tidak terlalu tinggi dan cuaca pun terik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sesampai di Imigrasi Melaka, saya pun masuk ke dalam antrian imigrasi. Tanpa ada halangan yang berarti, saya untuk ke sekian kalinya masuk ke negeri jiran ini dengan mudah (at least you&#39;re a student rite? yeah, you&#39;re recommended to come, please come... with smile surrounded at immigration staff) dan saya pun kembali masuk ke Malaysia (what a journey !!! saya bersyukur masuk ke negeri yang kalau boleh dilihat secara geografis berbanding lurus dengan Indonesia, akan tetapi ketika saya masuk ke melaka, it&#39;s totally different! I feel sad for my country :(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Terminal Bas Melaka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Saat tiba di pelabuhan melaka setelah saya masuk, saya pun bergegas mencari counter telekomunikasi untuk mengaktifkan kartu Hotlink saya yang sudah expired, ya... hampir 3 bulan libur semester, so pasti nomor saya yang lama sudah hangus. Kartu Hotlink yang dijual disini memang sedikit mahal selisih RM 10 dari kedai biasa, tapi ya mau gimana lagi, akhirnya saya beli dan menghubungi istri dan keluarga, saya sudah sampai di Melaka, Malaysia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Oh iya untuk uang Ringgit saya sudah persiapkan dari Palembang, namun jika belum ada boleh tukar di kapal seperlunya, kurs nya boleh dibilang moderate lah, masih sama dengan ketika saya menukar di Palembang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Untuk menuju ke terminal bas melaka, saya memilih naik Grab (angkutan online terbesar di Malaysia) dengan harga RM 10, banyak juga taksi di depan pelabuhan akan tetapi sangat berbahaya (istilah samseng) yaitu taksi lama yang sering menipu penumpang dengan tarif tidak masuk akal, jadi hati-hati kalau naik dari pelabuhan melaka menuju ke terminal bas melaka, anda sebaiknya berjalan dulu sedikit ke belakang pelabuhan menuju museum melaka, karena kalau memesan di main entrance anda bisa terjebak dengan cara-cara sopir taksi yang kasar dan cenderung kriminal (yang kayak gini masih ada di beberapa tempat di malaysia). Keluar dari pelabuhan dan jalan ke belakang menuju museum lalu pesan lah Grab menuju terminal bas melaka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Terminal Bas Melaka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sesampai di terminal bas melaka, kurang lebih 15 menit perjalanan, saya pun masuk untuk sholat dan sekedar makan siang disini, alhamdulillah untuk suasana terminal jauh la ya dibandingkan kita di Indonesia, disini nyaman, sejuk dan tidak ada preman-preman nya, tiket bas pun banyak yang menuju KL, gak usah khawatir setiap jam ada perjalanan menuju ke KL (TBS - Terminal Bersepadu Selatan). Tiket untuk 1 kali perjalanan Melaka - TBS sebesar RM 10.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Tiket Bas Melaka - TBS (KL)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Rest Area (Pom Bensin) Sepanjang perjalanan Melaka - KL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Rest Area (Pom Bensin) Sepanjang perjalanan Melaka - KL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS) - KL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Perjalanan dari terminal bas melaka menuju TBS - KL, saya tempuh dalam masa 2,5 jam menggunakan bus Delima (bus trans Internasional ini bisa sampai ke Thailand) dan Interconnected dengan moda transportasi MRT, KTM dan sebagainya. Anda bisa kemana pun dari terminal ini, terminal ini sengaja dibangun untuk moda transportasi bas internasional, tujuan nya banyak sekali, mau ke Thailand, SG bahkan ke Eropa bisa dari sini hehehe... Sangat nyaman dan murah... So... kalau dah masuk negeri jiran ni, tak usah lah khawatir sama begal dan lain sebagainya, duduk manis and enjoy the trip, okay :)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS) - KL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sesampai di TBS, saya langsung menuju ke Stasiun KTM untuk melanjutkan perjalanan ke UKM, Kajang dengan menggunakan kereta listrik, dan biaya yang diperlukan sekitar RM 3. Saya pun santai sebentar, sambil membeli roti dan padanan minum untuk sembari menikmati perjalanan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS) - KL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS) - KL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Suasana MRT Menuju UKM, Kajang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Akhirnya, setelah kurang lebih 3 hari perjalanan darat dan laut saya pun sampai di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, dan alhamdulillah langsung masuk ke asrama Za&#39;ba. Sudah gak sabar pingin makan sepuasnya disini, yaaaa... di asrama ini, 24 jam caffe dengan menu-menu dari seluruh dunia ada, mau chinese, american, arabian, bahkan kampung pun ada, plus suasana kampus yang gak ada matinya, hello disini pukul 02.00 malam pun masih banyak yang berdiskusi dan belajar out door, welcome to UKM Malaysia, welcome back to campus :) Alhamdulillah...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Welcome drink :)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Kolej Pendeta Za&#39;ba, UKM&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Wadda boy :)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Montserrat;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cont&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2018/09/yang-tidak-kuketahui-antara-palembang.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyolcp6gZgFyGOGxUke4Xc0zir3b4Xrb39mAVZLkWGoUbiTbYFyRO91RKNITMd3LIoHLQc1MFt6uKnltf9q-n2vunYj0on-nBFwoMR6BsjGfXsxTSTx6950TrYk9wYdjXR-Fc7plkYrM8/s72-c/20180919_181511.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-3074301451330541921</guid><pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2015 10:50:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-05-08T19:18:33.523+07:00</atom:updated><title>LIVE Talk Show E-Commerce di TVRI Sumsel</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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Jum&#39;at 08 Mei 2015, Saya berkesempatan untuk di undang &lt;i&gt;sharing &lt;/i&gt;mengenai perkembangan teknologi &lt;i&gt;e-commerce&lt;/i&gt; dan bagaimana cara yang paling sederhana untuk membangunnya. Tampil perdana kali nya di depan televisi yaitu, TVRI Sumsel dan memberikan materi pada bidang ilmu yang Saya fokus dan berkarir di dalamnya... sungguh... &amp;nbsp;ada perasaan gugup, ada perasaan lucu juga... tidak dapat digambarkan..hehe.. Begini rasanya menjadi seorang Narasumber di Televisi.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW5JewkiMm4SgKuFID1hWK_h8DxdvBqabnZ-FUAzDd_1ekWJng90GKMs17scwnf1KDBCSP5HiJzzovOKkK15ruNYlO1EEWSZPRwKoKm_-SFKJZDinsmR9Dd2SWTPYFTnmliNw1GCSxNHs/s1600/IMG_20150508_152040.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW5JewkiMm4SgKuFID1hWK_h8DxdvBqabnZ-FUAzDd_1ekWJng90GKMs17scwnf1KDBCSP5HiJzzovOKkK15ruNYlO1EEWSZPRwKoKm_-SFKJZDinsmR9Dd2SWTPYFTnmliNw1GCSxNHs/s640/IMG_20150508_152040.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Preview&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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Singkat kata &quot;Mengasyikkan&quot; juga... hehehe... :D&lt;/div&gt;
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Saya jadi ketagihan untuk bisa terus tampil lagi, itu juga seandainya ada yang mau mengundang lagi hihi.. :p&lt;/div&gt;
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Banyak teman-teman lama yang Saya temui disini sewaktu masih berkarir di media dulu... Ada yang masih menjadi cameraman namun ada juga yang sudah menjadi floor director (FD). Jadi rasanya kangen ingin kembali ke masa-masa bekerja di TV Lokal dulu... Suasana nya begitu &lt;i&gt;entertained&lt;/i&gt;, santai dan jauh dari rasa penat, karena pada prinsipnya seniman itu maunya bebas berekspresi, ketawa-ketawa teruuuss hehe.. namun ya begitulah industri.. begitulah bisnis... kita harus beradaptasi di dalamnya.&lt;/div&gt;
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Awal persiapan cukup cepat juga, karena teman Saya menghubungi satu hari sebelum Acara tersebut akan LIVE tayang di TVRI Sumsel. Tapi Alhamdulillah semuanya lancar...&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBXVTI-hDgeZVxdUa6hmr14JtFUGgS7t6FN_AhyhleyyMRwG-rfTH1QFoS03XddFl14zJAi9wbLkUHr_jq0-FM62mDveNW30lIncCuVGnSlAD-E1DFHeG3JAqYuZCh52tvq0efH-mMksE/s1600/IMG_20150508_151616.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBXVTI-hDgeZVxdUa6hmr14JtFUGgS7t6FN_AhyhleyyMRwG-rfTH1QFoS03XddFl14zJAi9wbLkUHr_jq0-FM62mDveNW30lIncCuVGnSlAD-E1DFHeG3JAqYuZCh52tvq0efH-mMksE/s640/IMG_20150508_151616.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Studio TVRI Sumsel &lt;i&gt;(Green Screen Mode)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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Pembahasan di TVRI Sumsel kali ini lebih banyak membahas trend perkembangan gaya hidup seseorang dalam melakukan kegiatan jual beli, yang selama ini dalam bentuk konvensional orang harus bertemu &lt;i&gt;face to face&lt;/i&gt; dan mencari produk yang diinginkan serta harus langsung datang ke tempat tersebut, kini.. aktifitas jual beli bisa dengan mudah cukup melalui &lt;i&gt;mobile phone&lt;/i&gt;, dan pasti &lt;i&gt;trend &lt;/i&gt;dan peluang nya akan semakin meningkat pesat.&lt;/div&gt;
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Alhamdulillah acara LIVE nya berjalan dengan lancar, banyak juga yang mengirimkan SMS dan menelepon.. mudah-mudahan temanya bisa bermanfaat bagi pemirsa yang membutuhkan.. Terima kasih TVRI Sumsel, semoga semakin jaya selalu :)&lt;/div&gt;
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Berikut &lt;i&gt;file &lt;/i&gt;tutorial &quot;15 Menit membuat &lt;i&gt;E-commerce&lt;/i&gt;&quot; yang telah sesuai telah Saya janjikan:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7EQ6CxLPxKIOUp0aXRUVHBMNWc/view?usp=sharing&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;TUTORIAL E-COMMERCE ZAID AMIN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2015/05/live-talk-show-e-commerce-di-tvri-sumsel.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW5JewkiMm4SgKuFID1hWK_h8DxdvBqabnZ-FUAzDd_1ekWJng90GKMs17scwnf1KDBCSP5HiJzzovOKkK15ruNYlO1EEWSZPRwKoKm_-SFKJZDinsmR9Dd2SWTPYFTnmliNw1GCSxNHs/s72-c/IMG_20150508_152040.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-7636444152536806196</guid><pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2014 03:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-09-10T10:19:00.744+07:00</atom:updated><title>Cara Mendapatkan Surat Penerimaan (LoA) dari Universitas di Luar Negeri.</title><description>&lt;br /&gt;Courtesy of:&lt;br /&gt;
http://madeandi.com/2012/05/30/cara-mendapatkan-surat-penerimaan-loa-dari-universitas-di-luar-negeri/&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgng5gFS_L_XkhZxegAfUm1YzvRXu5SOYmU93Hul72o3kj6nw0-orqInzxBBbldkN7U3gZPKcdBYgMSl0Ge9ExG_lAPDJk5lvtgC8yJl4YLUCG6IZl7bTYZq7o2fF5OqM-PlXEv39dQ4XM/s1600/bppln.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgng5gFS_L_XkhZxegAfUm1YzvRXu5SOYmU93Hul72o3kj6nw0-orqInzxBBbldkN7U3gZPKcdBYgMSl0Ge9ExG_lAPDJk5lvtgC8yJl4YLUCG6IZl7bTYZq7o2fF5OqM-PlXEv39dQ4XM/s1600/bppln.jpg&quot; height=&quot;134&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Untuk melamar beasiswa luar negeri guna meneruskan S2 atau S3, kadang diperlukan surat penerimaan dari salah satu universitas. Beasiswa ALA (Australian Leadership Awards) atau Endeavour, misalnya, mensyaratkan kandidat harus sudah diterima di sebuah universitas di Australia. Hal ini menandakan bahwa beasiswa akan diberikan hanya kepada orang yang layak secara akademik untuk meneruskan pendidikan di Australia. Dengan kata lain, penyandang dana beasiswa “ingin terima beres” bahwa orang yang diberi beasiswa pasti akan diterima untuk meneruskan pendidikan di institusi di Australia. Hal ini berbeda dengan beasiswa ADS (Australian Development Scholarship), misalnya, yang tidak mensyaratkan kandidat harus diterima di universitas di Australia terlebih dahulu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bukti penerimaan dari universitas di luar negeri ini biasa disebut dengan Letter of Offer atau Offer of Admission atau Letter of Acceptance (LoA) . Surat ini dikeluarkan jika sesorang sudah melakukan pendaftaran dengan dokumen yang disyaratkan. Di negara maju seperti Australia, semua universitas menyediakan fasilitas pendafaran online. Berbeda dengan di Indonesia yang biasanya melibatkan ujian, pendaftaran sekolah S2 atau S3 di luar negeri umumnya tanpa tes langsung, cukup dengan berkas sesuai persyaratan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh masing-masing universitas tentu berbeda tetapi umumnya adalah dokumen yang menerangkan kualifikasi akademik (ijazah, transkrip) dan kualifikasi bahasa asing (TOEFL, IELTS, dll). Selain itu ada juga jurusan tertentu yang mensyaratkan hasil tes Graduate Record Examination (GRE) atau Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT). Jurusan khusus lainnya mungkin juga memiliki persyaratan khusus yang saya tidak paham. Kadang-kadang surat rekomendasi juga diperlukan sebagai persyaratan wajib atau tambahan. Ada universitas yang mensyaratkan kandidat menulis essay atau karya tulis singkat tentang topik tertentu dan ada juga yang mensyaratkan lebih ‘serem’ dari itu, misalnya menyerahkan karya yang pernah diterbitkan. Soal biaya, ada yang mengenakan biaya atau uang pendaftaran ada yang tidak. Universitas Wollongong misalnya, tidak mensyaratkan kandida membayar biaya pendaftaran jika dilakukan secara online. Jika ada biaya pendaftaran, biasanya bisa dibayar dengan kartu kredit atau international money transfer. Intinya, semua persyaratan biasanya dijelaskan dengan lengkap dan ada check list di websitenya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hal pertama yang harus dilakukan adalah melihat persyaratan pendaftaran di universitas yang diinginkan. Masih bingung cara memilih sekolah di luar negeri? Silakan baca tulisan ini. Bagi mereka yang merencanakan sekolah master by research atau PhD, pendaftaran ini dilakukan setelah berinteraksi dengan professor calon pembimbing. Silakan baca tulisan saya tentang cara menghubungi calon pembimbing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fasilitas pendafraran S2 atau S3 disediakan secara online. Untuk University of Wollongong, misalnya, prosesnya ada di https://smp.uow.edu.au/app/servlet/Student. Jika tidak tahu linknya secara langsung, bisa melakukan pencarian di website universitas yang dituju dengan kata kunci “admission” atau teliti websitenya dan lihat link informasi seputar “prospective students” atau “future students” atau “apply now” atau “apply online” atau “join us” atau semacam itu. Jika teliti mencari, Anda PASTI bisa menemukan informasi pendaftaran mahasiswa baru di website setiap universitas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pendaftaran sekolah ini pada dasarnya adalah proses mengisi formulir dan melengkapi semua dokumen secara online. Umumnya pendataran ini menggunakan akun (account) tertentu yang dibuat saat mendaftar sehingga Anda bisa mencicil proses pendaftaran. Misalnya hari ini ingin mendaftar di Universitas of Wollongong, silakan kunjungi link di atas dan buat akun pribadi Anda. Setelah itu, mulai isi informasi yang sudah dimiliki seperti indentitas diri. Jika kemudian sampai pada bagian yang belum bisa dijawab atau memerlukan dokumen tertentu yang belum tersedia maka aplikasi yang belum selesai itu bisa disimpan. Di lain hari Anda bisa login lagi dan melanjutkan proses pendaftarannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karena umumnya pendaftaran ini melibatkan banyak persyaratan, sebaiknya Anda mencermati dan menyiapkan semua persyaratan sebelum mulai mendaftar. Semua persyaratan itu akan diserahkan secara elektronik dengan cara mengunggahnya (upload) saat pengisian formulir. Oleh karena itu, pastikan semua dokumen berbentuk digital (misalnya hasil scan). Meski terlihat menyeramkan, kadang banyak persyaratan yang tidak harus diserahkan saat mendaftar. Misalnya, jika Anda belum memiliki nilai TOEFL atau IELTS, bagian ini bisa dikosongkan. Jika Anda tetap ‘nekat’ mengajukan lamaran yang tidak lengkap maka Anda kemungkinan besar tetap mendapat surat penerimaan atau LoA tetapi yang ‘conditional’ atau bersyarat karena ada dokumen yang belum terpenuhi. Surat penerimaan ini akan menjadi unconditional atau full jika persyaratan yang kurang itu sudah dilengkapi. Dokumen yang umumnya diserahkan belakangan misalnya sertifikat IELTS/TOEFL, transkrip nilai, ijazah (karena saat mendaftar belum wisuda, misalnya). Meskipun umumnya universitas bisa memberikan LoA yang conditional meskipun syaratnya belum lengkap ada juga universitas yang hanya memproses kandidat yang memenuhi syarat dan menyerahkan dokumen secara lengkap. Silakan perhatikan di website masing-masing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perlu diperhatikan, umumnya beasiswa yang mensyaratkan LoA mewajibkan kandidat untuk menyerahkan unconditional LoA atau “full offer” tapi ada juga beasiswa yang bisa menerima “conditional” LoA saat mendaftar meskipun kemudian kandidat harus melengkapi persyaratan lain. Intinya, untuk bisa bersekolah di institusi di luar negeri, tentu saja kandidat HARUS mendapatkan “unconditional” LoA pada akhirnya. Oleh karena itu, jika masih punya waktu sebaiknya lengkapi dulu SEMUA persyaratannya sebelum mendaftar di sebuah institusi di luar negeri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saya bekerja sebagai international student advisor di University of Wollongong yang tugasnya menghubungi calon mahasiswa yang sudah mendaftar dan diberi LoA tetapi masih conditional. Dari pengalaman selama ini, sangat banyak yang mendaftar di Universitas di Australia untuk mendapatkan LoA untuk digunakan dalam pendaftaran beasiswa. Umumnya persyaratan yang kurang atau belum memenuhi criteria adalah terkait kemampuan berbahasa Inggris. Seorang kawan yang melakukan pendaftaran secara online di University of Wollongong bisa menerima LoA dalam waktu kurang dari seminggu dari saat dia mengajukan lamaran secara online. LoA tersebut tentu saja conditional jika dia belum menyerahkan persyaratan secara lengkap.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Inti dari tulisan ini adalah bahwa untuk mendapatkan surat penerimaan atau Letter of Offer atau Letter of Acceptance dari universitas di luar negeri tidaklah sulit. Prosesnnya sangat mudah dan semuanya online sehingga bisa dari mana saja. Yang terpenting tentu saja adalah menyiapkan persyaratan yang lengkap dan mengikuti proses yang tidak selalu sederhana. Di luar persoalan akademik, mendapatkan surat penerimaan dari universitas di luar negeri adalah juga perihal kesabaran. Selamat berjuang.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2014/09/cara-mendapatkan-surat-penerimaan-loa.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgng5gFS_L_XkhZxegAfUm1YzvRXu5SOYmU93Hul72o3kj6nw0-orqInzxBBbldkN7U3gZPKcdBYgMSl0Ge9ExG_lAPDJk5lvtgC8yJl4YLUCG6IZl7bTYZq7o2fF5OqM-PlXEv39dQ4XM/s72-c/bppln.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-686724427444697706</guid><pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2013 14:15:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-12-14T21:15:14.910+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Activities</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Computer Literature</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Just Repost</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title>Metacognition</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhovOXtheo_gSwoHdHEI8jvekBCet5ZJfsRvnE7OctDofvniUbGa-qpXu6W374PkdtXAcHi33zd1KC0XjQoDRqNBEcycpEnicaoI9hPPmnGlIuZOKdwzMYf3wjqf76SUMEkkzRrm-0jrAY/s1600/comix6.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhovOXtheo_gSwoHdHEI8jvekBCet5ZJfsRvnE7OctDofvniUbGa-qpXu6W374PkdtXAcHi33zd1KC0XjQoDRqNBEcycpEnicaoI9hPPmnGlIuZOKdwzMYf3wjqf76SUMEkkzRrm-0jrAY/s1600/comix6.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Metacognition is defined as &quot;cognition about cognition&quot;, or &quot;knowing about knowing&quot;. It can take many forms; it includes knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving.There are generally two components of metacognition: knowledge about cognition, and regulation of cognition.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Metamemory, defined as knowing about memory and mnemonic strategies, is an especially important form of metacognition. Differences in metacognitive processing across cultures have not been widely studied, but could provide better outcomes in cross-cultural learning between teachers and students.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Some evolutionary psychologists hypothesize that metacognition is used as a survival tool, which would make metacognition the same across cultures. Writings on metacognition can be traced back at least as far as De Anima and the Parva Naturalia of the Greek philosopher Aristotle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;J. H. Flavell first used the word &quot;metacognition&quot;.He describes it in these words:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Metacognition refers to one’s knowledge concerning one&#39;s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them, e.g., the learning-relevant properties of information or data. For example, I am engaging in metacognition if I notice that I am having more trouble learning A than B; [or] if it strikes me that I should double check C before accepting it as fact.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; —J. H. Flavell (1976, p. 232).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Demetriou, in his theory, one of the neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development, used the term hypercognition to refer to self-monitoring, self-representation, and self-regulation processes, which are regarded as integral components of the human mind. Moreover, with his colleagues, he showed that these processes participate in general intelligence, together with processing efficiency and reasoning, which have traditionally been considered to compose fluid intelligence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Metacognition also thinks about one&#39;s own thinking process such as study skills, memory capabilities, and the ability to monitor learning. This concept needs to be explicitly taught along with content instruction. Metacognitive knowledge is about our own cognitive processes and our understanding of how to regulate those processes to maximize learning. Some types of metacognitive knowledge would include: 1. Person knowledge (declarative knowledge) which is understanding one&#39;s own capabilities. 2. Task knowledge (procedural knowledge) which is how one perceives the difficulty of a task which is the content, length, and the type of assignment. 3. Strategic knowledge (conditional knowledge) which is one&#39;s own capability for using strategies to learn information. Young children are not particularly good at this; it is not until upper elementary where students start to develop the understanding of strategies that will be effective.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Different fields define metacognition very differently. Metacognition variously refers to the study of memory-monitoring and self-regulation, meta-reasoning, consciousness/awareness and auto-consciousness/self-awareness. In practice these capacities are used to regulate one&#39;s own cognition, to maximize one&#39;s potential to think, learn and to the evaluation of proper ethical/moral rules.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the domain of experimental psychology, an influential distinction in metacognition (proposed by T. O. Nelson &amp;amp; L. Narens) is between Monitoring—making judgments about the strength of one&#39;s memories—and Control—using those judgments to guide behavior (in particular, to guide study choices). Dunlosky, Serra, and Baker (2007) covered this distinction in a review of metamemory research that focused on how findings from this domain can be applied to other areas of applied research.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the domain of cognitive neuroscience, metacognitive monitoring and control has been viewed as a function of the prefrontal cortex, which receives (monitors) sensory signals from other cortical regions and through feedback loops implements control (see chapters by Schwartz &amp;amp; Bacon and Shimamura, in Dunlosky &amp;amp; Bjork, 2008).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Metacognition is studied in the domain of artificial intelligence and modelling. Therefore, it is the domain of interest of emergent systemics. It has been used, albeit off the original definition, to describe one&#39;s own knowledge that we will die. Writers in the 1990s involved with the musical &quot;grunge&quot; scene often used the term to describe self-awareness of mortality.[citation needed]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Components&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Metacognition is classified into three components:&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Metacognitive knowledge (also called metacognitive awareness) is what individuals know about themselves and others as cognitive processors.Metacognitive regulation is the regulation of cognition and learning experiences through a set of activities that help people control their learning. Metacognitive experiences are those experiences that have something to do with the current, on-going cognitive endeavor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Metacognition refers to a level of thinking that involves active control over the process of thinking that is used in learning situations. Planning the way to approach a learning task, monitoring comprehension, and evaluating the progress towards the completion of a task: these are skills that are metacognitive in their nature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Metacognition includes at least three different types of metacognitive awareness when considering metacognitive knowledge:&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Declarative Knowledge: refers to knowledge about oneself as a learner and about what factors can influence one&#39;s performance. Declarative knowledge can also be referred to as &quot;world knowledge&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Procedural Knowledge: refers to knowledge about doing things. This type of knowledge is displayed as heuristics and strategies.A high degree of procedural knowledge can allow individuals to perform tasks more automatically. This is achieved through a large variety of strategies that can be accessed more efficiently.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Conditional knowledge: refers to knowing when and why to use declarative and procedural knowledge.It allows students to allocate their resources when using strategies. This in turn allows the strategies to become more effective.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Similar to metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive regulation or &quot;regulation of cognition&quot; contains three skills that are essential.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Planning: refers to the appropriate selection of strategies and the correct allocation of resources that affect task performance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Monitoring: refers to one&#39;s awareness of comprehension and task performance&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Evaluating: refers to appraising the final product of a task and the efficiency at which the task was performed. This can include re-evaluating strategies that were used.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Similarly, maintaining motivation to see a task to completion is also a metacognitive skill. The ability to become aware of distracting stimuli – both internal and external – and sustain effort over time also involves metacognitive or executive functions. The theory that metacognition has a critical role to play in successful learning means it is important that it be demonstrated by both students and teachers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Students who demonstrate a wide range of metacognitive skills perform better on exams and complete work more efficiently. They are self-regulated learners who utilize the &quot;right tool for the job&quot; and modify learning strategies and skills based on their awareness of effectiveness. Individuals with a high level of metacognitive knowledge and skill identify blocks to learning as early as possible and change &quot;tools&quot; or strategies to ensure goal attainment. Swanson (1990) found that metacognitive knowledge can compensate for IQ and lack of prior knowledge when comparing fifth and sixth grade students&#39; problem solving. Students with a high-metacognition were reported to have used fewer strategies, but solved problems more effectively than low-metacognition students, regardless of IQ or prior knowledge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Metacognologists are aware of their own strengths and weaknesses, the nature of the task at hand, and available &quot;tools&quot; or skills. A broader repertoire of &quot;tools&quot; also assists in goal attainment. When &quot;tools&quot; are general, generic, and context independent, they are more likely to be useful in different types of learning situations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another distinction in metacognition is executive management and strategic knowledge. Executive management processes involve planning, monitoring, evaluating and revising one&#39;s own thinking processes and products. Strategic knowledge involves knowing what (factual or declarative knowledge), knowing when and why (conditional or contextual knowledge) and knowing how (procedural or methodological knowledge). Both executive management and strategic knowledge metacognition are needed to self-regulate one&#39;s own thinking and learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finally, there is no distinction between domain-general and domain-specific metacognitive skills. This means that metacognitive skills are domain-general in nature and there are no specific skills for certain subject areas. The metacognitive skills that are used to review an essay are the same as those that are used to verify an answer to a math question.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Metacognitive experience is responsible for creating an identity that matters to an individual. The creation of the identity with meta-cognitive experience is linked to the identity-based motivation (IBM) model. The identity-based motivation model implies that &quot;identities matter because they provide a basis for meaning making and for action.&quot; A person decides also if the identity matters in two ways with meta-cognitive experience. First, a current or possible identity is either &quot;part of the self and so worth pursuing&quot; or the individual thinks that the identity is part of their self, yet it is conflicting with more important identities and the individual will decide if the identity is or is not worth pursuing. Second, it also helps an individual decide if an identity should be pursued or abandoned.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Usually, abandoning identity has been linked to meta-cognitive difficulty. Based on the identity-based motivation model there are naive theories describing difficulty as a way to continue to pursue an identity. The incremental theory of ability states that if &quot;effort matters then difficulty is likely to be interpreted as meaning that more effort is needed.&quot; Here is an example, a woman who loves to play clarinet has come upon a hard piece. She knows that how much effort she puts into learning this piece is beneficial. The piece had difficulty so she knew the effort was needed. The identity the woman wants to pursue is to be a good clarinet player, having a metacognitive experience difficulty pushed her to learn the difficult piece to continue to identify with her identity. The entity theory of ability represents the opposite. This theory states that if &quot;effort does not matter then difficulty is likely to be interpreted as meaning that ability is lacking so effort should be suspended.&quot; Based on the example of the woman playing the clarinet, if she did not want to identify herself as a good clarinet player, she would not have put in any effort to learn the difficult piece which is an example of using metacognitive experience difficulty to abandon an identity.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Relation to sapience&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Metacognologists believe that the ability to consciously think about thinking is unique to sapient species and indeed is one of the definitions of sapience.[citation needed] There is evidence that rhesus monkeys and apes can make accurate judgments about the strengths of their memories of fact and monitor their own uncertainty,while attempts to demonstrate metacognition in birds have been inconclusive. A 2007 study has provided some evidence for metacognition in rats, but further analysis suggested that they may have been following simple operant conditioning principles, or a behavioral economic model.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Metacognitive strategies&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Metacognitive-like processes are especially ubiquitous when it comes to the discussion of self-regulated learning. Being engaged in metacognition is a salient feature of good self-regulated learners[citation needed]. Groups reinforcing collective discussion of metacognition is a salient feature of self-critical and self-regulating social groups[citation needed]. The activities of strategy selection and application include those concerned with an ongoing attempt to plan, check, monitor, select, revise, evaluate, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Metacognition is &#39;stable&#39; in that learners&#39; initial decisions derive from the pertinent fact about their cognition through years of learning experience. Simultaneously, it is also &#39;situated&#39; in the sense that it depends on learners&#39; familiarity with the task, motivation, emotion, and so forth. Individuals need to regulate their thoughts about the strategy they are using and adjust it based on the situation to which the strategy is being applied. At a professional level, this has led to emphasis on the development of reflective practice, particularly in the education and health-care professions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recently, the notion has been applied to the study of second language learners in the field of TESOL and applied linguistics in general (e.g., Wenden, 1987; Zhang, 2001, 2010). This new development has been much related to Flavell (1979), where the notion of metacognition is elaborated within a tripartite theoretical framework. Learner metacognition is defined and investigated by examining their person knowledge, task knowledge and strategy knowledge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wenden (1991) has proposed and used this framework and Zhang (2001) has adopted this approach and investigated second language learners&#39; metacognition or metacognitive knowledge. In addition to exploring the relationships between learner metacognition and performance, researchers are also interested in the effects of metacognitively-oriented strategic instruction on reading comprehension (e.g., Garner, 1994, in first language contexts, and Chamot, 2005; Zhang, 2010). The efforts are aimed at developing learner autonomy, interdependence and self-regulation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Metacognition helps people to perform many cognitive tasks more effectively.[1] Strategies for promoting metacognition include self-questioning (e.g. &quot;What do I already know about this topic? How have I solved problems like this before?&quot;), thinking aloud while performing a task, and making graphic representations (e.g. concept maps, flow charts, semantic webs) of one&#39;s thoughts and knowledge. Carr, 2002, argues that the physical act of writing plays a large part in the development of metacognitive skills.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Strategy Evaluation matrices (SEM) can help to improve the knowledge of cognition component of metacogntion. The SEM works by identifying the declarative (Column 1), procedural (Column 2) and conditional (Column 3 and 4) knowledge about specific strategies. The SEM can help individuals identify the strength and weaknesses about certain strategies as well as introduce them to new strategies that they can add to their repertoire.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A regulation checklist (RC) is a useful strategy for improving the regulation of cognition aspect of one’s metacognition. RCs help individuals to implement a sequence of thoughts that allow them to go over their own metacogntion.[32] King (1991) found that fifth-grade students who used a regulation checklist outperformed control students when looking at a variety of questions including written problem solving, asking strategic questions, and elaborating information.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Metacognitive strategies training can consist of coaching the students in thinking skills that will allow them to monitor their own learning. Examples of strategies that can be taught to students are word analysis skills, active reading strategies, listening skills, organizational skills and creating mnemonic devices.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Meta-Strategic Knowledge&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Meta-Strategic Knowledge” (MSK) is a sub-component of metacognition that is defined as general knowledge about higher order thinking strategies. MSK had been defined as “general knowledge about the cognitive procedures that are being manipulated”. The knowledge involved in MSK consists of “making generalizations and drawing rules regarding a thinking strategy” and of “naming” the thinking strategy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The important conscious act of a meta-strategic strategy is the “conscious” awareness that one is performing a form of higher order thinking. MSK is an awareness of the type of thinking strategies being used in specific instances and it consists of the following abilities: making generalizations and drawing rules regarding a thinking strategy, naming the thinking strategy, explaining when, why and how such a thinking strategy should be used, when it should not be used, what are the disadvantages of not using appropriate strategies, and what task characteristics call for the use of the strategy.[36]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MSK deals with the broader picture of the conceptual problem. It creates rules to describe and understand the physical world around the people who utilize these processes called Higher-order thinking. This is the capability of the individual to take apart complex problems in order to understand the components in problem. These are the building blocks to understanding the “big picture” (of the main problem) through reflection and problem solving.[37]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt; Characteristics of Theory of Mind: Understanding the mind and the &quot;mental world&quot;:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;False beliefs: understanding that a belief is only one of many and can be false.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Appearance–reality distinctions: something may look one way but may be something else.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Visual perspective taking: the views of physical objects differ based on perspective.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Introspection: children&#39;s awareness and understanding of their own thoughts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Mental Illness and Metacognition&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Sparks of Interest&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the context of mental health, metacognition can be loosely defined as the process that &quot;reinforces one&#39;s subjective sense of being a self and allows for becoming aware that some of one&#39;s thoughts and feelings are symptoms of an illness.[38]&quot; The interest in metacognition emerged out of a concern for an individual’s ability to understand their own mental status compared to others as well as the ability to cope with the source of their distress. These insights into an individual&#39;s mental health status can have a profound affect on the over-all prognosis and recovery. Metacognition brings many unique insights into the normal daily functioning of a human being. It also demonstrates that a lack of these insights compromises ‘normal’ functioning. This leads to less healthy functioning. In the Autism spectrum, there is a profound inability to feel empathy towards the minds of other human beings. In people who identify as alcoholics, there is a belief that the need to control cognitions is an independent predictor of alcohol use over anxiety. Alcohol may be used as a coping strategy for controlling unwanted thoughts and emotions formed by negative perceptions. This is sometimes referred to as self medication.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Implications&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Well’s and Matthew’s theory proposes that when faced with an undesired choice, an individual can operate in two distinct modes: ‘object’ and ‘Metacognitive.’ Object mode interprets perceived stimuli as truth, where Metacognitive mode understands thoughts as cues that have to be weighted and evaluated. They are not as easily trusted. There are targeted interventions unique of each patient, that gives rise to the belief that assistance in increasing metacognition in people diagnosed with schizophrenia is possible through tailored psychotherapy. With a customized therapy in place clients then have the potential to develop greater ability to engage in complex self-reflection. This can ultimately be pivotal in the patient&#39;s recovery process. In the Obsessive Compulsive Disorder spectrum, cognitive formulations have greater attention to intrusive thoughts related to the disorder. &quot;Cognitive Self-Consciousness&quot; are the tendencies to focus attention on thought. Patients with OCD exemplify varying degrees of these ‘intrusive thoughts.’ Patients also suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder also show negative thought process in their cognition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With any metacognition strategy, the general consensus is to believe that they are good. But in all actuality some may be very harmful. Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome (CAS) characterizes a Metacognitive model of emotion disorder. CAS is consistent with the constant with the attention strategy of excessively focusing on the source of a threat. This ultimately develops through the client’s own beliefs. Metacognitive therapy attempts to correct this change in the CAS. One of the techniques in this model is called Attention Training (ATT). It was designed to diminish the worry and anxiety by a sense of control and cognitive awareness. Also ATT trains clients to detect threats, test how controllable reality appears to be.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Works of art as metacognitive artifacts&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The concept of metacognition has also been applied to reader-response criticism. Narrative works of art, including novels, movies and musical compositions, can be characterized as metacognitive artifacts which are designed by the artist to anticipate and regulate the beliefs and cognitive processes of the recipient, for instance, how and in which order events and their causes and identities are revealed to the reader of a detective story. As Menakhem Perry has pointed out, mere order has profound effects on the aesthetical meaning of a text. Narrative works of art contain a representation of their own ideal reception process. They are something of a tool with which the creators of the work wish to attain certain aesthetical and even moral effects.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Courtesy of: &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacognition&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/12/metacognition.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhovOXtheo_gSwoHdHEI8jvekBCet5ZJfsRvnE7OctDofvniUbGa-qpXu6W374PkdtXAcHi33zd1KC0XjQoDRqNBEcycpEnicaoI9hPPmnGlIuZOKdwzMYf3wjqf76SUMEkkzRrm-0jrAY/s72-c/comix6.gif" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-6604701816715819756</guid><pubDate>Thu, 12 Dec 2013 05:28:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-12-12T12:42:01.294+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Activities</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Computer Literature</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Just Repost</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title>Job Description for Network Engineering</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV9amN1_mWACaLuNnynn8K1YxLovQiPqN3uwQ5gL5O0ckuJR58RBPOw-5jQYfDBRIoZu5csob09cm_zJ93eOPyqV8DsLBJIfG21NdwYJe_tFVIU7rhxitQePPaI3gC43u-CTB97tGuJis/s1600/url.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV9amN1_mWACaLuNnynn8K1YxLovQiPqN3uwQ5gL5O0ckuJR58RBPOw-5jQYfDBRIoZu5csob09cm_zJ93eOPyqV8DsLBJIfG21NdwYJe_tFVIU7rhxitQePPaI3gC43u-CTB97tGuJis/s320/url.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Network engineers are responsible for installing, maintaining and supporting computer communication networks within an organisation or between organisations. Their goal is to ensure the smooth operation of communication networks in order to provide maximum performance and availability for their users, such as staff, clients, customers and suppliers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Network engineers may work internally as part of an organisation’s IT support team or externally as part of an IT networking consultancy firm working with a number of clients.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other job titles used to refer to this kind of work include network support, support engineer, IT support engineer, helpdesk support, network administrator, first-line support, second-line support, security engineer and network architect.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Typical work activities&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The work is influenced by the size and type of the employing organisation. In a large investment bank for example, a network engineer may have specific responsibility for one area of the system. In a small company, the engineer may be troubleshooter for almost any IT-related problem that arises.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* There are different types of network, such as:&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;LANs - local area networks, linking a limited area such as a home, office or small group of buildings.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;MANs - metropolitan area networks, linking a large area such as a campus or city&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;WANs - wide area networks, which link nationally or internationally&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;GANs - global area networks, combining all of the above with satellite mobile-communication technologies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* The type of network will affect the engineer&#39;s responsibilities. Typical tasks usually include:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Installing, supporting and maintaining new server hardware and software infrastructure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Managing email, anti-spam and virus protection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Setting up user accounts, permissions and passwords&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Monitoring network usage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ensuring the most cost-effective and efficient use of servers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Suggesting and providing IT solutions to business and management problems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ensuring that all IT equipment complies with industry standards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Analysing and resolving faults, ranging from a major system crash to a forgotten password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Undertaking routine preventative measures and implementing, maintaining and monitoring network security, particularly if the network connects to the internet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Providing training and technical support for users with varying levels of IT knowledge and competence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Supervising other staff, such as help-desk technicians&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Working closely with other departments/organisations and collaborating with other IT staff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Planning and implementing future IT developments and undertaking project work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Managing the website and keeping internal networks running&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Monitoring the use of the web by employees.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Posts entitled &#39;technical support&#39; usually include responsibility for other IT equipment, such as printers and scanners&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Courtesy of&lt;/b&gt; : &lt;i&gt;http://www.prospects.ac.uk/network_engineer_job_description.htm &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/12/job-description-for-network-engineering.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV9amN1_mWACaLuNnynn8K1YxLovQiPqN3uwQ5gL5O0ckuJR58RBPOw-5jQYfDBRIoZu5csob09cm_zJ93eOPyqV8DsLBJIfG21NdwYJe_tFVIU7rhxitQePPaI3gC43u-CTB97tGuJis/s72-c/url.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-1535268468458551519</guid><pubDate>Tue, 10 Dec 2013 04:14:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-12-10T11:18:27.372+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Activities</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Computer Literature</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Learning Linux</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title>Arsitektur jaringan komputer</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieh4pOZ1bYXXr9mlbYLC8559xkc_ptDz7wvb-1z8Uzt8N6cCvyBvSv45JBS4GSSFTE1Tx_XUlnkAAziq79_UsTCF7s0iKJ3RPPEPR_oDkIuXaDa_ab1kOqS7HU7EFclZv3zXlYvL120II/s1600/network2.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;318&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieh4pOZ1bYXXr9mlbYLC8559xkc_ptDz7wvb-1z8Uzt8N6cCvyBvSv45JBS4GSSFTE1Tx_XUlnkAAziq79_UsTCF7s0iKJ3RPPEPR_oDkIuXaDa_ab1kOqS7HU7EFclZv3zXlYvL120II/s320/network2.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Model arsitektur menyediakan pendekatan dalam bentuk modular fungsional pada desain sebuah jaringan. Selain hirarki, modul digunakan untuk mengatur kumpulan perangkat server (server farm), manajemen jaringan, jaringan-jaringan kampus, Jaringan berskala WAN dan Internet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;* Model jaringan berbentuk hirarki&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;Menurut&amp;nbsp; CCDA 640-864 Official Cert Guide (2011,p40), model berbentuk hirarki (Hierarchical model), memungkinkan kita untuk merancang internetworks, yang mengkombinasikan fungsi –fungsi, disesuaikan pada hirarki organisasi. Seperti menyederhanakan sebuah tugas-tugas desain untuk membangun jaringan, serta memenuhi kebutuhan saat ini dan dapat tumbuh untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masa depan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Model hirarki menggunakan lapisan-lapisan (layers) untuk menyederhanakan tugas-tugas pada internetworking. Setiap lapisan fokus pada fungsi spesifik, memungkinkan Anda untuk memilih sistem dan fitur yang tepat, untuk setiap lapisan. Model hirarki berlaku baik untuk terminologi desain LAN dan WAN.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;* Manfaat model hirarki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Manfaat menggunakan model hirarki untuk desain jaringan meliputi:&lt;br /&gt;1.Penghematan biaya&lt;br /&gt;2.Memudahkan pemahaman perancangan&lt;br /&gt;3.Mudah mengembangkan jaringan karena berbasis modular&lt;br /&gt;4.Memudahkan perawatan (maintenance), dalam melakukan isolasi pemulihan jaringan &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Manajer jaringan dapat dengan mudah mengerti dan menentukan awal perubahan (transisi) dalam jaringan, yang membantu mengidentifikasi sebuah kegagalan, karena akan lebih sulit memecahkan masalah, jika desain secara hirarki atau pembagian segment tidak digunakan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Desain jaringan berbentuk hirarki&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pada gambar 3.3 menunjukkan secara umum, desain hirarki yang diterapkan pada terminologi LAN, dan dibagi menjadi tiga lapisan (layers), menurut CCDA 640-864 Official Cert Guide: (2011,p41) :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiov8kK1rN1jdz7HgdmA6A7t62QQcBgbEnW7lbeoFTgvQ08sBsmZH4kJ6xyVeLXgTpNJRQnevHaHkASwENujlK5suE9QUgB7esB6tNfUox4Lb04XHnXoyYimR3EgVXD0WEeJVHyhp1n68g/s1600/1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;224&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiov8kK1rN1jdz7HgdmA6A7t62QQcBgbEnW7lbeoFTgvQ08sBsmZH4kJ6xyVeLXgTpNJRQnevHaHkASwENujlK5suE9QUgB7esB6tNfUox4Lb04XHnXoyYimR3EgVXD0WEeJVHyhp1n68g/s320/1.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Gambar 2.5: Model hirarki terdiri dari: Core, Distribution, and Access&lt;br /&gt;Sumber: CCDA 640-864 Official Cert Guide: (2011,p41)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Adapun lapisan-lapisan yang membagi hirarki jaringan komputer berdasarkan CCDA 640-864 Official Cert Guide: (2011,p41) adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.Core Layer (Lapisan Core)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Core layer (lapisan inti) adalah lapisan yang menangani switching berkecepatan tinggi dan sangat penting, karena menunjukkan karakteristik jaringan, bagi sebuah corporate atau perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ciri-ciri jaringan lapisan core (core layer):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a.Fast Transport&lt;br /&gt;b.Kehandalan tinggi&lt;br /&gt;c.Adanya redundansi&lt;br /&gt;d.Toleransi kesalahan&lt;br /&gt;e.Latensi rendah dan pengelolaan yang baik&lt;br /&gt;f.Terbatas dan diameter yang konsisten&lt;br /&gt;g.QOS (Quality Of Service)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ketika jaringan menggunakan perangkat router, jumlah lompatan (hop) antara router yang satu dengan yang lainnya disebut diameter. Sebagai catatan, sangat dibutuhkan sebuah diameter yang konsisten diantara hirarki jaringan. Perjalanan dari satu stasiun (node) ke&amp;nbsp; stasiun (node) yang lain diantara backbone, harus memiliki jumlah hop yang sama. Jarak dari stasiun akhir (node) ke server dalam backbone juga harus konsisten.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Membatasi diameter internetwork, menyediakan kinerja yang dapat diprediksi dan kemudahan dalam troubleshooting. Kita dapat menambahkan router yang berjalan pada layer distribusi dan klien LAN&amp;nbsp; ke dalam model hirarki, tanpa meningkatkan diameter pada lapisan core.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.Distribution layer (lapisan distribusi)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Lapisan distribusi didalam jaringan adalah titik isolasi di antara lapisan jaringan access dan lapisan core. Lapisan distribusi dapat memiliki banyak aturan, termasuk melaksanakan fungsi-fungsi dibawah ini:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a.Konektivitas berbasis kebijakan (misalnya, memastikan bahwa lalu lintas yang dikirim dari jaringan tertentu&amp;nbsp; diteruskan ke satu antarmuka, sementara semua lalu lintas lainnya diteruskan keluar antarmuka yang lain adanya access list.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b.Redundansi dan Load balancing&lt;br /&gt;c.Agregasi antara jaringan LAN&lt;br /&gt;d.Agregari antara koneksi WAN&lt;br /&gt;e.Quality Of Service (QOS)&lt;br /&gt;f.Filter keamanan&lt;br /&gt;g.Broadcast atau multicast definisi domain&lt;br /&gt;h.Routing antara Virtual LAN&lt;br /&gt;i.Media Translasi (contoh, antara Ethernet dan Token Ring)&lt;br /&gt;j.Redistribusi antara domain-domain routing (contoh, routing antara dua protokol yang berbeda&lt;br /&gt;k.Sebagai pembatas antara protokol routing yang statik dan dinamis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.Access Layer (lapisan akses)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Lapisan akses menyediakan akses pengguna ke segmen-segmen lokal pada jaringan. Fungsi daripada access layer meliputi, yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a.Layer 2 switching&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b.Ketersediaan yang tinggi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c.Keamanan port&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;d.Inspeksi protokol ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;e.Spanning Tree&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;f.Power over ethernet (PoE)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;g.Pembatasan rate traffic/policy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;h.Virtual access control lists (VACL)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;i.Auxiliary VLAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pada gambar 2.6 mendeskripsikan layanan switching pada desain jaringan dengan model hirarki:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Gambar 2.6: Layanan switching pada model hirarki jaringan &lt;br /&gt;Sumber: CCDA 640-864 Official Cert Guide: (2011,p46)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pada gambar 2.7 mendeskripsikan layanan routing pada desain jaringan dengan model berhirarki:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Gambar 2.7: Layanan routing pada model hirarki jaringan &lt;br /&gt;Sumber: CCDA 640-864 Official Cert Guide: (2011,p46)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Keuntungan lainnya di dalam penerapan jaringan berbasis hirarki adalah, pemisahan broadcast domain sesuai dengan segment nya masing-masing, sehingga pemanfaatan kapasitas bandwidth dapat di optimalkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Gambar 2.8: Jaringan menggunakan perangkat switch yang rata (flat) &lt;br /&gt;Sehingga menghasilkan suatu broadcast domain yang besar&lt;br /&gt;Sumber: CCNA Discovery Learning Guide: (2008, p4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pada gambar 2.9 dibawah ini menunjukan jaringan yang menggunakan model hirarki, dan terlihat bahwa pembagian broadcast domain di lakukan secara terpisah.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Gambar 2.9: Jaringan menggunakan hirarki dan pembagian broadcast domain dilakukan secara terpisah&lt;br /&gt;Sumber: CCNA Discovery Learning Guide: (2008, p4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Menerapkan saluran yang memiliki redundansi (backup) pada lapisan core, bertujuan untuk memberikan jalur alternatif, jika terjadi kegagalan dan kerusakan pada saluran utama. Ketika perangkat-perangkat layer 3 ditempatkan pada layer core, jalur redundansi ini dapat digunakan untuk mengatur load balancing dalam hal menyediakan backup. Melalui penambahan protokol STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) jalur backup akan di matikan terlebih dahulu (disable), terkecuali ketika jalur utama putus, maka secara otomatis jalur backup akan menjadi aktif kembali.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Gambar 2.10: Redundansi dalam topologi mesh yang berbasis hirarki&lt;br /&gt;Sumber: CCNA Discovery Learning Guide: (2008, p12)&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Br&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Zaid Amin&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/12/arsitektur-jaringan-komputer.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieh4pOZ1bYXXr9mlbYLC8559xkc_ptDz7wvb-1z8Uzt8N6cCvyBvSv45JBS4GSSFTE1Tx_XUlnkAAziq79_UsTCF7s0iKJ3RPPEPR_oDkIuXaDa_ab1kOqS7HU7EFclZv3zXlYvL120II/s72-c/network2.gif" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-1475445008232058999</guid><pubDate>Mon, 09 Dec 2013 10:07:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-12-10T11:21:54.176+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Activities</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Computer Literature</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title>Topologi Cisco EtherChannel</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pada gambar 2.1 menunjukkan beberapa penerapan umum teknologi Cisco EtherChannel, dan bagaimana teknologi Cisco EtherChannel ini memecahkan persoalan kebutuhan bandwidth. Fast EtherChannel dan Fast Ethernet Link akan digunakan di seluruh contoh ini. Gambar 2.1 menunjukkan jaringan yang menggunakan koneksi Cisco EtherChannel. &lt;i&gt;Bandwidth &lt;/i&gt;antara &lt;i&gt;wiring closets&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i&gt;data center t&lt;/i&gt;elah digandakan, dari 200 Mbps sampai 400 Mbps. Selain peningkatan bandwidth, ketahanan dalam saluran di sediakan untuk konvergensi &lt;i&gt;subseconds &lt;/i&gt;jika salah satu link mengalami kegagalan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Gambar 2.1: Penambahan kinerja (Cisco EtherChannel) diantara Wiring Closets dan Data Center&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sumber: (Cisco EtherChannel Technology: 2003, p4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pada Gambar 2.2&amp;nbsp; menunjukkan topologi, dimana manajer jaringan telah meningkatkan &lt;i&gt;bandwidth &lt;/i&gt;antara &lt;i&gt;data center &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;wiring closets,&lt;/i&gt; untuk sebuah &lt;i&gt;link agregate&lt;/i&gt; menjadi 800 Mbps. Serta menambahkan &lt;i&gt;diversity (backup)&lt;/i&gt; berupa kabel fiber optic, untuk mengurangi kemungkinan adanya kegagalan jaringan, menggunakan koneksi teknologi Cisco EtherChannel yang terdiri dari empat Fast Ethernet Link, dan dua kabel fiber optic yang&amp;nbsp; berjalan di sisi timur bangunan, yang menyediakan 400 Mbps, dan sisi barat bangunan menyediakan sisanya 400 Mbps. Dalam contoh ini, jika sebuah serat ada yang dipotong di satu sisi bangunan, maka sisi yang tersisa akan mengambil lalu lintas dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik, tanpa memutus sesi koneksi &lt;i&gt;client &lt;/i&gt;yang terhubung dengan &lt;i&gt;wiring closets&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Gambar 2.2: Penambahan Bandwidth dengan ketahanan jaringan (&lt;i&gt;Resilience)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sumber: (Cisco EtherChannel Technology: 2003, p4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pada Gambar 2.3 menunjukkan konfigurasi dimana sebuah switch telah dikonfigurasi dengan dua koneksi Cisco EtherChannel pada setiap link. Karena saluran terpisah adalah terpisah, maka&lt;i&gt; Spanning Tree Protocol &lt;/i&gt;akan memblokir salah satu konfigurasi di kedua saluran untuk menghindari adanya looping lalu lintas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Gambar 2.3: Ketahanan Cisco EtherChannel dengan teknologi &lt;i&gt;Spanning Tree Protocol&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sumber: (Cisco EtherChannel Technology: 2003, p5)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pada Gambar 2.4 menunjukkan desain jaringan lengkap yang didasarkan pada teknologi Cisco EtherChannel. Seperti pada contoh sebelumnya, link dari &lt;i&gt;wiring closets &lt;/i&gt;dibawa ke &lt;i&gt;data center &lt;/i&gt;menggunakan saluran 400 Mbps, menyediakan bandwidth dan ketahanan. Di &lt;i&gt;data center,&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;router&lt;/i&gt; saling berhubungan dengan koneksi EtherChannel, memberikan peningkatan kinerja dengan memiliki lebih banyak ketersediaan &lt;i&gt;bandwidth&lt;/i&gt; untuk melakukan &lt;i&gt;routing&lt;/i&gt; antara &lt;i&gt;subnet&lt;/i&gt;. Pada contoh ini, router dikonfigurasi dengan dua koneksi&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;dual-link&lt;/i&gt; EtherChannel untuk memberikan 400 Mbps &lt;i&gt;bandwidth&lt;/i&gt; pada masing-masing subnet. Teknologi EtherChannel menyediakan mekanisme &lt;i&gt;load balancing &lt;/i&gt;antara dua link dalam saluran berdasarkan alamat IP (IP Address), dan link dalam saluran dapat menggunakan protokol enkapsulasi ISL untuk mendukung beberapa subnet per link. Komponen terakhir di dalam desain jaringan ini adalah sebuah server yang terpasang melalui koneksi empat link EtherChannel, yang menyediakan 800 Mbps &lt;i&gt;bandwidth&lt;/i&gt; untuk jaringan. &lt;i&gt;Platform &lt;/i&gt;khusus yang membutuhkan bandwidth tersebut adalah seperti High-end Pentium Pro server, &lt;i&gt;Enterprise Server,&lt;/i&gt; teknologi grafis serta &lt;i&gt;server &lt;/i&gt;untuk multimedia. Seperti yang ditunjukkan pada gambar 2.4, &lt;i&gt;server &lt;/i&gt;terhubung melalui &lt;i&gt;Multiple-link &lt;/i&gt;EtherChannel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Gambar 2.4: Interkoneksi teknologi Cisco EtherChannel, yang menghubungkan &lt;i&gt;server, switch&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i&gt;router &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sumber: (Cisco EtherChannel Technology: 2003, p5)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Teknologi Cisco EtherChannel memanfaatkan standar berbasis protokol Ethernet Links, yang digunakan dalam topologi paralel saat ini, dan mengambil keuntungan dari teknologi tersebut untuk menyediakan &lt;i&gt;bandwidth&lt;/i&gt; tambahan yang diperlukan, oleh jaringan &lt;i&gt;backbone.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Teknologi EtherChannel menyediakan &lt;i&gt;bandwidth &lt;/i&gt;yang fleksibel, dapat ditingkatkan,&amp;nbsp; dengan ketahanan dan load sharing&amp;nbsp; pada &lt;i&gt;switch, router &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;server.&lt;/i&gt; Teknologi EtherChannel menyediakan&amp;nbsp; tools untuk manajer jaringan, untuk membangun jaringan &lt;i&gt;backbone&lt;/i&gt; berkecepatan tinggi didalam menggunakan kabel dan jaringan perangkat infrastruktur. Teknologi EtherChannel dapat menggabungkan semua jenis kecepatan Ethernet link, dari 10 Mbps hingga 10 Gbps.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Zaid Amin &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/12/topologi-cisco-etherchannel.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKEwzgJVw56FjzETtQI40srbaCyhto1eP3GUzwZszLmI9eaLQTaj-VZkumqRx5lk5R0iDufRW52YYwgTyFQ0p2YK04Wfj-3pmwAZviDzcnLG14DT8PuWzIpYKxIGNLaJoGEYVXDAc-618/s72-c/network1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-3983723073209459008</guid><pubDate>Sat, 07 Dec 2013 13:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-12-09T17:09:22.453+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Achievements</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Activities</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Computer Literature</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Learning Linux</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title>Link Agregasi Menggunakan Cisco EtherChannel</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUgoyE69uldyaDYgxccxZNTnvP1wAIejv1xbY4HD8FIw0eFFaaU0FvdelcvOlcEaxoGPUnApF_rISDRlo6mI-HYhObdklheK6rVzfnDcpaf90Z8EtLQ_HlBXxnFXo9hwN1HuQ6u5HEL4I/s1600/mod5fig1.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUgoyE69uldyaDYgxccxZNTnvP1wAIejv1xbY4HD8FIw0eFFaaU0FvdelcvOlcEaxoGPUnApF_rISDRlo6mI-HYhObdklheK6rVzfnDcpaf90Z8EtLQ_HlBXxnFXo9hwN1HuQ6u5HEL4I/s320/mod5fig1.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Menurut Conlan (2009, p57), &lt;i&gt;EtherChannel &lt;/i&gt;adalah sebuah teknik antara switch dengan switch (switch to switch), yang memberikan beberapa layanan link secara multipleks melalui port-port switch pada fast atau gigabit ethernet (kartu jaringan), ke satu jalur logikal. EtherChannel dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kapasitas bandwidth pada sebuah koneksi ke single server. EtherChannel adalah sebuah metode lintas platform yang mendukung load balancing, diantara perangkat servers, switches dan routers. EtherChannel dapat melakukan kombinasi dua, empat, atau delapan port (tergantung daripada platform switch) menjadi satu logikal link yang terhubung dan dapat juga sekaligus sebagai redundant (backup link).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Etherchannel adalah suatu teknologi trunking&amp;nbsp; yang digunakan oleh switch Cisco catalyst dimana sejumlah fisikal port pada device digabung menjadi satu jalur logika saja, dalam satu buah port group. Fungsinya adalah untuk meningkatkan kecepatan koneksi antar switch, router ataupun server, dan jika salah satu port atau jalur rusak atau mengalami failover, maka port group akan tetap bekerja menggunakan jalur atau port yang lain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;EtherChannel adalah istilah untuk teknologi berbasis perangkat Cisco yang memungkinkan pembuatan link hingga delapan fisik ethernet link, ke satu link logis. Pada awalnya teknologi ini disebut dengan Fast EtherChannel (FEC), atau saat teknologi Ethernet hanya tersedia di Fast Ethernet. Teknologi ini juga disebut Gigabit EtherChannel (GEC), atau lebih umum, hanya disebut dengan istilah Port Channel. Untuk vendor umum diluar perangkat Cisco istilah yang digunakan untuk link agregasi tersebut adalah Link Aggregation, atau disingkat dengan LAG.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Melalui protokol EtherChannel, kecepatan satu link tunggal Logis, sama untuk agregat kecepatan semua link fisik yang digunakan. Sebagai contoh, jika Anda membuat EtherChannel dari empat 100 Mbps Ethernet Link, maka EtherChannel akan memiliki kecepatan 400 Mbps.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Keuntungan EtherChannel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Menurut (Cisco System,Inc) adapun keuntungan daripada teknologi EtherChannel ini adalah:&lt;br /&gt;a.Berbasis Standards IEEE 802.3 -compliant Ethernet&lt;br /&gt;Teknologi Cisco EtherChannel dibangun berdasarkan protokol IEEE 802.3-compliant Ethernet, dengan pengelompokan beberapa full-duplex point-to-point link secara bersama-sama. Teknologi EtherChannel menggunakan mekanisme IEEE 802.3 untuk full-duplex autonegotiation, dan autosensing ketika layanan tersebut dibutuhkan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b.Multiple platforms&lt;br /&gt;Teknologi Cisco EtherChannel&amp;nbsp; sangatlah fleksibel dan dapat digunakan di mana saja, bahkan dalam jaringan yang sering terjadi hambatan. Dapat digunakan di jaringan untuk meningkatkan bandwidth antara switch, dan antara router dan switch, serta menyediakan scalable bandwidth untuk server jaringan, seperti server UNIX atau PC berbasis Web server.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;c.Fleksibel dalam meningkatkan bandwidth&lt;br /&gt;Teknologi Cisco EtherChannel menyediakan agregasi bandwidth dalam kelipatan dari 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps atau 10 Gbps, tergantung pada kecepatan link agregat. Sebagai contoh, admin jaringan dapat menerapkan teknologi EtherChannel yang terdiri dari pasangan Fast Ethernet Link full-duplex untuk memberikan lebih dari 400 Mbps antara kabel dan data center. Di data center, bandwidth hingga 800 Mbps dapat disediakan antara server dan jaringan tulang punggung (backbone) untuk memberikan dan meningkatkan sejumlah bandwidth yang scalable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;d.Load Balancing&lt;br /&gt;Teknologi Cisco EtherChannel terdiri dari beberapa Fast Ethernet Link dan mampu melakukan load balancing lalu lintas link tersebut, baik itu dengan metode Unicast, Broadcast, dan Multicast hingga merata di seluruh link, memberikan kinerja yang lebih tinggi dan jalur paralel backup. Ketika link mengalami kegagalan, lalu lintas diarahkan ke link yang tersisa tanpa campur tangan pengguna (user) dan dengan paket hilang (packet loss) yang minimal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;e.Ketahanan dan konvergensi yang cepat&lt;br /&gt;Ketika link mengalami kegagalan, teknologi Cisco EtherChannel menyediakan pemulihan otomatis oleh redistributing beban di seluruh link tersisa. Ketika link gagal, teknologi Cisco EtherChannel akan mengarahkan lalu lintas dari link gagal ke link tersisa, dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Konvergensi ini merupakan bersifat transparan kepada pengguna (user).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;f.Kemudahan manajemen&lt;br /&gt;Teknologi Cisco EtherChannel mengambil keuntungan dari pengalaman produk Cisco, yang dikembangkan selama bertahun-tahun dalam pemecahan masalah, dan mempertahankan jaringan Ethernet. Ada banyak terdapat jaringan yang digunakan untuk manajemen lalu lintas dan melakukan pemecahan masalah, dan aplikasi manajemen seperti CiscoWorks dan aplikasi manajemen pihak ketiga yang sekarang mengakui teknologi EtherChannel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;g.Transparan untuk aplikasi jaringan&lt;br /&gt;Teknologi Cisco EtherChannel tidak memerlukan perubahan aplikasi jaringan. Ketika EtherChannel digunakan dalam kampus, switch dan router akan menyediakan load balancing beberapa link yang bersifat transparan untuk pengguna jaringan. Untuk mendukung teknologi EtherChannel pada kelas enterprise server dan kartu antarmuka jaringan, perangkat lunak smart driver dapat mengkoordinasikan distribusi beban di beberapa antarmuka jaringan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;h.Compatible dengan Cisco IOS ® Software &lt;br /&gt;Cisco EtherChannel memiliki koneksi yang kompatibel sepenuhnya dengan Cisco IOS virtual LAN (VLAN) dan routing teknologi. Inter-Switch Link (ISL) VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) dapat membawa beberapa VLAN pada EtherChannel link.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;i.Kompabilitas 100 Megabit, 1 Gigabit, dan 10 Gigabit Ethernet&lt;br /&gt;Teknologi Cisco EtherChannel tersedia dalam semua kecepatan Ethernet link. Teknologi EtherChannel memungkinkan admin jaringan untuk menyebarkan jaringan dengan lancar melalui dukungan ketersediaan teknologi generasi berikutnya, berbasis standar Ethernet protocol.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;j.Dukungan kompabilitas dengan konverter antarmuka Gigabit Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM), Secara bersamaan menerapkan teknologi Gigabit EtherChannel dan CWDM, admin jaringan dapat meningkatkan link bandwidth mereka tanpa harus berinvestasi menggunakan media fiber optic. CWDM teknologi memungkinkan lalu lintas yang dikumpulkan oleh Cisco EtherChannel link ke multiplexed pada satu kabel fiber optic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Menurut (Cisco System,Inc), teknologi Cisco EtherChannel terdiri dari beberapa elemen-elemen penting, diantaranya adalah:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a.Fast Ethernet Link&lt;br /&gt;Koneksi Cisco EtherChannel, dapat terdiri dari satu sampai delapan standar industri Fast Ethernet link untuk memuat bandwidth hingga 80 Gbps pada pembagian lalu lintas. Koneksi EtherChannel, dapat melakukan interkoneksi antara LAN switch, router, server dan klien. Dikarenakan load balancing sudah terintegrasi dengan arsitektur Cisco Catalyst ® LAN, maka tidak ada penurunan kinerja ketika admin menambahkan link ke saluran, throughput yang tinggi dan latency rendah dapat dipertahankan sebelum mendapatkan ketersediaan bandwidth yang lebih. Teknologi EtherChannel menyediakan ketahanan link dalam saluran, jika salah satu link gagal, maka lalu lintas langsung diarahkan ke link tersisa. Kesimpulannya adalah teknologi EtherChannel bukanlah tergantung pada jenis medianya. Teknologi EtherChannel&amp;nbsp; dapat digunakan dengan Ethernet yang berjalan pada kabel unshielded twisted pair (UTP), atau single mode dan multimode fiber optic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b.Teknologi Cisco EtherChannel merupakan fitur standar di seluruh seri Cisco Catalyst switch, dan Cisco IOS ® yang berbasis perangkat lunak router. Menggunakan algoritma load-sharing yang digunakan secara bervariasi antar platform, yang memungkinkan untuk menjalankan keputusan berdasarkan sumber atau tujuan melalui pengalamatan berbasis Media Access Control (MAC), IP Address, atau penomoran berbasis port TCP/UDP.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;c.Redundansi&lt;br /&gt;Teknologi Cisco EtherChannel tidak memerlukan penggunaan 802.1 D (Spanning Tree Protocol), untuk mempertahankan keadaan topologi dalam saluran. Sebaliknya, ia menggunakan sebuah protokol peer-to-peer, yang menyediakan autokonfigurasi dan konvergensi berbasis subseconds untuk link yang paralel, namun juga memungkinkan protokol tingkat yang lebih tinggi (seperti Spanning Tree Protocol) atau protokol-protokol routing yang digunakan untuk mempertahankan topologi. Pendekatan ini memungkinkan teknologi EtherChannel, menggunakan fitur pemulihan jaringan tanpa menambahkan kompleksitas, atau menciptakan tidak kompatibel nya dengan alat-alat hardware &amp;amp; software dari pihak ketiga. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;d.Manajemen&lt;br /&gt;Teknologi Cisco EtherChannel mudah dikonfigurasi dengan antarmuka baris perintah (CLI/Command Line Interface), atau oleh aplikasi berbasis SNMP monitoring seperti CiscoWorks. Seorang manajer jaringan perlu mengidentifikasi, dan menentukan jumlah port yang akan dibuat saluran, dan kemudian menghubungkan perangkat-perangkat tersebut dengan mudah. CiscoWorks untuk perangkat berbasis Switch Internetworks, akan menampilkan grafis keadaan&amp;nbsp; EtherChannel yang memperlihatkan koneksi antar perangkat, mengumpulkan informasi statistik untuk kedua individu Ethernet Link dalam saluran, dan statistik gabungan untuk sambungan agregat EtherChannel. Kemudahan lain pada proses manajemen adalah, teknologi EtherChannel sudah secara terintegrasi memiliki kemampuan untuk mendeteksi, melaporkan, dan mencegah penggunaan salah pemasangan interface dalam saluran, baik itu dikarenakan adanya missmatched kecepatan antara link, dan secara konsisten memonitor konfigurasi yang diterapkan, agar dipastikan aktif pada keseluruhan jaringan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/12/link-agregasi-menggunakan-cisco.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUgoyE69uldyaDYgxccxZNTnvP1wAIejv1xbY4HD8FIw0eFFaaU0FvdelcvOlcEaxoGPUnApF_rISDRlo6mI-HYhObdklheK6rVzfnDcpaf90Z8EtLQ_HlBXxnFXo9hwN1HuQ6u5HEL4I/s72-c/mod5fig1.gif" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-3206022527844283224</guid><pubDate>Sat, 07 Dec 2013 13:37:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-12-09T17:09:53.708+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Activities</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Computer Literature</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title>Metode Perancangan Jaringan dengan Model PPDIOO</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgld-UX0pPhpCF2BveG8GHPSja2OSAawe-ez6khi6leipXyC761hYw7Qn1EZzGlHuOIwDUroFzNhNz2w_UVuF7yLqiz32-tYTAasYTfS80WlgHa7njT8rYJLLxGidvjgDc_0V64MKkaXOk/s1600/cisco-ppdioo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgld-UX0pPhpCF2BveG8GHPSja2OSAawe-ez6khi6leipXyC761hYw7Qn1EZzGlHuOIwDUroFzNhNz2w_UVuF7yLqiz32-tYTAasYTfS80WlgHa7njT8rYJLLxGidvjgDc_0V64MKkaXOk/s320/cisco-ppdioo.jpg&quot; width=&quot;296&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Dengan kebutuhan layanan jaringan yang semakin kompleks, maka diperlukan suatu metodologi yang mendukung perancangan arsitektur dan disain jaringan. Cisco memperkenalkan sebuah metode perancangan jaringan dengan model PPDIOO (Cisco: 2011,p8)&amp;nbsp; yaitu, &lt;i&gt;Prepare, Plan, Design, Implement, Operate, and Optimize&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Model siklus hidup metode pengembangan jaringan dengan konsep PPDIOO ini, memberikan langkah-langkah kunci dalam keberhasilan perencanaan jaringan, baik itu pada tahapan desain, implementasi dan operasional nantinya. Pendekatan dengan model &lt;i&gt;top-down design&lt;/i&gt;, mengarahkan infrastruktur jaringan untuk beradaptasi pada aplikasi-aplikasi apa saja yang dibutuhkan oleh suatu jaringan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut CCDA 640-864 &lt;i&gt;Official Cert Guide&lt;/i&gt; (2011,p11), Cisco telah menghasilkan sebuah formula siklus hidup perencanaan jaringan, menjadi enam fase: &lt;i&gt;Prepare&lt;/i&gt; (persiapan), &lt;i&gt;Plan&lt;/i&gt; (Perencanaan), &lt;i&gt;Design &lt;/i&gt;(Desain), &lt;i&gt;Implement&lt;/i&gt; (Implementasi), Operate (Operasi) dan &lt;i&gt;Optimize &lt;/i&gt;(Optimasi). Fase-fase ini dikenal dengan istilah PPDIOO. PPDIOO menghasilkan empat manfaat utama, yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.Menurunkan total biaya yang harus dikeluarkan oleh organisasi/perusahaan, dengan melakukan validasi persyaratan-persyaratan teknologi, perencanaan perubahan infrastruktur dan kebutuhan akan berbagai macam sumber daya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.Meningkatkan ketersediaan layanan jaringan, dengan menghasilkan desain jaringan dan melakukan validasi operasi-operasi di dalam jaringan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.Meningkatkan kemampuan percepatan kemajuan bisnis, dengan mempersiapkan kebutuhan yang berorientasi bisnis, yang didukung oleh strategi penerapan teknologi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.Meningkatkan kecepatan akses ke aplikasi-aplikasi (software) dan layanan (services), dengan meningkatkan keandalan, ketersediaan, keamanan, skalabilitas dan kinerja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pada gambar 3.2 mendeskripsikan sebuah model siklus hidup jaringan dengan konsep PPDIOO yaitu, &lt;i&gt;Prepare&lt;/i&gt; (persiapan), &lt;i&gt;Plan&lt;/i&gt; (Perencanaan), &lt;i&gt;Design&lt;/i&gt; (Desain), &lt;i&gt;Implement&lt;/i&gt; (Implementasi), &lt;i&gt;Operate &lt;/i&gt;(Operasi) dan &lt;i&gt;Optimize&lt;/i&gt; (Optimasi).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Adapun pemahaman detail mengenai tiap-tiap fase pada metode pengembangan jaringan PPDIOO adalah sebagai berikut Cisco, Inc ( 2011,p13):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1.Fase &lt;i&gt;Prepare &lt;/i&gt;(Persiapan)&lt;br /&gt;Fase Prepare (persiapan), menetapkan kebutuhan organisasi dan&amp;nbsp; bisnis, mengembangkan strategi jaringan, dan mengusulkan konsep arsitektur dengan level tingkat tinggi, untuk mendukung suatu strategi, yang didukung dengan kemampuan keuangan pada organisasi atau perusahaan tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.Fase &lt;i&gt;Plan&lt;/i&gt; (Perencanaan)&lt;br /&gt;Fase Plan (perencanaan) mengidentifikasi persyaratan jaringan berdasarkan tujuan, fasilitas, dan kebutuhan pengguna. Fase ini mendeskripsikan karakteristik suatu jaringan, yang bertujuan untuk menilai jaringan tersebut, melakukan gap analisis pada perancangan terbaik sebuah arsitektur, dengan melihat perilaku dari lingkungan operasional. Sebuah perencanaan proyek dikembangkan untuk mengelola tugas-tugas (tasks), pihak-pihak yang bertanggung jawab, batu pijakan (&lt;i&gt;milestones&lt;/i&gt;), dan semua sumber daya untuk melakukan desain dan implementasi. Perencanaan proyek harus sejalan dengan ruang lingkup (batasan), biaya dan parameter sumber daya yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan bisnis . Rencana proyek ini diikuti (dan diperbarui) selama fase-fase dalam siklus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.Fase &lt;i&gt;Design&lt;/i&gt; (Desain)&lt;br /&gt;Desain jaringan dikembangkan berdasarkan persyaratan teknis, dan bisnis yang diperoleh dari kondisi sebelumnya. Spesifikasi desain jaringan adalah desain yang bersifat komprehensif dan terperinci, yang memenuhi persyaratan teknis dan bisnis saat ini. Jaringan tersebut haruslah menyediakan ketersediaan, kehandalan, keamanan, skalabilitas dan kinerja. Hasil desain termasuk diagram jaringan, dan daftar peralatan-peralatan. Rencana proyek harus terus diperbarui, dengan informasi yang lebih terperinci untuk diimplementasikan. Setelah tahap desain disetujui, fase implementasi dimulai.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.Fase &lt;i&gt;Implement &lt;/i&gt;(Implementasi)&lt;br /&gt;Pada fase ini, peralatan-peralatan baru dilakukan instalasi dan di konfigurasi, sesuai spesifikasi desain. Perangkat-perangkat baru ini akan mengganti atau menambah infrastruktur yang ada. Perencanaan proyek juga harus diikuti selama fase ini, jika ada perubahan seharusnya disampaikan dalam pertemuan (meeting), dengan persetujuan yang diperlukan untuk dilanjutkan. Setiap langkah dalam implementasi, harus menyertakan deskripsi, rincian pedoman pelaksanaan, perkiraan waktu untuk penerapan, evaluasi (rollback) langkah-langkah jika terdapat kegagalan, dan informasi-informasi lainnya sebagai referensi tambahan. Seiring perubahan yang telah di implementasikan, tahapan ini juga menjadi langkah pengujian, sebelum pindah ke fase operasional (operate phase).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.Fase &lt;i&gt;Operate &lt;/i&gt;(operasional)&lt;br /&gt;Fase operasional adalah mempertahankan ketahahan kegiatan sehari-hari jaringan. Operasional meliputi pengelolaan dan memonitor komponen-komponan jaringan, pemeliharaan routing, mengelola kegiatan upgrade, mengelola kinerja, mengidentifikasi dan mengoreksi kesalahan jaringan. Tahapan ini adalah ujian akhir bagi tahapan desain. Selama operasi, manajemen jaringan harus memantau stabilitas dan kinerja jaringan, Deteksi kesalahan, koreksi konfigurasi, dan kegiatan-kegiatan pemantauan kinerja, yang menyediakan data awal untuk fase selanjutnya, yaitu fase optimalisasi (optimize phase).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.Fase &lt;i&gt;Optimize&lt;/i&gt; (Optimalisasi)&lt;br /&gt;Fase optimalisasi, melibatkan kesadaran proaktif seorang manajemen jaringan dengan mengidentifikasi dan menyelesaikan masalah, sebelum persoalan tersebut mempengaruhi jaringan. Fase optimalisasi, memungkinkan untuk memodifikasi desain jaringan, jika terlalu banyak masalah jaringan yang timbul, kemudian juga untuk memperbaiki masalah kinerja, atau untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah pada aplikasi (&lt;i&gt;software&lt;/i&gt;). Persyaratan-persayaratan untuk desain jaringan yang dimodifikasi mengarahkan perkembangan jaringan tersebut, kembali ke awal siklus hidup dalam model fase PPDIOO.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Zaid Amin &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHQnGTUYnmzpnmjrWwdNsbeGvWQ8e-oIVHbYrdZZJmnvuBroZQJmuEaqvsY_2VjgRFCowY-w6i_rek46N78y8qsjWq_lTjSyX8WLSbmsf5EuasFU27CE8_3liG2XJmbZDXGwywRGFaFL4/s1600/ZAEEDH+SIGNATURE++.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;94&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHQnGTUYnmzpnmjrWwdNsbeGvWQ8e-oIVHbYrdZZJmnvuBroZQJmuEaqvsY_2VjgRFCowY-w6i_rek46N78y8qsjWq_lTjSyX8WLSbmsf5EuasFU27CE8_3liG2XJmbZDXGwywRGFaFL4/s200/ZAEEDH+SIGNATURE++.gif&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/12/metode-perancangan-jaringan-dengan.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgld-UX0pPhpCF2BveG8GHPSja2OSAawe-ez6khi6leipXyC761hYw7Qn1EZzGlHuOIwDUroFzNhNz2w_UVuF7yLqiz32-tYTAasYTfS80WlgHa7njT8rYJLLxGidvjgDc_0V64MKkaXOk/s72-c/cisco-ppdioo.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-1818987343383818926</guid><pubDate>Sat, 07 Dec 2013 13:21:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-12-09T17:10:07.051+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Just Repost</category><title>Wireless Charging</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2qq-XAJ4cQaj0fhSUzmOG1Ple-rdDlg42qYZCBYhuIy9oaWWrKyKnT69tJPucokYVcsRQ2Nch_YWpnoMpqb1JF9qasC-VhyphenhyphenByyDw6vWKElLi_1RsRV8ay1tjJaB9lyh9a4DHxL9QdrBw/s1600/url.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;210&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2qq-XAJ4cQaj0fhSUzmOG1Ple-rdDlg42qYZCBYhuIy9oaWWrKyKnT69tJPucokYVcsRQ2Nch_YWpnoMpqb1JF9qasC-VhyphenhyphenByyDw6vWKElLi_1RsRV8ay1tjJaB9lyh9a4DHxL9QdrBw/s320/url.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Inductive charging (also known as &quot;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;wireless charging&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&quot;) uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects. This is usually done with a charging station. Energy is sent through an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that energy to charge batteries or run the device.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Induction chargers typically use an induction coil to create an alternating electromagnetic field from within a charging base station, and a second induction coil in the portable device takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into electrical current to charge the battery. The two induction coils in proximity combine to form an electrical transformer.Greater distances between sender and receiver coils can be achieved when the inductive charging system uses resonant inductive coupling.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Advantages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. Protected connections - no corrosion when the electronics are all enclosed, away from water or oxygen in the atmosphere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. Safer for medical implants - for embedded medical devices, allows recharging/powering through the skin rather than having wires penetrate the skin, which would increase the risk of infection.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. Durability - Without the need to constantly plug and unplug the device, there is significantly less wear and tear on the socket of the device and the attaching cable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Disadvantages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. Lower efficiency, waste heat - The main disadvantages of inductive charging are its lower efficiency and increased resistive heating in comparison to direct contact. Implementations using lower frequencies or older drive technologies charge more slowly and generate heat within most portable electronics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. Slower charging - due to the lower efficiency, devices can take longer to charge when supplied power is equal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. More costly - Inductive charging also requires drive electronics and coils in both device and charger, increasing the complexity and cost of manufacturing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;4. Inconvenience - When a mobile device is connected to a cable, it can be freely moved around and operated while charging. In current implementations of inductive charging (such as the Qi standard), the mobile device must be left on a pad, and thus can&#39;t be moved around or easily operated while charging.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;5. Newer approaches reduce transfer losses through the use of ultra thin coils, higher frequencies, and optimized drive electronics. This results in more efficient and compact chargers and receivers, facilitating their integration into mobile devices or batteries with minimal changes required. These technologies provide charging times comparable to wired approaches, and they are rapidly finding their way into mobile devices.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;For example, the Magne Charge vehicle recharger system employs high-frequency induction to deliver high power at an efficiency of 86% (6.6 kW power delivery from a 7.68 kW power draw).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Courtesy of :&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_charging&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/12/wireless-charging.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2qq-XAJ4cQaj0fhSUzmOG1Ple-rdDlg42qYZCBYhuIy9oaWWrKyKnT69tJPucokYVcsRQ2Nch_YWpnoMpqb1JF9qasC-VhyphenhyphenByyDw6vWKElLi_1RsRV8ay1tjJaB9lyh9a4DHxL9QdrBw/s72-c/url.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-5777424155283115633</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Jul 2013 03:09:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-12-09T17:10:18.921+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Just Repost</category><title> My first DLSR - Canon EOS 650D ;)</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6sOIXkqqypvLirj3nGqo61ktD23o4UCtWeFnc-2_wcwXox4WqhnzZ-3OvJCe-OhtNLC1nKaghvu2pRcTprdhcvxdR6RI_sHPsJ9sEqkqCOjrnzb5thUa0CMXOKnFLhvs-CPV7HYYckPY/s1600/Canon-EOS-650D-Front.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6sOIXkqqypvLirj3nGqo61ktD23o4UCtWeFnc-2_wcwXox4WqhnzZ-3OvJCe-OhtNLC1nKaghvu2pRcTprdhcvxdR6RI_sHPsJ9sEqkqCOjrnzb5thUa0CMXOKnFLhvs-CPV7HYYckPY/s320/Canon-EOS-650D-Front.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Canon meluncurkan kamera DSLR terbaru EOS 650D yang menjadi DSLR entry-level pertama yang dipersenjatai dengan prosesor gambar DIGIC 5. Disandingkan dengan sensor APS-C Hybrid CMOS beresolusi 18 megapixel, 650D mampu menghasilkan gambar berukuran poster yang mendetail dan kaya warna. Kemampuan continuous shooting mengalami peningkatan menjadi 5 fps dengan resolusi penuh.&lt;/div&gt;
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EOS 650D menjadi kamera EOS pertama yang menggunakan sistem AF ganda. Sistem ini mampu memperkaya detail foto dan menawarkan continuous AF tracking selama proses rekam video berlangsung. Sebagai tambahan, sistem AF dengan 9 titik cross type, serta sistem AF&amp;nbsp; Hybrid yang menawarkan continuous AF selama rekam video dan pengambilan gambar melalui mode Live View, telah dibenamkan dalam EOS 650D.&lt;br /&gt;
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Layar LCD yang digunakan dalam EOS 650D mengalami pembaruan yang signifikan dibanding pendahulunya. Walaupun masih menggunakan ukuran 3 inci yang sama dan badan layar yang dapat disesuaikan dengan sudut pandang pengguna, EOS 650D menggunakan layar sentuh yang menawarkan pengalaman fotografi yang lebih menarik.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik2tp8JAf0SckuDj32qOsKQp1erh5HxWZ0oEDXpiUhTj0E26uiUjtkdKi9DgSS-NUsoQ-m3kWr0VCWFdak6SLM2DTf8NZl9REnOcW2GFh0qKkk1ylZTTHxpmaK3lxeviihF6i6xTx9S9M/s1600/Canon-EOS-650D-Back.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik2tp8JAf0SckuDj32qOsKQp1erh5HxWZ0oEDXpiUhTj0E26uiUjtkdKi9DgSS-NUsoQ-m3kWr0VCWFdak6SLM2DTf8NZl9REnOcW2GFh0qKkk1ylZTTHxpmaK3lxeviihF6i6xTx9S9M/s320/Canon-EOS-650D-Back.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Melalui mode Live View, pengguna dapat memilih titik AF, melakukan face tracking, dan menyempurnakan pengaturan foto hanya dengan menyentuh layar beresolusi 1.040k-dot tersebut. Layar EOS 650D juga mendukung gestur multi-touch, seperti pinch-zooming dan swipping ketika melihat ulang hasil foto.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5TIJ2rOtH-ipYD9_YSEsRKFDViC5mZNOOOAqtsFNxaaddsTxBtzxK8mfnuQQdpox83iz_qnSGRVnv_j40L5BOXpSBUgkX9eyirV-FwQPQ9inuwoszWJtVfVjX9FwqAL2S3ukDnilBxV0/s1600/Canon-EOS-650D-Top.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5TIJ2rOtH-ipYD9_YSEsRKFDViC5mZNOOOAqtsFNxaaddsTxBtzxK8mfnuQQdpox83iz_qnSGRVnv_j40L5BOXpSBUgkX9eyirV-FwQPQ9inuwoszWJtVfVjX9FwqAL2S3ukDnilBxV0/s320/Canon-EOS-650D-Top.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Dengan setiap pembaruan yang dilakukan, kemampuan rekam video 1080p, dan kehadiran fitur Creative Filters yang membantu menghasilkan foto-foto dengan efek unik, tampaknya EOS 650D dapat menjadi kamera DSLR entry-level yang tepat. Kamera ini dibanderol dengan harga USD849 (body), USD949 dengan lensa IS 18-55mm, atau USD1199 dengan lensa IS 18-135mm.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Courtesy of:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;http://www.jagatreview.com/2012/06/canon-eos-650d-dslr-entry-level-dengan-sistem-af-hybrid-dan-layar-sentuh/ &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/07/my-first-dlsr-canon-eos-650d.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6sOIXkqqypvLirj3nGqo61ktD23o4UCtWeFnc-2_wcwXox4WqhnzZ-3OvJCe-OhtNLC1nKaghvu2pRcTprdhcvxdR6RI_sHPsJ9sEqkqCOjrnzb5thUa0CMXOKnFLhvs-CPV7HYYckPY/s72-c/Canon-EOS-650D-Front.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-8351160986965765587</guid><pubDate>Thu, 13 Jun 2013 03:12:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-13T10:12:49.719+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Curhat</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Just Repost</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title> &quot;Banker to the Poor&quot;</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguLjaIaDvKCdwFQiPQtyKXUTMz6fOWb8e970MNFTlMH14g5qpsFlIEoTBcFKin_r1mRdCEyHPeyfEGjmEvUiyaJmKz2p9SEcpriNbQuTGeua_0J3RfIy6VJm-vT6osOzhr2YtsxbHlt6g/s1600/yunus.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguLjaIaDvKCdwFQiPQtyKXUTMz6fOWb8e970MNFTlMH14g5qpsFlIEoTBcFKin_r1mRdCEyHPeyfEGjmEvUiyaJmKz2p9SEcpriNbQuTGeua_0J3RfIy6VJm-vT6osOzhr2YtsxbHlt6g/s1600/yunus.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;goog_1885150735&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;goog_1885150736&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Professor Muhammad Yunus established the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1983, fueled by the belief that credit is a fundamental human right. His objective was to help poor people escape from poverty by providing loans on terms suitable to them and by teaching them a few sound financial principles so they could help themselves.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;From Dr. Yunus&#39; personal loan of small amounts of money to destitute basketweavers in Bangladesh in the mid-70s, the Grameen Bank has advanced to the forefront of a burgeoning world movement toward eradicating poverty through microlending. Replicas of the Grameen Bank model operate in more than 100 countries worldwide.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Born in 1940 in the seaport city of Chittagong, Professor Yunus studied at Dhaka University in Bangladesh, then received a Fulbright scholarship to study economics at Vanderbilt University. He received his Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt in 1969 and the following year became an assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University. Returning to Bangladesh, Yunus headed the economics department at Chittagong University.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;From 1993 to 1995, Professor Yunus was a member of the International Advisory Group for the Fourth World Conference on Women, a post to which he was appointed by the UN secretary general. He has served on the Global Commission of Women&#39;s Health, the Advisory Council for Sustainable Economic Development and the UN Expert Group on Women and Finance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Professor Yunus is the recipient of numerous international awards for his ideas and endeavors, including the Mohamed Shabdeen Award for Science (1993), Sri Lanka; Humanitarian Award (1993), CARE, USA; World Food Prize (1994), World Food Prize Foundation, USA; lndependence Day Award (1987), Bangladesh&#39;s highest award; King Hussein Humanitarian Leadership Award (2000), King Hussien Foundation, Jordan; Volvo Environment Prize (2003), Volvo Environment Prize Foundation, Sweden; Nikkei Asia Prize for Regional Growth (2004), Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Japan; Franklin D. Roosevelt Freedom Award (2006), Roosevelt Institute of The Netherlands; and the Seoul Peace Prize (2006), Seoul Peace Prize Cultural Foundation, Seoul, Korea. He is a member of the board of the United Nations Foundation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;From Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 2006, Editor Karl Grandin, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and later published in the book series Les Prix Nobel/Nobel Lectures. The information is sometimes updated with an addendum submitted by the Laureate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/yunus-bio.html# &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/06/banker-to-poor.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguLjaIaDvKCdwFQiPQtyKXUTMz6fOWb8e970MNFTlMH14g5qpsFlIEoTBcFKin_r1mRdCEyHPeyfEGjmEvUiyaJmKz2p9SEcpriNbQuTGeua_0J3RfIy6VJm-vT6osOzhr2YtsxbHlt6g/s72-c/yunus.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-3151018724965110021</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Jun 2013 03:49:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-11T10:56:01.392+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Activities</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Computer Literature</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Learning Linux</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title>Konfigurasi DHCP Server pada Mikrotik Router OS </title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ketika kondisi jaringan membutuhkan konfigurasi IP Address secara otomatis, maka sebaiknya alternatif solusi yang kita berikan adalah dengan menambahkan layanan DHCP Server, dimana server ini akan melakukan leased pada scope IP yang telah kita tentukan. Konfigurasi pengalamatan dengan menggunakan layanan ini akan memudahkan seorang administrator jaringan dalam mengkonfigurasi IP Address jika kebutuhan host relatif besar. Kebutuhan akan pengalamatan secara otomatis ini juga dapat diterapkan pada media jaringan dengan koneksi berbasis wireless, dimana host akan melakukan request IP Dynamic untuk dapat terhubung dan dikenali oleh perangkat Access Point untuk melakukan share ke segment jaringan (internet) yg lainnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Adapun langkah-langkah di dalam melakukan konfigurasi Mikrotik Router OS untuk membuat layanan DHCP Server adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. Masuk ke winbox -&amp;gt; pilih IP -&amp;gt; Pilih DHCP Server&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;Pilih DHCP Setup -&amp;gt; Pilih NIC (interface yang akan dijadikan DHCP Server)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. Menentukan network yang akan menggunakan layanan DHCP (dalam case ini saya menggunakan network 192.168.0.0 prefix /28 (255.255.255.240)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;4. Menentukan IP gateway (dalam case ini saya memasang server NAT plus DHCP server)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;5. Menentukan range IP Address yang disewakan (&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;note penting:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt; tidak termasuk IP DHCP Server)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;6. Menentukan DNS Server (dalam case ini mesin DNS server juga saya integrasikan dengan layanan DHCP Server)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;7. Menentukan leased duration time (waktu maksimum untuk melakukan lease IP dynamic tersebut/dalam case ini saya memberikan leased untuk rolled back setiap 2 jam sekali)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;8. Konfigurasi DHCP Server Selesai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;9. Terlihat layanan DHCP Server telah dipakai oleh salah satu client dg IP 192.168.0.3/28 dengan nama host &quot;zaid&quot;, dengan leased duration yang telah ditentukan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sekian dan selamat mencoba :)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Zaid Amin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/06/konfigurasi-dhcp-server-pada-mikrotik.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNBXiIjuBfE3mf2bP0yzPPFRAWhUZwrUF70gk6G_x6Tt99jeVOUmV6raMGmCeTORRug4zR_CPbj0lQPnCLxOiiZe8W2Ro_g9AQ6pyMKgipFzPVuyTvwpViHJJXF33UaY_mCazfnwOdd6Q/s72-c/cara_kerja_dhcp.gif" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-1914426028801832659</guid><pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2013 10:56:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-11T09:28:01.650+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Computer Literature</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Just Repost</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title>Green Networking</title><description>&lt;h1 class=&quot;title&quot; id=&quot;page-title&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #111845; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #3e3f3f; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: -0.05em; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;Energy Efficient Networking Solutions from LGS Innovations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLdwj38swZa00qOwrPNZrLpIV36XH9FaXkwB_H90ZGP1PHhoGO2cEi3W3_JC19WYoI58peveMtVKiY3fxDO2tYUHnm-N55sTuKaPCGMCjS512ow9QUzTUdye8P6cfBkF72-Cjbpv_i9ZM/s1600/510x264_0000_green+computing+photo+for+web+site.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;165&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLdwj38swZa00qOwrPNZrLpIV36XH9FaXkwB_H90ZGP1PHhoGO2cEi3W3_JC19WYoI58peveMtVKiY3fxDO2tYUHnm-N55sTuKaPCGMCjS512ow9QUzTUdye8P6cfBkF72-Cjbpv_i9ZM/s320/510x264_0000_green+computing+photo+for+web+site.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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The U.S. Federal Government is looking for ways to reduce its environmental footprint through implementing energy efficient solutions that lower its power consumption, use renewable energy, reduce the use of hazardous materials, and reduce greenhouse gases – all while maintaining or improving its ability to perform its missions while lowering costs. Minimizing Federal Agencies’ dependence on energy is critical: not only is energy usage expensive and a contributing factor to global warming and other environmental concerns, but energy can also be hard to come by – particularly in rural and undeveloped areas that are frequently the focus of agency missions, be it on the home front or the battlefield.&lt;/div&gt;
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Information and communications technology (ICT) is a significant source of power consumption. For example, faster, more powerful and dense telecommunications hardware generates significant heat and imposes considerable data center cooling requirements. With computer room air conditioning (CRAC) and cooling systems accounting for up to 45 percent of the energy consumed in the data center, the U.S. Federal Government is re-evaluating traditional approaches to data center cooling and seeking to lower costs and increase efficiencies through reduced power consumption, better utilization of space, and improved eco-sustainability.&lt;/div&gt;
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As part of its effort to find more energy efficient solutions, the U.S. Federal Government is seeking to meet a range of energy efficiency mandates, including:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style: url(http://www.lgsinnovations.com/sites/lgsinnovations.com/themes/lgsinnovations/i/bullets.png); margin: 0px 0px 20px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;The need to operate as cost-effectively and efficiently as possible&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;The need to maximize energy efficiencies&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;The need to address environmental and green-computing initiatives&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;The need to manage and reduce operational complexity&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;The need to minimize the impact on present data center infrastructure&lt;/li&gt;
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LGS Innovations: Industry Leader in Energy Efficiency&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
LGS Innovations delivers cost-effective energy efficient networking solutions that align with a range of agency programs, including cost-effective operations, optimization of energy efficiencies, reduced management complexity, and the need to meet green computing initiatives.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Extensive experience and the ability to leverage Bell Labs’ energy efficient networking solutions around thermal design and cooling technologies give LGS Innovations the knowledge and leadership to serve as the strategic partner in transforming U.S. Federal Government networks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
LGS Innovations’ commitment to energy efficiency is a reflection of our parent company’s commitment to reduce the impact of our communications and network solutions on the environment. Alcatel-Lucent has established a comprehensive eco-sustainability program, “Driving an Eco-sustainable Communications Transformation,” with a strategy that focuses on:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Direct eco-benefits: We are building smarter, more energy-efficient, eco-sustainable networks, and we are addressing innovation at all layers. We evaluate the environmental impact of our products and networks to help drive innovation in both new and existing networks and equipment.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Indirect eco-benefits: We are creating innovative energy efficient solutions and services that enable significant environmental benefits in different business sectors while enriching people’s lives in sustainable ways through such techniques as smart metering, smart buildings, smart transport, and teleworking.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Eco-efficient operations: We are embedding environmental responsibility into the way we think and operate; eco-sustainability is integrated throughout our operations.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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Alcatel-Lucent signed the “Caring for Climate” initiative in December 2007, and remains committed to setting goals, implementing corporate strategies and using more energy efficient solutions, and reducing our carbon footprint.&lt;/div&gt;
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The U.S. Federal Government can be confident that LGS Innovations’ energy efficient&amp;nbsp; networking solutions incorporate energy saving strategies that span across its product lines:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style: url(http://www.lgsinnovations.com/sites/lgsinnovations.com/themes/lgsinnovations/i/bullets.png); margin: 0px 0px 20px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;At the hardware level: High-efficiency power amplifiers, highly integrated modules (such as the Twin TRX in GSM), or the multi-carrier power amplifier for mixed GSM, W-CDMA and LTE&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;At the software level: Dynamic software adaptation of the power consumption to the traffic carried with dynamic power save in GSM, automatic carrier switch-off in W-CDMA, etc.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;At the site level: ‘No air conditioning’ utilizing outdoor cabinets, ‘no feeders’ implementing remote radio head technology&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;At the wireless network level: High-coverage radio solutions like the Twin TRX in coverage mode in GSM, beamforming in WiMAX, etc.&lt;/li&gt;
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Energy Efficient Network Solutions at Work&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;
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The Modular Cooling Solution was deployed in Alcatel-Lucent’s IPTV lab in Plano, Texas , where it has helped address demanding challenges and deliver quantifiable benefits of energy efficient solutions. Specifically, the goals were to:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style: url(http://www.lgsinnovations.com/sites/lgsinnovations.com/themes/lgsinnovations/i/bullets.png); margin: 0px 0px 20px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Develop and deploy a cost-effective cooling solution for a 17-server cabinet lab&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Increase server reliability and density&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Improve real estate utilization&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Reduce energy costs&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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The installation of the infrastructure and cooling system took place over several weeks and was fully operational by June 2009, ahead of schedule. What’s more, the results were immediate and dramatic:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style: url(http://www.lgsinnovations.com/sites/lgsinnovations.com/themes/lgsinnovations/i/bullets.png); margin: 0px 0px 20px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Reduction of exhaust (hot) aisle temperature from 40¼C (104¼F) to 22¼C (72¼F)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Reduction of internal server temperatures from 32¼C (90¼F) to 24¼C (75¼F)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Reduction of noise levels and energy consumption, since servers’ internal fans will run at lower speeds&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Reduction of building air conditioning load&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Reduction of overall operating expense&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Improved server reliability&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3e3f3f; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;http://www.lgsinnovations.com/solutions/green-networking&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/06/green-networking.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLdwj38swZa00qOwrPNZrLpIV36XH9FaXkwB_H90ZGP1PHhoGO2cEi3W3_JC19WYoI58peveMtVKiY3fxDO2tYUHnm-N55sTuKaPCGMCjS512ow9QUzTUdye8P6cfBkF72-Cjbpv_i9ZM/s72-c/510x264_0000_green+computing+photo+for+web+site.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-512119852898785059</guid><pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2013 10:53:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-10T17:53:45.064+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Computer Literature</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Just Repost</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title>100GB Networking</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtZFBIl6NYFiKLYld7HtK1bcPfFIteD2Dok6CJXASQhW2LVSwLlD1lwdFqzM8T_pBy0zam1Cay2WOPGiYiikusQVZIvkgtHs2DA5_lYbIySKXahs-31TqlqWKLvvys34hVqjQv33WV3hc/s1600/748x264_4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;112&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtZFBIl6NYFiKLYld7HtK1bcPfFIteD2Dok6CJXASQhW2LVSwLlD1lwdFqzM8T_pBy0zam1Cay2WOPGiYiikusQVZIvkgtHs2DA5_lYbIySKXahs-31TqlqWKLvvys34hVqjQv33WV3hc/s320/748x264_4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;The U.S. Federal Government is moving to deliver higher bandwidth technologies that support 100G (gigabit per second) network capacity to ease strain on networks and maintain superior performance – thus avoiding potentially disastrous service bottlenecks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3e3f3f; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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The jump from 10G or 40G to 100G significantly increases transmission speeds: it enables one network fiber to transport 8.8 TB/sec. This accelerated exchange of data can easily enable a dramatic increase in the use of high-bandwidth applications like video in areas as diverse as battlefield medicine, equipment training, VTC, and video surveillance. It only takes one second to transmit a 90-minute HD video using a 100G interface. With video growing to exceed 91 percent of global consumer traffic by 2014 and Internet video alone predicted to account for 57 percent of all consumer Internet traffic in 2014, the changing landscape of networking demands the best-available solutions for video transmission.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3e3f3f; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
LGS Innovations and its parent company, Alcatel-Lucent, have taken a leadership position in the industry as the only supplier to offer deployable 100G solutions in both the IP and optics domains. In optics, 100G next generation coherent technology is an innovative and economically viable solution for new deployments. Likewise in IP, the power of 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GE) supports speed, services, and scalability with no compromise.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3e3f3f; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Key features of Alcatel-Lucent’s 100G solutions include:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3e3f3f; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;li style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Higher integration and longer transmission reach&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Lower network complexity, operational costs, and power consumption&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Unprecedented compatibility with lower-speed transport infrastructures (such as 10G and 40G)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Designed to address the booming bandwidth demands driven by streaming technology, Web applications, file sharing, and high definition video, 100G solutions from LGS Innovations scale existing networks to 100G without performance degradation, and provide an economically viable platform for new optical networking deployments.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Leveraging its long heritage with Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent has long invested in research and experiments in 100G optical transmission and next generation coherent technology. The benefits of this focus are demonstrated in the success of the company’s offerings. Because Alcatel-Lucent offers both 100G optical transport and 100G Ethernet technologies, LGS Innovations can provide U.S. Federal Government agencies with significantly higher integration and network coverage for the lowest operational costs and power consumption. The optical component leverages PDM-QPSK with coherent detection for best-in-class 100G/s transmission. Alcatel-Lucent has implemented the optics technology on its leading Photonic Service Switch platform, the 1830 PSS.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The unmatched end-to-end scalability, performance, and low cost-per-bit transport of the Alcatel-Lucent optical solution for achieving 100G communication are due to breakthrough innovations such as optimized modulation formats, which reduce the negative effects of dramatic increases in line rates, and coherent detection, which doubles the transported capacity and increases the spectral efficiency.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Other technological advances include photonic OAM with Wavelength Tracker, to monitor and trace each wavelength at any point in the network, dispersion compensation, and superior tolerance for optical noise. Transmission distances can be extended without costly regeneration, and the signal can pass through more Reconfigurable Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs) The Alcatel-Lucent optical 100G solutions also boast the best ability to achieve fast wavelength reconfigurations.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;http://www.lgsinnovations.com/solutions/next-generation-high-speed-networking/100gb-networking&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/06/100gb-networking.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtZFBIl6NYFiKLYld7HtK1bcPfFIteD2Dok6CJXASQhW2LVSwLlD1lwdFqzM8T_pBy0zam1Cay2WOPGiYiikusQVZIvkgtHs2DA5_lYbIySKXahs-31TqlqWKLvvys34hVqjQv33WV3hc/s72-c/748x264_4.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-1431935448818367348</guid><pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2013 10:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-11T11:02:28.731+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Activities</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Computer Literature</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Learning Linux</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title>Instalasi Mikrotik Router OS Pada VMware</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwgivaEWpWj2GhK4xW2vmz2pY10PkWq6y3fyC5gJIGgJi8GKVPBE95cv-qcnXaYrtadoASAmNBumn6aw30FVstano2oBXkZLsKtO_lpJvqremqPCDlMxaNy2G41YNtN1LXEpmAVYY_ky0/s1600/network-installation-WebPoint.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;203&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwgivaEWpWj2GhK4xW2vmz2pY10PkWq6y3fyC5gJIGgJi8GKVPBE95cv-qcnXaYrtadoASAmNBumn6aw30FVstano2oBXkZLsKtO_lpJvqremqPCDlMxaNy2G41YNtN1LXEpmAVYY_ky0/s320/network-installation-WebPoint.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Pada tutorial ini, saya mencoba untuk menampilkan dokumentasi sederhana tentang bagaimana kita memulai untuk mengenal MIkrotik Router OS dengan melakukan instalasi OS pada tools virtual os seperti menggunakan tools VMware, hal yang paling utama kita persiapkan adalah file *.iso Mikrotik Router OS nya, anda dapat melakukan searching di google untuk melihat dimana repository terbaru untuk file *.iso tersebut dan berikut beberapa langkah-langkah dalam instalasi nya (dalam hal ini MIkrotik Router OS yang saya gunakan sudah sampai pada level 6).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Langkah-langkah:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tentukan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; space di &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;vmware&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; 500 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mb saja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Masukkan file *.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;iso&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Mikrotik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;pada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; drive cd room&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3. Atur parameter device dan Start Power On&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;4. Proses Mounting ; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tekan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; a (all) ; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tekan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; I (install)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;5. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Proses Start Up; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pilih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; : y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp; Reboot Machine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;7. Instalasi selesai dan kemudian masuk ke Mikrotik Router OS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;Autentikasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt; Login:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;User : admin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;Pass : [&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;tekan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt; enter]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;8. Masuk halaman antar muka Mikrotik Router OS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;9.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;Kemudian kita coba menghubungkan interface Mikrotik Router OS tersebut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;ke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Tools&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;Winbox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt; (GUI Configuration), lalu&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;Ubah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt; Setting Network Adapter &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;menjadi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt; custom -&amp;gt;
vmnet1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; (pemilihan setting NIC dapat mempengaruhi koneksi antara VMware dan Host OS yang kita gunakan).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;;&quot;&gt;10.Pemilihan setting NIC pada VMware (vmnet1) artinya kita menggunakan koneksi NIC virtual dengan ID Custom = Vmnet1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;11. Untuk menghindari redundant koneksi kita matikan NIC vmnet8 (disable)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;12. Masuk ke a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ntarmuka Winbox -&amp;gt; Pilih Interface MAC Address Mikrotik (lebih baik memilih remote dengan pilihan MAC Address daripada menggunakan IP Address&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;13. Memilih interfaces berdasarkan MAC Address&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;14.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Antar Muka GUI Configuration Winbox -&amp;gt; OK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;15.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;Atur Lisensi -&amp;gt; System -&amp;gt; License&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;16.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Masukkan Key Lisensi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;17. Proses Reboot&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;18.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;Lisensi Level 6 Aktif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;Selesai, anda kemudian dapat melanjutkan konfigurasi Mikrotik Router OS sesuai dengan kebutuhan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.2in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Zaid Amin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/06/instalasi-mikrotik-router-os-pada-vmware.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwgivaEWpWj2GhK4xW2vmz2pY10PkWq6y3fyC5gJIGgJi8GKVPBE95cv-qcnXaYrtadoASAmNBumn6aw30FVstano2oBXkZLsKtO_lpJvqremqPCDlMxaNy2G41YNtN1LXEpmAVYY_ky0/s72-c/network-installation-WebPoint.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-4875882870405304643</guid><pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2013 03:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-10T10:31:59.792+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Computer Literature</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Just Repost</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">MDGS-2015</category><title>Apa itu Mikrotik [Router OS]</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
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MikroTik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;RouterOS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;™ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;sistem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;operasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;perangkat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;lunak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dapat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;digunakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;untuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;menjadikan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;komputer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;manjadi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; router network yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;handal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mencakup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;berbagai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;fitur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dibuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;untuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; network &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;jaringan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; wireless, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;cocok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;digunakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;oleh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; ISP &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; provider hotspot&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Mikrotik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;salah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;satu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; vendor &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;baik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; hardware &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; software yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;menyediakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;fasilitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;untuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;membuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; router.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Salah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;satunya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Mikrotik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Router OS, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ini&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Operating system
yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;khusus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;digunakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;untuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;membuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;sebuah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; router &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dengan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;cara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;menginstallnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;komputer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Fasilitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;atau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; tools yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;disediakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dalam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Mikrotik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Router &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Os&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;sangat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;lengkap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;untuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;membangun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;sebuah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; router yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;handal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;stabil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Mikrotik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;perusahaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;kecil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;berkantor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;pusat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; di Latvia, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;bersebelahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dengan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Rusia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;pembentukannya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;diprakarsai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;oleh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; John &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Trully&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Arnis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Riekstins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tahun1996 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;John &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Arnis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mulai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; me-routing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dunia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;visi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Mikrotik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; me-routing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;seluruh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dunia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Mulai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dengan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;sistem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Linux &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; MS DOS yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dikombinasikan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dengan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;teknologi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Wireless LAN (W-LAN)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Aeronet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;berkecepatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; 2Mbps di Moldova, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tetangga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Latvia, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;baru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;kemudian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;melayani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; lima &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;pelanggannya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; di Latvia, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;karena&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ambisi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;membuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;satu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;peranti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;lunak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; router yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;handal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;disebarkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;seluruh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dunia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;wireless &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;terbesar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; di &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dunia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Prinsip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dasar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;bukan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;membuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Wireless ISP (WISP),
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tapi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;membuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; program router yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;handal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dapat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dijalankan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; di &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;seluruh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dunia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; language: id; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Linux &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;gunakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;pertama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; kali &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Kernel 2.2 yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dikembangkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;secara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;bersama-sama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dengan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;bantuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; 5 - 15 orang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;staf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; R&amp;amp;D &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Mikrotik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;sekarang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;menguasai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dunia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; routing di &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;negara-negara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;berkembang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Selain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;staf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; di &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;lingkungan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Mikrotik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;menurut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Arnis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;merekrut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;juga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tenaga-tenaga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;lepas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;pihak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ketiga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dengan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;intensif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mengembangkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Mikrotik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;secara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;maraton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 130%; mso-color-index: 9; mso-special-format: bullet;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; language: id; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.2in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Fitur-fitur Mikrotik&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Routing - Static routing&lt;br /&gt;Data Rate Management&lt;br /&gt;Hotspot&lt;br /&gt;Point-to-Point tunneling protocols&lt;br /&gt;Simple tunnels&lt;br /&gt;Ipsec&lt;br /&gt;Firewall dan NAT&lt;br /&gt;Web proxy&lt;br /&gt;Caching DNS client&lt;br /&gt;DHCP&lt;br /&gt;Universal Client&lt;br /&gt;VRRP&lt;br /&gt;UPnP&lt;br /&gt;NTP&lt;br /&gt;Monitoring/Accounting&lt;br /&gt;SNMP&lt;br /&gt;M3P&lt;br /&gt;MNDP&lt;br /&gt;Tool&lt;br /&gt;Wireless&lt;br /&gt;Bridge&lt;br /&gt;Virtual LAN&lt;br /&gt;Synchronous&lt;br /&gt;Asynchronous&lt;br /&gt;ISDN&lt;br /&gt;SDSL&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mikrotik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;RouterOS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;hadir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dalam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;berbagai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;level.Tiap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; level &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;memiliki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;kemampuannya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;masing-masing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mulai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dari&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; level 3, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;hingga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; level 6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Secara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;singkat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, level 3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;digunakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;untuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; router &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;berinterface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ethernet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, level 4 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;untuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; wireless client &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;atau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; serial interface,
level 5 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;untuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; wireless AP, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; level 6 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tidak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mempunyai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;limitasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;apapun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Untuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;aplikasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; hotspot, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;bisa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;digunakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; level 4 (200 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;pengguna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;), level 5 (500 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;pengguna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; level 6 (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tidak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;terbatas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Sumber : &lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; language: id; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-top: 5.28pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c3260c; font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; *&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;http://www.mikrotik.co.id/&lt;br /&gt;
http://ittechnosolutindo.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=103:apa-itu-mikrotik&amp;amp;catid=41:artikel&amp;amp;Itemid=18&lt;br /&gt;
http://rachmad29.blogspot.com/2008/11/apa-itu-mikrotik.html&lt;br /&gt;
http://fabrie.blogspot.com/2011/08/apa-itu-mikrotik.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #404040; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2013/06/apa-itu-mikrotik-router-os.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguQE4bBoWM8XuEVQb9muevr0MF91ZOzqYwKQw81it0GQRZDzENB3ye_4OhwaI-AOW9n3C4E9_gqjeGcIyIBwq3KE-TobuAet3JvYr0kgdxTw93XqkIieEFvSkFLZanXiNtb9m2AFzJ-2U/s72-c/logo_mikrotik.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-4416292959063784748</guid><pubDate>Fri, 20 Jul 2012 12:39:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-10T10:01:34.970+07:00</atom:updated><title>10 Hari Pertama Bulan Ramadhan</title><description>&lt;b&gt;10 Hari Pertama Bulan Ramadhan&lt;/b&gt; -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp2Oa6lc0Ux-zmo0xYq_OTu_gdai6PE1NWmE71egXGmd1AvkonSdNnpUwz2Kovz6db7q7EsLtlxjhAkn1xKL1_-fHCeUyPXlg8W1KCnIZE12a1xx_ljUoiOzzOi9szjqt1qQfr_Qq4tfs/s1600/little-boy-praying.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp2Oa6lc0Ux-zmo0xYq_OTu_gdai6PE1NWmE71egXGmd1AvkonSdNnpUwz2Kovz6db7q7EsLtlxjhAkn1xKL1_-fHCeUyPXlg8W1KCnIZE12a1xx_ljUoiOzzOi9szjqt1qQfr_Qq4tfs/s320/little-boy-praying.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Fase 10 Hari Pertama Bulan Ramadhan di sebut dengan Malam Rahmat, 10 
Hari Kedua di sebut dengan Maghfiroh, dan 10 Hari Ketiga disebut dengan 
Itsfunminannar (pembebasan dari Api Neraka).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Suatu Ketika Para Sahabat Bertanya Kepada Rasullullah saw, 
YaRasullullah, apa sih sebenarnya keutamaan (kelebihan) Sholat Sunnat 
Tarwih Pada Bulan Ramadhan?, lalu Rasullullah pun menjawab sebagaimana&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
yang dijelaskan dalam sebuah hadist yang di riwayatkan oleh Saiyidian 
Ali(r.a), Kelebihan Sholat Sunnat Tarwih Pada bulan Ramadhan Adalah sbb :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Malam Pertama :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Barang Siapa yang melaksanakan Sholat Sunnat Tarwih pada malam pertama 
Ramadhan, maka ia akan keluar dari dosa dosa sebagaimana ia baru di 
lahirkan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Malam Kedua :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Barang Siapa yang melaksanakan Sholat Sunnat Tarwih pada malam dua 
Ramadhan, maka dosanya dan kedua dosa ibu bapak nya akan di ampuni oleh 
SWT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Malam Ketiga :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Barang Siapa yang melaksanakan Sholat Sunnat Tarwih pada malam ketiga 
Ramadhan, maka maka malaikat yang ada di Arsy berdoa kepada Allah agar 
diampuni dosa kita&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Malam Ke empat :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Barang Siapa yang melaksanakan Sholat Sunnat Tarwih pada malam ke empat 
 Ramadhan, maka ia akan memperolah pahala dari orang2 yang membaca kitab
  Taurat, Zabur, Injil dan Al Qur&#39;an&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Malam Ke Lima :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Barang Siapa yang melaksanakan Sholat Sunnat Tarwih pada malam lima  
Ramadhan, maka Allah akan Memberikan Pahala sebagaimana Pahala nya 
orang2 yang sholat di masjidil Haram, Masjid Madina dan Aqsa.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Malam Ke Enam :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Barang Siapa yang melaksanakan Sholat Sunnat Tarwih pada malam ke enam  
Ramadhan, maka Malaikat yang tawaf di Baitul Makmur (70Ribu malaikat) 
serat batu2 dan tanah mendoakan orang2 yang melaksanakan sholat tarwih 
pada malam ini.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Malam Ke Tujuh :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Barang Siapa yang melaksanakan Sholat Sunnat Tarwih pada malam ke tujuh 
 Ramadhan, maka ia akan memperolah pahala Se akan2 bertemu dengan Nabi 
Musa dan Berjuang mengalahkan musuh ketatnya yaitu Fi&#39;aun dan Hamman.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Malam Ke delapan :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Barang Siapa yang melaksanakan Sholat Sunnat Tarwih pada malam kedelapan
  Ramadhan, maka ia akan memperolah pahala yang di lakukan nabi Ibrahim 
As&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Malam Ke Sembilan :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Barang Siapa yang melaksanakan Sholat Sunnat Tarwih pada malam ke 
sembilan  Ramadhan, maka ia akan di naikkan mutu dan nilai ibadah nya 
sebagaimana mutu dan Ibadah Nabi Muhammad SAW.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Malam ke Sepuluh :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Barang Siapa yang melaksanakan Sholat Sunnat Tarwih pada malam ke 
sepuluh  Ramadhan, maka Allah akan mengkaruniakan kepadanya kebaikan 
dunia dan Akhirat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Courtesy of:http://m-wali.blogspot.com/2011/08/10-hari-pertama-bulan-ramadhan.html&lt;/i&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2012/07/10-hari-pertama-bulan-ramadhan-fase-10.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp2Oa6lc0Ux-zmo0xYq_OTu_gdai6PE1NWmE71egXGmd1AvkonSdNnpUwz2Kovz6db7q7EsLtlxjhAkn1xKL1_-fHCeUyPXlg8W1KCnIZE12a1xx_ljUoiOzzOi9szjqt1qQfr_Qq4tfs/s72-c/little-boy-praying.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7984281839820604956.post-8628208418172410706</guid><pubDate>Wed, 09 May 2012 02:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-05-09T09:52:33.914+07:00</atom:updated><title>SOHO</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;APA ITU SOHO?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
SOHO (Small Office Home Office) merupakan
 trend baru di dunia Internet dimana seseorang, atau sekelompok kecil 
orang bekerja di rumah menggunakan Internet &amp;amp; komputer sebagai media
 utamanya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
SOHO (small office home office) yaitu sebuah konsep bisnis 
kontemporer yang lahir karena adanya perkembangan di bidang teknologi, 
telekomunikasi, dan digitalisasi, yang dapat memberikan kemudahan bagi 
para pengambil keputusan dari mana saja.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
SOHO  yaitu Perkantoran skala 
kecil dan menengah yang membutuhkan jaringan lokal (Local Area Network –
 LAN) dengan skala kurang dari 50 unit perangkat komputer di satu 
tempat, tidak tersebar atau memiliki cabang di sejumlah lokasi geografis
 yang terpisah atau tersebar di banyak tempat.  Hal ini terjadi karena 
semakin berkembang dan meningkatnya pemanfaatan dan kebutuhan Teknologi 
Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIK) yang  menjadi platform utama berbagai 
aktivitas kehidupan, bisnis maupun pemerintahan. LAN dan Internet adalah
 infrastruktur dasar yang menjadi modal dasar penerapan dan pemanfaatan 
TIK.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;more-12&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Bekerja ala SOHO membutuhkan sosok 
specialis. Internet memungkinkan kita menjadi seorang pakar (specialis) 
dalam bidang tertentu tanpa harus menempuh pendidikan formal (perguruan 
tinggi) terlebih dahulu. Kita bisa belajar secara otodidak melalui dunia
 maya. Informasi di dunia maya begitu melimpah, kita bisa mendapatkan 
informasi yang kita perlukan untuk mendukung kerja-kerja kita.Dan, tidak
 akan mungkin kita akan menguasai semua bidang. Untuk itu, penentuan 
fokus menjadi sesuatu yang penting agar kita bisa diakui oleh 
masyarakat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
SOHO memang menawarkan kemudahan dari sisi mobilitas serta pengaturan waktu dalam menjalankan aktivitas pekerjaan. Namun demikian, ketika seseorang 
memutuskan untuk menerapkan konsep SOHO, tak lantas bisa mengabaikan 
sisi profesionalisme pekerjaan.  Walau tak harus menggunakan sistem 
kerja yang terlalu formal layaknya kantor pada umumnya, tapi tetap saja 
SOHO harus dijalankan dengan sikap profesional. Misalnya tetap 
menerapkan jam kantor dengan waktu yang bisa ditentukan sendiri.  Selain
 masalah jam kantor, hal penting lain yang harus diperhatikan adalah 
ketersediaan area yang nantinya disebut sebagai kantor. Mengingat area 
ini akan bersatu dengan rumah pribadi, tak ada keharusan untuk 
menyediakan ruang yang lebar layaknya kantor seperti kebanyakan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Yang penting ada pembatasan antara area kantor dengan area hunian, 
seperti diberi sekat antara kantor dengan ruangan lain.  Pemberian 
batasan tersebut diharapkan bisa memunculkan aura profesionalisme yang 
tertuang dalam ketersediaan ruang sebagai sebuah kantor. Dengan begitu 
tidak akan memunculkan kesan, bekerja dari rumah bisa dilakukan sesuka 
hati.Akibat positif SOHO adalah efisiensi ruang dan waktu, percepatan 
proses, peningkatan kinerja dan reduksi biaya. Akibat negatifnya adalah 
hilangnya sejumlah fungsi, struktur dan aktivitas serta kertergantungan 
terhadap Teknologi. Lingkungan dan budaya kerja akan berubah secara 
drastis, apabila tidak disikapi dengan bijaksana oleh manajemen akan 
menimbulkan shock, friksi dan resistensi karena harus senantiasa 
beradaptasi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt; Sejarah SOHO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Konsep SOHO sendiri mulai menjadi tren di pertengahan 1990-an saat 
penggunaan PC (personal computer) semakin marak, dan proses komunikasi 
data dan suara makin mudah dan murah melalui jalur internet. Hal ini 
memungkinkan aktivitas bisnis tak harus lagi dilakukan melalui kantor, 
tapi bisa pula dijalankan dari rumah. Umumnya profesi yang bisa 
dijalankan dengan konsep SOHO misalnya penulis, arsitek, agen real 
estat, programmer, konsultan bisnis, bidang tehnologi informasi, sampai 
designer.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Dan akhir abad ke-20 menjadi era 
kebangkitan SOHO secara global bahkan mulai menjadi gaya hidup modern. 
Para produsen peralatan kantor juga mulai dengan serius melirik SOHO 
sebagai sebuah pasar yang menjanjikan. Tak heran bila kini banyak 
peralatan kantor yang berukuran kecil dan multifungsi, macam fax yang 
bisa berfungsi sebagai printer, scanner, sampai fotocopy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Sebenarnya sebelum abad ke-19 konsep yang
 mirip dengan SOHO sudah dikenal. Hanya saja saat itu tidak dikenal 
terminologi SOHO ini. Sebelum Revolusi Industri di abad ke-19, mayoritas
 kegiatan bisnis justru dijalankan dari kantor dalam skala rumahan. Hal 
ini disebabkan skala bisnis saat itu juga masih kecil.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Konsep ini sudah dimulai di New York, 
London, dan Beijing. Malahan Singapura tak mau kalah dan telah membangun
 SOHO Central yang merupakan bagian dari proyek prestisius Far East 
Organization, Central. Di Jakarta, konsep serupa mulai diperkenalkan 
salah satunya oleh PT Duta Anggada Realty dengan proyek apartemen 
berlantai 40 yaitu SOHO Citylofts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;IMPLEMENTASI SOHO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Contohnya adalah Onno W. Purbo. Setelah 
melepaskan jabatannya sebagai dosen di Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB),
 Onno mengikrarkan dirinya untuk bekerja di rumah.  “ Saya sudah lama 
bekerja di rumah, misalnya menulis buku, artikel, dan paper ke berbagai 
media, serta jurnal elektronik. Di samping memenuhi berbagai undangan 
presentasi seminar dan lain sebagainya. Tujuannya adalah sangat 
sederhana, karena saya berkeinginan agar masyarakat Indonesia pandai dan
 melek Internet selain meng-internet-kan masyarakat”, ujar Onno dalam 
surat pengunduran dirinya sebagai dosen ITB.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Menurut Doktor lulusan University of 
Waterloo, Ontario Canada ini, bekerja di rumah menjadi sangat mungkin 
karena adanya bantuan dari infrastruktur Internet yang relatif murah. 
Ketika masih menggunakan sambungan Internet dial-up, Onno mengaku bisa 
mengirit biaya sekitar 15-30 menit per hari. “Hasilnya lumayan. Untuk 
membayar akses ke Internet hanya menghabiskan sekitar Rp. 
40-60.000/bulan, sedang untuk Telkom-nya menghabiskan sekitar Rp. 
150-250.000/bulan”, tuturnya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Selain itu, pria kelahiran kota Kembang 
Bandung ini juga sudah menginstalasi internet wireless kecepatan 11Mbps,
 berlangganan secara personal (bukan corporate) dengan biaya sekitar Rp.
 330.000/bulan untuk 500Mbyte pertama. Lumayan murah untuk kelas 
rumahan, bahkan biaya yang dikeluarkan per bulan tidak berbeda jauh 
dengan pada saat menggunakan dial-up Telkom. “Saya juga memperoleh 
kecepatan yang jauh lebih tinggi dengan sambungan 24 jam/hari”, 
tambahnya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Contoh yang paling real untuk kasus ini 
adalah Owo Sugiono dari rab.co.id. Ketika melepaskan software billing 
system WARNET miliknya ke masyarakat secara bebas, nama Owo menjadi 
beken dan pekerjaannya pun tak perlu terlalu dirisaukan. Bahkan, 
rekan-rekannya di Knowledge Management Research Group (KMRG) ITB, yang 
di pimpin Ismail Fahmi, melakukan hal yang sama. Akibatnya, dana bantuan
 penelitian dalam jumlah puluhan ribuan dolar AS bisa diperoleh dengan 
mudah dari Kanada.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pada tingkat yang lebih tinggi sebagai 
software developer, ini mungkin sulit untuk memperoleh pekerjaan di 
Indonesia yang tingkat industrinya masih berupa industri jasa untuk 
instalasi dan servis. Walaupun sudah ada beberapa profesional TI di 
Indonesia yang sudah mampu menangani jasa outsourcing software house 
luar negeri dan mengerjakannya di Indonesia. Gde Raka, misalnya. Salah 
seorang mantan mahasiswa Onno W. Purbo ini sekarang menjadi outsourcer 
perusahaan software di Silicon Valley US. Gde Raka mengerjakan pekerjaan
 pemrogramannya dengan santai di Bali. Ia tak perlu harus ke Amerika, 
melainkan cukup dengan bantuan Internet hasil pekerjaannya bisa langsung
 dikirim.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sumber:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1. http://www.pataka.net/2006/11/18/membangun-internet-soho/&lt;br /&gt;
2. http://cyberjob.cbn.net.id/cbprtl/cyberjob/detail.aspx?x=Hot+Topic&amp;amp;y=cyberjob%7C0%7C0%7C2%7C24&lt;br /&gt;
3. http://simpang5.wordpress.com/2008/02/21/soho-alternatif-solusi-bekerja-yang-tepat/&lt;br /&gt;
4. http://nyam-nyam.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;task=view&amp;amp;id=13&amp;amp;Itemid=3&lt;br /&gt;
5. http://onno.vlsm.org/v09/onno-ind-1/application/bagaimana-pola-kerja-soho-di-dunia-cyber-06-2000.rtf.&lt;br /&gt;
6. http://www.ebizzasia.com/0109-2003/enterprise,0109,02.htm&lt;br /&gt;
7. www.hipki.or.id/news_modul/Makalah_Seminar_Inkubator.doc+definisi%2BSOHO&amp;amp;hl=id&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;cd=30&amp;amp;gl=id&lt;br /&gt;
8. http://www.dudung.net/index.php?naon=depan&amp;amp;action=detail&amp;amp;id=815&amp;amp;cat=1&lt;br /&gt;
9. http://neisha-diva.blogspot.com/2008/04/berkantor-di-rumah-dengan-soho.html&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://4aira.wordpress.com/2008/07/01/soho-kenalkah/%20&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Courtesy of : http://4aira.wordpress.com/2008/07/01/soho-kenalkah/ &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://www.zaidamin.org/2012/05/soho.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Zaid Amin)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfY_C-J_19jx7tiLkHw1H3WwZhNS3eyXQMkN_vZXbob34bzyEOo-LiTyXX7S8MpaUqlAVZdPoWxlYi6rDBeLB9rJo_JCumNH_r5l-WxlJXL9hc-1DElVXtTWelkXNb6TBzs6CYuK_wlp0/s72-c/homeoffice.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item></channel></rss>