Naveenkumar

How A Diesel Locomotive Runs ?

2021-02-16T00:00:00.011+05:30

Most of us might have thought that diesel locomotives works like diesel trucks or cars, If you are one among them, then you are totally wrong. Diesel Locomotives work as like electric locomotive with a diesel generator, lets see how works in detail.

Diesel Locomotive

As trains are long and should pull lots of load, mechanical transmission of power from a IC Engine to wheels may result in irregular load distribution between wheels and there should be a gear for transmission to obtain different speeds and torque. Which increases rolling stocks and decreases efficiency and heavy maintenance.

Block Diagram of Diesel Locomotive

To avoid this Diesel Locomotives actually uses Electrical Drives as electric locomotive with a Diesel Generator attached to it, which is used to generate electricity in locomotive. In which the power is generated by generators in the rail and is used to drive the locomotive as a electrical locomotive. This method reduces the rolling stocks in the power transfer process hence less maintenance and increase in efficiency. also it gives even distribution of load to all the wheels.

Hybrid Locomotive

And now Many Railways is combining diesel locomotive and electric locomotive hence creating a hybrid locomotive which can run both as a diesel locomotive and as a electric locomotive if the power lines are there in the sector.

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How Electric Locomotive Works ?

2021-02-01T08:00:00.041+05:30

Have you ever wondered how a electric locomotive works / runs, then this post is right for you in this post we are to explain how a electric locomotive runs. The Electric locomotives works with electrical energy which may be generated hundreds of miles away, from where they are transmitted through overhead cables or a third rail. In which the overhead cable are the most preferable.

Electric Locomotive

At first the photograph of the locomotive makes contact with the cable / third rail and carries the power to the locomotive's Main transformer(the neutral for closing the circuit is taken from the tracks which are grounded) , where the voltage is stepped to the corresponding limits and send to a rectifier circuits and converted to DC. Until this every locomotive has the same layout but there are two types of electrical drives used in electric locomotive:

1) DC series motor,

2) 3 phase induction motor.

Layout of AC Electric Locomotive

The DC series Motors are used in older locomotives which are now replaced by 3 phase induction motor these days, let's see working of both. For DC series motor locomotive the DC voltage obtained is sent to the DC-DC Controller for varying the speed etc.. Which is controlled by sensors. The cooling systems and other controlling devices are powered through the auxiliary rectifiers and inverters.

In the case of a 3 phase induction motor the output DC from the main rectifier is fed to a 3 Phase inverter where the DC is converted to three phase AC and fed to the Motor through the controlling circuits. The power for sensors, cooling system and other control devices are taken through auxiliary rectifiers and inverters.

This is a basic outline of how a electric locomotive runs, stay tuned and subscribe to get email notifications... If you are not satisfied with this, or having a explanation comment you views in the comment box below we are open for discussions and changes

Common Types Of Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells)

2021-01-15T08:00:00.074+05:30

Silicon Solar Cell
Silicon Solar Cells (PV cells) are commonly used as Silicon, is the most abundant element also, silicon has Suitable band gap and silicon is already widely used in electronics industry. Silicon Solar Cells are of two types
1. Monocrystalline Solar Cells.
  Monocrystalline solar cells are manufactured by Czochralski method. These cells are more efficient than polycrystaline cells.
  Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline cells
2. Polycrystalline Solar Cells.
  Polycrystalline Solar cells are manufactured by bridgman process. These cells are 2-3% less efficient than monocrystalline cells.

Thin Filim Solar Cell
These Cells Require less energy to be manufactured compare to silicon solar cells, as they require less material for production. They are flexible hence can be used in flexible applications. As Energy required and material required are less , the Energy pay back time is less. But their efficiency is less in comparison to silicon solar cells.
Thin Filim Solar Cell

Polymer Solar Cell
In this type of solar cells Polymer is used as the active material. These cells can be manufactured quickly, they are thin and flexible, high absorption of light and give lower environmental impact with no usage of toxic elements. But they have low power conversion efficiency and low stability that is it breakdowns when reacted with oxygen and water.
Polymer Solar Cell

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Why Earth Pin is thicker than other pins ?

2021-01-01T08:00:00.002+05:30

Your could have come across many electrical appliances at your home, or else where, where you would have found that the Earth pin in the three pin plug is thicker or bigger than the other two pins. Have you ever wondered why is this, if you have wondered about that here is the reason why it is bigger or thicker than the other pins. An Three pin plug is shown in the picture below.

3 Pin Plug

Earth Pin is used for safety purposes, If any leakage current is flowing, The leakage current flows through the earth pin to the ground making it safe for the users to use the appliance or the machine. As we know that the current will flow only through the least resistance path, hence the resistance of the earth should be very small to serve its purpose. Here by the below equation or relation we can relate area and resistance.

we can come to a conclusion that as the area of the conductor increases the resistance decreases. So as to keep the resistance of the Earth low compare to other pin. We are using thicker earth pin by increase its area.

Stay tuned for more knowledge gaining posts and do comment if you are satisfied with is of you have a better explanation, always open for discussion.

BRIDGMAN PROCESS / METHOD

2020-08-09T20:04:00.001+05:30

Bridgman Method / Process : Crystal Growth Method :

In Bridgman Process, the Crucible(a non-reacting container) is a Vertical Cylindrical Container, Tapered Conically with a Point Bottom, in which a Meterial to be Melted is Taken. The Material in the Crucible is Heated in a Furnance Above its Melting Point. The Melt can be Progressively Frozen By Moving the Crucible Down a Temperature Gradient or Moving the Furnance Over the Crucible. The Movement Rate Ranges From 1 - 30 mm / hr .

At the Tip the Crystallization Begins and Continues its Growth from the First Formed Nucleus. The Latent Heat of Solidification is Removed by Conduction through the Crystal and the Crucible.

Application of Bridgman Method :

A Wide Range of Substance like Metalic, Organic a Number of Dielectric Single Crystals Such as Oxides, Flurides, Sulphides and Halides Can be Grown By This Process / Technique.

Advantages Of Bridgman Method :

The Crystal Diameter Can Be Reassigned, By Selecting The Appropriate Container.
This is a Technically Simple Method.

Disadvantage Of Bridgman Method :

As the Molten Metal / Metal is in Contact With the Crucible Container, The Ingot May have Certain Defect at the Surfaces.

Czochralski Process / Technique

2020-08-07T20:51:00.001+05:30

Czochralski Process Crystal Growth method :

This Method is Adopted to Grow III - IV Compound Seniconductors.

Working :

The Material to be Grown is taken in a Crucible(non-reacting container), and Heated Under a Controlled Atmosphere Above the Melting Point. A Rod with a Chuck Which can be Pulled Contains A Seed Crystal and the Lower End is Kept Above the Crucible. The seed is Dipped into the Melt and the Temperature is Adjusted Until a Meniscus Can be Supported by the Crystal. Then the Rod is Rotated and Lifted Slowly.

Crystal of Desired Diameter is grown by Adjusting the Power Supplied to the Melt. The Crystal can be Visually Observed by Placing the Whole Setup in an Envelope With Ambient Gas Atmosphere.

The Crystal Shape is Free from defects Because of the Shape of the Crucible. The Rate of Pulling Depends on Latent Heat of Fusion of Charge, Thermal Conductivity, and Rate of Cooling of Pulling Rod. By adjusting the Pull and Rotation Rate a Good and Uniform Crystal can be Obtained.

LEC - Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski Technique

LEC is a Technique by Which a Single Crystal of Components That Produces High Vapour Pressure at the melting point can be Grown.

Advantages :

The Crystal Without any Stress can be Obtained by this Method, Since there is No Direct Contact Between the Crucible Walls and Crystal.
At Any Stage of Growth Crystal can be Extracted From the Melt and Investigatiom on The Study of Growing Condition can be Done.

Disadvantages :

It is Difficult to Maintain Thermodynamic Equlibrium Between the Vapour and the Melt.
Engineering Problems Like Rotating and Pulling the Crystal also to be Considered.

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Classification Of Circuit Elements

2020-07-30T16:38:00.001+05:30

Circuit Elements may be Classified into Four Groups:

Active or Passive
Unilateral or Bilateral
Linear or Non-Linear
Lumped or Distributed

Active or Passive Elements:

Elements Capable of Delivering Power to Some External Devices are called Active Elements.

Voltage Source, Current Source..

Elements Capable of Only Receiving Power are Called Passive Elements.

Eg. Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors...

Bilateral or Unilateral Elements:

In Bilateral Element, the Voltage-Current Relation is the Same for Current Flowing in Either Direction.

Eg. Resistor, Switch...

In Unilateral Element, the Voltage-Current Relation is Different for the Current Flowing in Either Direction.

Eg. Diode, Transistor...

Linear And Non-Linear Elements:

An Element is Said to be Linear if it Satisfies the Principle of Superposition (ie. The Voltage Current Characteristics is a Straight Line through the Origin at All Times).

Eg. Resistor...

An Element which do not Satisfy the Superposition Principle is Called a Non-Linear Element.

Lumped And Distributed:

Lumped Elements are those which are Very Small in Size in which Simultaneous Action Takes Place for any Given Cause at the same Instant of Time.
Distributed Elements are those Which are Not Electrically Separable for Analytical Purposes.

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Advantage And Disadvantage Of Corona Discharge

2020-07-29T20:26:00.002+05:30

Advantages of Corona Discharge:

It Reduces the Magnitude Of High Voltage Step Frontal Wave. Which is Caused by Surge Effect due to Lightning, Switching Surges by Partially disipiating as Corona loss.
It has several applications as it is used in Van-De-Graff Generator, Electrostatic Precipitators, Electeoprinting, Ionization Counting.
The Air surrounding theConductor Gets Ionised.

Disadvantage:

During Few Weather Conditions The Losses Of Power is More.
Ozone Gas is Formed By Corona.
With Corona Power Loss is High.
Reduces the Efficiency Of the Line.

Methods To Reduce Corona:

Increasing the Diameter of the Conductor.
The Voltage at Which Corona Occur is Raised by Using ACSR Conductor.
By Using Hollow Conductors/By Using Bundled Conductor.
By Increasing Conductor Spacing.

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Corona Discharge

2020-07-29T19:18:00.000+05:30

Corona Discharge/Corona Effect is an Electrical Discharge caused by the ionization of a fluid such as air surrounding a conductor that is Electrically Charged. The Corona Effect will occur in High Voltage Systems.

Formation Of Corona:

When the potential Gradient is Lesser than 30kv/cm there is no Corona Discharge Formation. When the Potential Gradient is Greater Than 30kv/cm then the ions atains a sufficiently Higher Velocity and Strikes Each Other and Other Molecule this Produces a New Electron and a Positive Ion Which in Turn they are Accelerated until they Collide with Other Molecules and Produce More Ions.

Highly Ionised Air May Cause Flash Over In The Insulators or Between Phases of Conductors Which Damages the Power Equipments.

Factors Affecting Corona:

Atmosphere Conditions

Temperature
Pressure
Dust and Dirt
Rain, Smoke, Smog etc...

Electrical Factors:

Frequency
Supply Voltage

Effect on Line Conductors

Conductor Spacing
Diameter of Conductor
Shape of Conductor
No of Conductor per Phase
Heating of conductor by Load Current

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Circuit Breaker

2020-01-12T22:53:00.001+05:30

A circuit breaker is a switching device that interrupts the abnormal or fault current. It is a mechanical device that disturbs the flow of high magnitude (fault) current and in additions performs the function of a switch. The circuit breaker is mainly designed for closing or opening of an electrical circuit, thus protects the electrical system from damage.

Circuit Breaker Operating Principle:

A circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts which touch each other and carry the current when the circuit breaker is closed. It can be opened and closed manually for the purpose of switching and maintenance.

But whenever a fault occurs on any part of the power system, the trip coil of the circuit breaker get energized and moving contacts are separated by some mechanism.

The separation of current carrying contacts strikes an arc between them. Once an arc is formed between contacts, the molecules of the medium surrounded by arc become extremely hot and get ionized i.e. insulating property of it is destroyed and it becomes conductor of electricity.

Therefore, the arc is maintained even if the contacts are further drawn. This arc not only delays the current interruption process but it also produces heat in a very large quantity which may cause damage to the system or to the circuit breaker itself.

Therefore, the main issue in a circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc in shortest possible time so that heat generated by it may not reach to a hazardous value.

The basic construction of circuit breaker requires the separation of contacts in an insulating medium.
This insulating medium extinguishes the arc between the contacts when circuit breaker opens. It also provides insulation between contacts and from each contact to earth.

Types of Circuit Breaker:

1. Oil Circuit Breaker
2. Minimum Circuit Breaker
3. Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker
4. Vacuum Circuit Breaker
5. Air Blast Circuit Breaker
6. Air Break Circuit Breaker

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Grounding or Earthing System

2020-01-11T21:00:00.000+05:30

Earth Continuity Conductor or Earth Wire

That part of the earthing system which interconnects the overall metallic parts of electrical installation e.g. conduit, ducts, boxes, metallic shells of the switches, distribution boards, Switches, fuses, Regulating and controlling devices, metallic parts of electrical machines such as, motors, generators, transformers and the metallic framework where electrical devices and components are installed is known as earth wire or earth continuity conductors.

The resistance of the earth continuity conductor is very low. According to IEEE rules, resistance between consumer earth terminal and earth Continuity conductor (at the end) should not be increased than 1Ω. In simple words, resistance of earth wire should be less than 1Ω.

METHODS OF EARTHING:

Earthing can be done in many ways. The various methods employed in earthing (in house wiring or factory and other connected electrical equipment and machines) are as follow:

Plate earthing:

Plate earthing is the way of connecting a non-current carrying part of an electrical equipment to the ground.

In plate earthing system, non-current carrying parta is a plate which is made up of either copper or galvanized iron.

If copper is used for plate earthing, it’s dimensions should be 60cm x 60cm x 3.18mm (i.e. 2ft x 2ft x 1/8 in). The dimension should be 60cm x 60cm x 6.35 mm (2ft x 2ft x ¼ in) for galvanized iron (GI) type plate electrode.

The plate electrode is buried vertically towards the earth (It is named as earth pit). The earth pit should be placed 3m (10ft) from the ground level.

Pipe Earthing:

A galvanized steel and a perforated pipe of approved length and diameter is placed vertically in a wet soil in this kind of system of earthing. It is the most common system of earthing.

The size of pipe to use depends on the magnitude of current and the type of soil. The dimension of the pipe is usually 40mm (1.5in) in diameter and 2.75m (9ft) in length for ordinary soil or greater for dry and rocky soil. The moisture of the soil will determine the length of the pipe to be buried but usually it should be 4.75m (15.5ft).

Rod Earthing:

It is the same method as pipe earthing. A copper rod of 12.5mm (1/2 inch) diameter or 16mm (0.6in) diameter of galvanized steel or hollow section 25mm (1inch) of GI pipe of length above 2.5m (8.2 ft) are buried upright in the earth manually or with the help of a pneumatic hammer. The length of embedded electrodes in the soil reduces earth resistance to a desired value.

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Distribution System

2019-12-19T18:59:00.001+05:30

Distribution system:

The Distribution system is a part of power system used to distribute the part of power for consumers.

Primary Distribution:

It is that part of an AC distribution system which operates at somewhat higher voltages than general residential consumer utilization. Commonly used primary distribution voltages in most countries are 11 kV, 6.6 kV and 3.3 kV. Primary distribution handles large consumers such as factories and industries. It also feeds small substation from where secondary distribution is carried out. Primary distribution is carried out by 3-phase, 3-wire system.

Secondary Distribution:

This part directly supplies to the residential end consumers. Domestic consumers are fed with single phase supply at 230 volts (120 volts in USA and some other countries). Three phase supply may also be provided at 400 volts for big properties, commercial buildings, small factories etc. Secondary transmission in most countries is carried out by 3-phase, 4-wire system.

Components Of Distribution System:

1. Substation.
2. Feeders.
3. Distributors.
4. Service Main.

*Along with these, a distribution system also consists of switches, protection equipment, measurement equipments etc.

Sub-Station:
The power is transmitted at 33kV till the sub-station then the voltage is reduced to 11kV(using step down transformer), and this power is now send using the feeder to distribution system.

Feeders:
The stepped-down voltage from the substation is carried to distribution transformers via feeder conductors. Generally, no tappings are taken from the feeders so that the current remains same throughout. The main consideration in designing of a feeder conductor is its current carrying capacity.

Distribition Transformer:
A distribution transformer, also called as service transformer, provides final transformation in the electric power distribution system. It is basically a step-down 3-phase transformer. Distribution transformer steps down the voltage to 400V/230 volts. Here it means, voltage between any one phase and the neutral is 230 volts and phase to phase voltage is 400 volts.

Distributors:
Output from a distribution transformer is carried by distributor conductor. Tappings are taken from a distributor conductor for power supply to the end consumers. The current through a distributor is not constant as tappings are taken at various places throughout its length. So, voltage drop along the length is the main consideration while designing a distributor conductor.

Service mains:
It is a small cable which connects the distributor conductor at the nearest pole to the consumer's end.

Let's see the types in primary and secondary distribution systems in detail in the upcoming posts, stay tuned.

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Excitation and Armature coils

2019-12-17T20:05:00.001+05:30

Excitation Coils:

Each pole core has one or more field coils (windings) placed over it to produce a magnetic field. The enamelled copper(insulated copper wire) wire is used for the construction of field or exciting coils. The coils are wound on the former and then placed around the pole core.

When direct current passes through the field winding, it magnetizes the poles, which in turns produces the flux. The field coils of all the poles are connected in series in such a way that when current flows through them, the adjacent poles attain opposite polarity.

Armature Core:

The armature core of DC Generator is cylindrical in shape and keyed to the rotating shaft. At the outer periphery of the armature has grooves or slots which accommodate the armature windings.

The armature core of a DC generator or machine serves the following purposes.

1. It houses the conductors in the slots.

2. It provides an easy path for the magnetic flux.

As the armature is a rotating part of the DC Generator or machine, the reversal of flux takes place in the core, hence hysteresis losses are produced. The silicon steel material is used for the construction of the core to reduce the hysteresis losses.

The rotating armature cuts the magnetic field, due to which an emf is induced in it. This emf circulates the eddy current which results in Eddy Current loss. Thus to reduce the loss the armature core is laminated with a stamping of about 0.3 to 0.5 mm thickness. Each lamination is insulated from the other by a coating of varnish.

Types Of Armature Winding:

1.Lap Winding.
2.Wave Winding.

Lap Winding:

Lap winding is the winding in which successive coils overlap each other. It is named “Lap” winding because it doubles or laps back with its succeeding coils.

In this winding the finishing end of one coil is connected to one commutator segment and the starting end of the next coil situated under the same pole and connected with same commutator segment.
Here we can see in picture, the finishing end of coil – 1 and starting end of coil – 2 are both connected to the commutator segment – 2 and both coils are under the same magnetic pole that is N pole here.
Lap winding are of two types –

1.Simplex lap winding.

2. Duplex Lap Winding.

Simplex Lap Winding

A winding in which the number of parallel path between the brushes is equal to the number of poles is called simplex lap winding.

Duplex Winding

A winding in which the number ofparallel path between the brushes is twice the number of poles is called duplex lap winding.

In lap winding, the number of brushes is equal to the number of parallel paths. Out of which half the brushes are positive and the remaining half are negative.

Advantages of Lap Winding

1. This winding is necessarily required for large current application because it has more parallel paths.

inding is suitable for low voltage and high current generators.

Disadvantages of Lap

1. It gives less emf compared to wave winding. This winding requires more no. of conductors for giving the same emf, it results high winding cost.

2. It has less efficient utilization of space in the armature slots.

Wave Winding:

In wave winding, we connect the end of one coil to the starting of another coil of the same polarity as that of the first coil. In this type of winding the coil side (A – B) progresses forward around the armature to another coil side and goes on successively passing through N and S pole till it returns to a conductor (A₁-B₁) lying under the starting pole.

This winding forms a wave with its coil, that’s why we call it as wave winding. Since we connect the coils in series here, we also call it series winding.

Types of Wave winding:

1.If after one round of the armature the coil falls in a slot right to its starting slot the winging is called Progressive wave winding.

2.If after one round of the armature the coil falls in a slot left to its starting slot the winging is called Retrogressive wave winding.

Wave Winding Advantages

1.In this winding, only two brushes are required but more parallel brushes can be added to make it equal to the no. of poles. If one or more brushes set poor contacts with the commutator, satisfactory operation is still possible.

2.This winding gives sparkles commutation. The reason behind that it has two parallel paths irrespective of no of poles of the machine. The conductors in each of the two parallel path distributed around the armature in the entire circumference.

Wave Winding Disdvantages

1.Wave winding cannot be used in the machines having higher current rating because it has only two parallel paths.

Let's discuss the working of the D.C generator and it's classifications in the forth comming posts..

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Introduction to Grid

2019-12-14T20:41:00.000+05:30

The electrical grid is the electrical power system network comprised of the generating plant, the transmission lines, the substation, transformers, the distribution lines and the consumer.

Traditionally, electricity generation facilities have been developed in locations far from consumption centres with the electric grid connecting the two.

The electrical grid is divided into three main components:

GENERATION - There are two types of generation - centralized and decentralized. Centralized generation refers to large-scale generation far from consumption. This includes coal , nuclear , natural gas , hydro , wind farms and large solar arrays. The grid connects centralized power to consumers. Decentralized generation occurs close to consumption, for example rooftop solar.

TRANSMISSION and DISTRIBUTION- Transmission includes transformers, substations and power lines that transport electricity from where it is generated to points of consumption. When electricity is at high voltages, transmission losses are minimized over long distances and resistive transmission lines. Therefore, at the point of generation, substations contain transformers that step-up the voltage of electricity so that it can be transmitted. Transmission is achieved via powerlines and can occur either overhead or underground. When it arrives at points of consumption, another substation is found to step-down the voltage for end-use consumption.

CONSUMPTION - There are various types of consumers; namely industrial, commercial and residential consumers. Each of these consumers has different needs but in general electricity delivers important energy services like light and power for appliances .

Regional Grid:
The interconnection of different small grid through tie line to form a Regional Grid.

National Grid:
The interconnection of different regional Grid through tie line form a National Grid.

This will be explained in detail in the upcoming posts. Stay tuned..

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Construction of DC Generator

2019-12-13T19:10:00.000+05:30

Construction of a DC Generator:

A DC Generator is an electrical device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It mainly consists of three main parts, i.e. Magnetic field system, Armature and Commutator and Brush gear. The other parts of a DC Generator are Magnetic frame and Yoke, Pole Core and Pole Shoes, Field or Exciting coils, Armature Core and Windings, Brushes, End housings, Bearings and Shafts.

Magnetic Field System of DC Generator:

The Magnetic Field System is the stationary or fixed part of the machine. It produces the main magnetic flux. The magnetic field system consists of Mainframe or Yoke, Pole core and Pole shoes and Field or Exciting coils. Magnetic field system is DC generator will be explained in the following posts.

Armature of DC Generator:

The rotating part of the DC machine or a DC Generator is called the Armature.The armature consists of a shaft upon which a laminated cylinder, called Amature Core is placed.

Armature Core:

The armature core of DC Generator is cylindrical in shape and keyed to the rotating shaft. At the outer periphery of the armature has grooves or slots which accommodate the armature winding.

Armature Winding:

The insulated conductors are placed in the slots of the armature core. The conductors are wedged, and bands of steel wire wound around the core and are suitably connected. This arrangement of conductors is called Armature Winding. The armature winding is the heart of the DC Machine.

Commutator in DC Generator:

The commutator, which rotates with the armature, is cylindrical in shape and is made from a number of wedge-shaped hard drawn copper bars or segments insulated from each other and from the shaft. The segments form a ring around the shaft of the armature. Each commutator segment is connected to the ends of the armature coils.

It is the most important part of a DC machine and serves the following purposes:

1.It connects the rotating armature conductors to the stationary external circuit through brushes.

2.It converts the induced alternating current in the armature conductor into unidirectional current in the external load circuit in DC Generator action, whereas it converts the alternating torque into unidirectional (continuous) torque produced in the armature in motor action.

Carbon Brushes:

Carbon brushes are placed or mounted on the commutator and with the help of two or more carbon brushes current is collected from the armature winding. Each brush is supported in a metal box called a brush box or brush holder. The brushes are pressed upon the commutator and form the connecting link between the armature winding and the external circuit.

The pressure exerted by the brushes on the commutator can be adjusted and is maintained at a constant value by means of springs. With the help of the brushes the current which is produced on the windings, is passed on to the commutator and then to the external circuit.

They are usually made of high-grade carbon because carbon is conducting material and at the same time in powdered form provides a lubricating effect on the commutator surface.

Thanks for reading we will see other parts and working in the upcoming posts stay tuned..

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Structure of Electric Power System(AC~)

2019-12-12T20:14:00.002+05:30

Electrical energy, after being produced at generating stations, is transmitted to the consumers for utilization. This is due to the fact that generating stations are usually situated away from the load centers. The network that transmits and delivers power from the producers to the consumers is called the transmission system.

Single Line Diagram of AC Power Transmission System

Electrical power is normally generated at 11kV in a power station. While in some cases, power may be generated at 6kV/11kV/33 kV. This generating voltage is then stepped up to 132kV, 220kV, 400kV or 765kV etc. Stepping up the voltage level depends upon the distance at which power is to be transmitted. Longer the distance, higher will be the voltage level. Stepping up of voltage is to reduce the losses in transmitting the power (when voltage is stepped up, the current reduces by a relative amount so that the power remains constant, and hence loss also reduces). This stage is called as primary transmission.

The voltage is the stepped down at a receiving station to 33kV or 66kV. Secondary transmission lines emerge from this receiving station to connect substations located near load centers.

The voltage is stepped down again to 11kV/6kV/33kV at a substation. Large industrial consumers can be supplied at 11kV directly from these substations. Also, feeders emerge from these substations. This stage is called as primary distribution.

Feeders are either overhead lines or underground cables which carry power close to the load points (end consumers) up to a couple of kilometers. Finally, the voltage is stepped down to 415 volts by a pole-mounted distribution transformer and delivered to the distributors. End consumers are supplied through a service mains line from distributors. The secondary distribution system consists of feeders, distributors and service mains.

Different Types Of Transmission Systems

1.single phase, two wires.

2.Three phase AC system.

i)three-phase, three wires.

ii)three-phase, four wires.

Main Elements Of A Transmission Line:

Due to the economic considerations, three-phase three-wire overhead system is widely used for electric power transmission. Following are the main elements of a typical power system.

Conductors: three for a single circuit line and six for a double circuit line. Conductors must be of proper size (i.e. cross-sectional area). This depends upon its current capacity. Usually, ACSR (Aluminium-core Steel-reinforced) conductors are used.

Transformers: Step-up transformers are used for stepping up the voltage level and step-down transformers are used for stepping it down. Transformers permit power to be transmitted at higher efficiency.

Line insulators: to mechanically support the line conductors while electrically isolating them from the support towers.

Support towers: to support the line conductors suspending in the air overhead.

Protective devices: to protect the transmission system and to ensure reliable operation. These include ground wires, lightening arrestors, circuit breakers, relays etc.

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Courses available..

2019-09-05T19:28:00.002+05:30

What to learn new things of you own and bored of the syllabus given. Yes, you are at the right place we are introducing courses for online learner's where you can learn at any time and any place as of your with so go and check out the page with the course and let me know the feedback of these as these are in development it may have certain flaws but it will be rectified...

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How Inverter A.C Differ From Normal A.C

2019-06-05T11:05:00.000+05:30

An inverter is a device for converting frequency. Inverter air-conditioners vary their cooling/heating capacity by adjusting the power supply frequency of their compressors.
An inverter type air-conditioner adjusts the speed of the compressor to control the refrigerant (gas) flow rate, thereby consuming less current and power. An inverter has precise temperature control and as the set temperature is attained, the unit adjusts its capacity to eliminate any temperature fluctuations.

Inverter A.C:

Normal A.C:

In contrast, non-inverter airconditioners have a fixed cooling/ heating capacity and can only control the indoor temperature by starting or stopping their compressors.

Non-inverter air-conditioners stops and starts repeatedly. The power consumption and current goes down when the operation stops, but it goes up sharply at the time of restart and thus it has high average power consumption and temperature variations. As a result, inverter airconditioners are more energy-saving and comfortable than non-inverter air-conditioners.

Inverter air-conditioners are able to vary their operating capacity. Non-inverter air-conditioners can only operate at a fixed capacity.

Inverter A.C:

Normal A.C:

If you need any more clarification please comment below. You can also write what you know about this topic. And sugesiosugg on this.

#hdiw

What is Fast Charging?

2019-04-20T21:48:00.000+05:30

Batteries are charged by the current delivered to them by the power source. Applying additional current at a set battery voltage results in more power, which can result in faster charging but also requires sturdier charging components that can withstand high power levels. Different amp specifications on different charging adapters alter the time it takes to charge your phone, but there’s a maximum limit to how much current can be pushed through.

Receiving devices, such as smartphones and tablets, include regulator circuits that will limit the charging current to prevent too much power dissipation and therefore potential damage. Charging sources, such as mains adapters, take mains power and convert it into a form that usually doesn’t exceed the maximum specifications of the device being charged. With smartphones, your adapter takes a high-voltage AC supply and converts it to 5 volts DC with a maximum amount of current draw.

Qualcomm’s Quick Charge 1.0 technology was designed to maximise charging efficiency for up to 10 watts of power, by allowing for a maximum current draw of 2 Amps through a standard USB adapter and port voltage of 5 volts. Quick Charge 2.0 allows for an even higher level of power transfer between your power source and smart device, up to a maximum of 36 watts in certain scenarios. Qualcomm splits its 2.0 technology into two classes, A and B. We’re most interested in Class A, which applies to smartphones, tablets, and other portable electronics.

The specifications for Class A allow for a maximum charging current of 3 Amps, depending on the source. Your typical smartphone charger will run at 5 volts, drawing 3A of current boosts Quick Charge 2.0 up to 15 watts of power. This means that you can draw more current from a traditional 5 volt USB supply, thereby speeding up the charging time.

Class A devices will also work with 5, 9, or 12 volt supplies and can therefore tolerate more power. The range of higher voltages means that a single charger can work with a wide range of devices and also ensures high quality performance by reducing the impact of any voltage losses that appear over long cable distances or poor quality cables.

Qualcomm’s Quick Charge 1.0 and 2.0 technologies are also backwards compatible with one another, meaning that you can use a 2.0 devices with a 1.0 supply, or a 1.0 device and 2.0 supply and get your 2 Amps. However, only a 2.0 device and compatible 2.0 charger will allow for 3 amps of current and higher power ratings.

#how_it_works?

IOT (Internet Of Things)

2019-04-19T12:35:00.003+05:30

The Internet of Things is simply "A network of Internet connected objects able to collect and exchange data." It is commonly abbreviated as IoT.

The word "Internet of Things" has two main parts; Internet being the backbone of connectivity, and Things meaning objects / devices .

In a simple way to put it, You have "things" that sense and collect data and send it to the internet. This data can be accessible by other "things" too.

Let me give you a practical example. Lets imagine you have a "Smart air conditioning unit" in your home that is connected to the internet. (This is a "thing" connected to the internet) Now, imagine it's a hot summer day and you have left for home from your work. You would like your home to be cool enough by the time you enter it. So, When you leave from your office, you can remotely switch ON the air conditioning unit of your home using your mobile (another "Thing" connected to the internet). Technically, with internet, you can control your AC system from any part of the world as long as both the AC and your mobile are connected using the "Internet".

Applications:

Consumer applications
Smart home
Elder care
Medical and healthcare
Transportation
V2X communications
Building and home automation
Manufacturing
Agriculture
And lot more..

#Technology

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2019-04-09T17:34:00.001+05:30

A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such as internal combustion engine to drive an electric generator that powers an electric motor.The basic principle with hybrid vehicles is that the different motors work better at different speeds; the electric motor is more efficient at producing torque, or turning power, and the combustion engine is better for maintaining high speed (better than typical electric motor). The plug-in-electric-vehicle (PEV) is becoming more and more common. It has the range needed in locations where there are wide gaps with no services. The batteries can be plugged into house (mains) electricity for charging, as well being charged while the engine is running.

Advantages of HEV's:

Relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs, resulting in a smaller engine size more for average usage rather than peak power usage. A smaller engine can have less internal losses and lower weight.

Having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured energy, especially in stop-and-go traffic typical of the city driving cycle.

Recapturing significant amounts of energy during braking that are normally wasted as heat. This regenerative braking reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of the motor/generator.

#Technology

Royal Mail Gets New Fully Electric Vans

2019-04-07T21:38:00.000+05:30

Royal Mail Electric Van

As you can probably imagine, Royal Mail isn't the most environmentally friendly of businesses due to the sheer number of vehicles it has on the road. The logistical behemoth is getting greener by the day, however, today beginning a new trial of cute, fully electric vans from Oxfordshire-based automaker Arrival. Nine commercial trucks of varying sizes with ranges of up to 100 miles will start operating out of Royal Mail's central London depot from today, carrying parcels and post to other parts of the city and surrounding areas.

The electric vans are among the first vehicles rolling off the production line at Arrival's new Banbury factory, which is apparently equipped to produce over 50,000 EVs per year using nothing but robots and a dash of AI. Arrival isn't exactly a household name, primarily because the company was known as Charge (or Charge Auto) before today. You may remember Charge, though, as its trucks provide logistical support to Formula E and the firm is also supplying the electric innards for cars destined to compete in the autonomous racing series Roborace.

The partnership with Arrival comes just a few weeks after Royal Mail committed to buying 100 all-electric vans from Peugotfollowing a successful trial that began in February. The vans will go into service this December, and Royal Mail is also installing charging points at delivery offices across the UK to support a greener fleet. A trial here and an order there is still only a drop in the ocean considering Royal Mail commands a fleet of 49,000 vehicles, but it's a start.

#Tech_news

Naveenkumar

How A Diesel Locomotive Runs ?

How Electric Locomotive Works ?

Common Types Of Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells)

Silicon Solar Cell

Monocrystalline Solar Cells.

Polycrystalline Solar Cells.

Thin Filim Solar Cell

Polymer Solar Cell

Why Earth Pin is thicker than other pins ?

BRIDGMAN PROCESS / METHOD

Bridgman Method / Process : Crystal Growth Method :

Application of Bridgman Method :

Advantages Of Bridgman Method :

Disadvantage Of Bridgman Method :

Czochralski Process / Technique

Czochralski Process Crystal Growth method :

Working :

Advantages :

Disadvantages :

Classification Of Circuit Elements

Active or Passive Elements:

Bilateral or Unilateral Elements:

Linear And Non-Linear Elements:

Lumped And Distributed:

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Corona Discharge

Advantages of Corona Discharge:

Disadvantage:

Methods To Reduce Corona:

Corona Discharge

Formation Of Corona:

Factors Affecting Corona:

Atmosphere Conditions

Electrical Factors:

Effect on Line Conductors

Circuit Breaker

Circuit Breaker Operating Principle:

Types of Circuit Breaker:

Grounding or Earthing System

Earth Continuity Conductor or Earth Wire

METHODS OF EARTHING:

Plate earthing:

Pipe Earthing:

Rod Earthing:

Distribution System

Excitation and Armature coils

Introduction to Grid

Construction of DC Generator

Structure of Electric Power System(AC~)

Courses available..

How Inverter A.C Differ From Normal A.C

Inverter A.C:

Normal A.C:

Inverter A.C:

Normal A.C:

What is Fast Charging?

IOT (Internet Of Things)

Applications:

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Advantages of HEV's:

Royal Mail Gets New Fully Electric Vans