HELWAN PHARMACY

Drugs Contraindicated During Lactation

2010-07-14T12:53:00.000-07:00

All drugs of abuse are contraindicated during lactation e.g. amphetamine, cocaine, heroin, phecyclidine and marijuana, accumulate in breast milk and cause irritability and poor sleep patterns.

• Antineoplastics: potential for immune suppression
• Bromocriptine: suppresses lactation
• Ergotamine: potential for suppressing lactation, vomiting, diarrhoea and convulsions
• Immunosuppressants: potential for immunosuppression
• Lithium: milk contains 40% of maternal serum concentration
• Misoprostol: produces severe diarrhoea in infants
• Nicotine (smoking): decreased milk production
• Phenindione:massive scrotal haematoma and wound oozing after herniotomy

Drugs requiring temporary cessation of breast-feeding
• Metronidazole: diarrhoea and secondary lactose intolerance.
• Radiopharmaceuticals:Stop breastfeeding temporarily to allow clearing from milk according to the chemical nature of the isotope.
• Quinolones: potential arthropathy in infants.

Reducing risk of Infant Exposure to Drugs in Breast Milk

2010-07-14T12:51:00.000-07:00

A drug should be used only if medically necessary and treatment cannot be delayed until the infant is ready to be weaned.

Drug selection
• Consider whether the drug can be safely given directly to the infant
• Select the drug that passes poorly into breast milk with the lowest milk-to-plasma ratio
• Avoid long-acting formulations e.g. sustained release
• Determine length of therapy and if possible avoid long-term usage

Feeding pattern
• Avoid nursing during times of peak drug concentration
• If possible, plan breast-feeding before administration of the next dose

Other considerations
• Always observe the infant for unusual signs or symptoms e.g. sedation, irritability, rash, decreased appetite, failure to thrive
• Discontinue breastfeeding during the course of therapy if the risks to the fetus outweigh the benefit of nursing
• Provide adequate patient education to increase the understanding of risk factors.

Drug Excretion in Human milk

2010-07-14T12:46:00.000-07:00

Breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for infants. The risk to the infant depends on the amount of drug bioavailable to the mother, the amount reaching breast milk and the actual amount of drug ingested and bioavailable to the nursing infant.

Mechanism of transfer from blood to milk

The basic mechanisms are the same as those across other biologic membranes.

• Diffusion of low molecular weight substances through small water- filled pores
• Diffusion of lipid soluble compounds through lipid membranes
• Active transport carrier-mediated

Factors affecting drug excretion in breast milk

The drug dose, route and frequency of administration and metabolism are important factors in determining the amount of drug available for excretion into milk.

Maternal parameters
• Drug dosage and duration of therapy
• Route and frequency of administration
• Drug metabolism and renal clearance
• Blood flow to the breasts
• pH of milk
• Milk composition
Drug parameters
• Oral bioavailability (to mother and infant)
• Molecular weight
• Lipid solubility
• Protein binding
Infant parameters
• Infant age
• Feeding pattern
• Amount of breast milk consumed
• Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination

Proven Human Teratogens

2010-07-14T12:42:00.000-07:00

Numerous drugs are associated with congenital malformation e.g. aminopterin/methotrexate, ACE-Inhibitors, antineoplastics, anti-thyroids, barbiturates, carbamazepine, cocaine, coumarin derivatives, diethylstilbesterol, ethanol (large dose), iodides, radioactive iodine, lithium, methadone, phenytoin, retinoid, vitamin A (>18,000 IU/day), tetracycline and valproic acid.

FDA categories (teratogenic risks of drugs):
Category A

Controlled studies in women fail to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester and the fetal harm appears remote.

Category B

Animal reproduction studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk, but there are no controlled studies in pregnant women. Or animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect that was not confirmed in controlled studies in women in the first trimester.

Category C

Studies in animals have revealed ad- verse effects on foetus and no controlled studies in women are available. Or, studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.

Category D

Evidence of human foetal risk is positive, but the benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk.

Category X

Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated foetal anomalies or there is evidence of foetal risk based on human experience or both and the risk of the drug in pregnant women

clearly outweighs any possible benefits. The drug is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant.

Fetal Development and Drug Effects

2010-07-14T12:36:00.000-07:00

Early in the embryonic period (conception to 56 days), during the preimplantation and presomite stage (0 to
14 days), exposure to a teratogenic agent usually produces an “all or none” effect on the ovum. The ovum either dies from a lethal dose of a teratogenic drug or it regenerates completely after exposure to a sub- lethal dose. During organogenesis, insult with the same teratogen may produce major morphologic changes.

Causes of malformation

These are classified into …

• Genetic defects: monogenic origin and chromosomal abnormalities (25%) e.g. Down syndrome.

• Interaction between hereditary tendencies and non-genetic environ- mental factors (20% of all defects) e.g. congenital hip dislocation
• Environmental factors: e.g. maternal infections, chemicals and drugs (10% of all defects). Only 2 viruses and a protozoan have been proven to induce malformation. Bacteria tend to release toxins that cause extensive tissue damage and fetal death rather than structural anomalies. The viruses are rubella (cataract, heart disease and deafness) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (deafness, mental retardation, microcephaly, chorioretinitis, seizures, blindness and optic atrophy). The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii (hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, rash, chorioretinitis, cerebral calcifications and hydrocephalus or microcephalus.
• Maternal infections account for 2% and maternal diseases e.g. diabetes and hyperthermia account for 1-2%.
• Unknown causes: account for 60-65% of cases.

Placental Transfer

2010-07-14T12:33:00.000-07:00

Most medications cross the placenta to the foetus. During gestation, the surface area of the placenta increases, while the placental thickness decreases to 1/5 at term. Both processes tend to favour the transfer of chemicals to the fetus.

Mechanism of placental transfer

Drugs, nutrients and other substances cross the placenta by …

• Simple diffusion e.g. most drugs
• Facilitated diffusion e.g. glucose
• Active transfer e.g. vitamins, amino acids
• Pinocytosis e.g. immune antibodies
• Breaks between cells e.g. erythrocytes

The last two are of no practical importance in drugs transfer

Factors influencing rate of transfer
• Molecular weight
• Lipid solubility
• Uterine and umbilical blood flow(major factor)
• Maternal diseases e.g. hypertension, diabetes

Drugs in Pregnancy

2010-07-14T11:47:00.000-07:00

Teratogenicity and Breast Feeding

The use of drugs during pregnancy and lactation is controversial and pre- sents great challenge to clinicians. The use of drugs during pregnancy is of special concern because of medi- cal, social, and legal implications. Congenital anomalies or birth defects are among the leading causes of infant morbidity and mortality.

Drugs in Pregnancy

Congenital malformation is defined as structural abnormalities of prenatal origin that are present at birth that seriously interfere with viability or physical well being.

Some drug induced defects relate to changes in functions or conditions that are not structural abnormalities e.g. mental or physical growth retardation, CNS depression, deafness, tumours or biochemical changes. Congenital anomalies i.e. birth defects, include both these toxicities and structural changes.

The prevalence of major malfor- mations is 3% and similar rate is dis- covered in months or years following birth. Anomalies of internal organs e.g. heart, kidneys, reproductive system and GIT may go unrecognized for years or discovered only at autopsy.

Minor malformations are not included in this percentage e.g. umbilical and inguinal hernias, phimosis, external ear, cryptorchidism, hydrocele, and

angiomas. The malformations of little medical significance are not included in incidence data even if they have emotional cosmetic effects. Approximately 6 newborn infants in every
100 will be with a major malformation, but only 3 of these will be identified at birth or in the neonatal period.
To these, one can add an unknown number of infants with mental and
physical growth retardation and those of minor structural anomalies.

Drug consumption during pregnancy

Many drugs are regularly consumed during gestation including some that are potential teratogens. Women consume an average of 5 to 9 medications. Vitamins and iron supplements are the most commonly used followed by anti-infective and analgesic antipyretic anti-inflammatory agents.

Teratogenicity And Breast Feeding

2010-07-14T11:22:00.000-07:00

This Section Includes

Drugs In Pregnancy

Placental Transfer

Fetal Development and Drug Effects

Proven Human Teratogens

Drug Excretion in Human milk

Reducing risk of Infant Exposure to Drugs in Breast Milk

Drugs Contraindicated During Lactation

HIV Replication

2010-05-01T04:37:00.000-07:00

It is a very excellent animation which explains the hiv replication very clearly.
For free download of this video

Clinical Pharmacology, 9th edition

2010-05-01T04:23:00.000-07:00

Paperback: 1088 pages Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical; 9 edition (December 15, 2003) Language: English

By P. N. Bennett, Morris J. Brown, Publisher: Churchill Livingstone Number Of Pages: 804 Publication Date: 2003-05-27 Sales Rank: 1807748 ISBN / ASIN: 0443064806 EAN: 9780443064807 Binding: Paperback Manufacturer: Churchill Livingstone Studio: Churchill Livingstone Average Rating: 4 Total Reviews: 1 Book Description: This book is for students, doctors and indeed for all concerned with evidence-based drug therapy. A knowledge of pharmacological and therapeutic principles is essential if drugs/medicines are to be used safely and effectively for increasingly informed and critical patients.Doctors who understand how drugs get into the body, how they produce their effects, what happens to them in the body, and how evidence of their therapeutic effect is assessed, will choose drugs more skilfully, and use them more successfully than those who do not. The principles involved are neither so numerous nor so difficult to understand as to deter any prescriber, including those whose primary interests lie elsewhere than in pharmacology.All who use drugs cannot escape either the moral or the legal 'duty of care' to prescribe in an informed and responsible way.size: 69.94 MB

Download Now HOT FILE

Download Now RAPID SHARE

Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th Edition

2010-05-01T04:15:00.000-07:00

Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th Edition
(Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series)
By Richard A Harvey, Pamela C Champe, Richard Finkel, Luigi Cubeddu, Michelle A Clarke

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Number Of Pages: 560
Publication Date: 2008-07-01
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0781771552
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780781771559
Binding: Paperback

Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, Fourth Edition enables rapid review and assimilation of large amounts of complex information about the essentials of medical pharmacology. Clear, sequential pictures of mechanisms of action actually show students how drugs work, instead of just telling them. As in previous editions, the book features an outline format, over 500 full-color illustrations, cross-references to other volumes in the series, and over 125 review questions. has been thoroughly updated, and a new chapter covers toxicology. New to this edition will be a companion Website containing all of the illustrations, fully searchable text, and an interactive question bank. NOTE: International Edition available for sales outside North America and Caribbean (ISBN: 978-1-60547-200-3)

FORM: HTML Pages

Hospital Pre-registration Pharmacist Training

2010-04-30T13:50:00.001-07:00

Aamer Safdar, Shirley Ip, "Hospital Pre-registration Pharmacist Training"
Pharmaceutical Press 2009 ISBN: 085369785X 256 pages PDF 1,1 MB

This is a practical guide for students; an insight into their hospital preregistration training. It is one of the RPS "Tomorrow's Pharmacist" series. The proposed text aims to provide a practical explanation for undergraduates and preregistration trainees on what to expect from a hospital preregistration training programme. The text uses an informal writing style and is based on tips, hints, past experiences and anecdotes from the authors in their roles as preregistration tutors. The experiences are from a district general hospital and a large teaching hospital perspective.

Download Now

FASTtrack: Therapeutics

2010-04-30T13:42:00.000-07:00

Nadia Bukhari, David Kearney, "FASTtrack: Therapeutics"
Pharmaceutical Press 2009 ISBN: 0853697752 200 pages PDF 3,3 MB

This is a revision guide for students providing bullet points of basic information on therapeutics. "FASTtrack" is a new series of indispensable revision guides created especially. The content of each title focuses on what pharmacy students really need to know in order to pass exams, providing concise, bulleted information, key points, tips and an all-important self-assessment section which includes MCQs, case studies, sample essay questions and worked examples. The "FASTtrack" series provides the ultimate lecture notes and is a must-have for all pharmacy undergraduate students wanting to revise and test themselves for forthcoming exams. A "FASTtrack" website includes MCQs, sample online content and much more.

Download Now

Postmortem Toxicology of Abused Drugs

2010-04-30T13:38:00.000-07:00

MD, FFFLM, Steven B. Karch , "Postmortem Toxicology of Abused Drugs"
CRC; 1 edition (October 9, 2007) | ISBN: 1420054511 | 216 pages | PDF | 2,1 Mb

Extracted from the Drug Abuse Handbook, 2nd edition, to give you just the information you need at an affordable price.

Postmortem Toxicology of Abused Drugs considers the role of toxicology in the investigation of homicide, suicide, accident, natural death, and overdose. It gives practical insights and case reviews on conducting toxicology tests and completing toxicology reports. It explains chain of custody; specimen collection and security; sampling of blood, urine, bile, and vitreous humor; and the selection of post-mortem specimens. Analyzing various testing procedures, the book covers simple chemical tests, microdiffusion tests, chromatography, spectroscopy, and more. It also discusses methods and strategies for analysis; and covers quality assurance protocols and controls. To help avoid common pitfalls, the text demonstrates the proper interpretation of postmortem drug levels based on knowledge of pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and pharmacogenetics; post-mortem redistribution and diffusion; and other considerations such as synergistic toxicity, and drug instability. Heavily referenced and containing several tables, figures, and useful appendices, this book is a handy reference for forensic scientists and medical examiners involved with death investigation.

Download Now For Free

Pharmaceutical Care Extras

2010-04-30T08:30:00.000-07:00

Pharmaceutical Care

Page 15

After the first paragraph

The practice, therefore didn't stop at practicing clinical pharmacy & in fact clinical pharmacy is single component in the practice

The term pharmaceutical care was introduced during 1990 to describe health care provided to the patient by the pharmacist at any practice sitting ( Hosp, community clinics)

The term pharmacy practice was introduced to described the describe the discipline of pharmacy that is responsible for developing the professional role of the pharmacist as health care provider

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page 26

Mortality May be death if take drug by overdose

Morbidity May be death by small dose

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page 27

The pharmacist is the best member of the health care team to see the patient

Only member of the team that is available for the patient to seek advices & information

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page 46

Listening skills

God gave us one tongue & two ears so we could hear twice as much as we speak

Empathy = Active listening

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page 49

Types of commu. Language

We communicate and build relationship through

Verbal language

Speech

Writing

Listening

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page 51

Facial expression

Include

Your smile

Tilt your head ; eg if your head tilted to one side , it usually indicate you are interested in what some one is saying

Eye Contact

Lack of eye contact make you appear weak or not trustworthy

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page 52

Body posture

Also your clothes and accessories what message are you sending if you are dressed casually at an important meeting

OTC DRUGS

Page 117

Dr abdel hamid said

ممكن نكون دوله متقدمة لو بقى عندنا ولو براند نيم واحد بدليل ان

Cimetidine

انقد انجلترا اقتصاديا والان كعلاج فى مزبلة ال

H2 Blockers

Page 121

Some drugs has two doses one for prescribing and other for non-prescribing

Innovator : the first brand produced for Generic Name

ADHERENCE

Page 128

Potent drug has :

Narrow therapeutic index

Wide individual variation clearance

In kidney transplantation if poor adherence with immunosuppressant lead to rejection or death so dose should be individualized acc. To patient

الأصرار على التفائل قد يصنع الذى كان مستحيلا

Really I am interested in your Feedback about my Blog Via

GUEST BOOK

CONTACTING ME

Patient Compliance: Sweetening the Pill

2010-04-12T09:08:00.000-07:00

Patient Compliance: Sweetening the Pill Publisher: Gower Publishing Company ISBN: 0566086581 edition 2006 PDF 220 pages 11 mb

Vast global resources are ploughed into the delivery of treatment interventions ranging from diet and lifestyle advice through to complex surgery. In all cases, whatever the intervention, unless the recipient is engaged with the process and understands why the intervention has been offered and the part they play in its success, compliance will be an issue. Even where the individual does engage and understand, he or she may choose, in the light of that knowledge, not to comply. This book aims to explore the key factors which drive compliance and the part that healthcare professionals can play in improving this, with the key underlying goal of improving public health in its broadest sense.

Download Now For Free

Plant Secondary Metabolites: Occurrence, Structure and Role in the Human Diet

2010-03-23T06:09:00.000-07:00

Alan Crozier "Plant Secondary Metabolites: Occurrence, Structure and Role in the Human Diet"Wiley-Blackwell 2006-12-11 ISBN: 1405125098 384 pages PDF 9 MBPlant Secondary Metabolites: Occurrence, Structure and Role in the Human Diet covers the main groups of natural products from a chemical and biosynthetic perspective with illustrations of how genetic engineering can be applied to manipulate levels of secondary metabolites of economic value as well as those of potential importance in diet and health. These descriptive chapters are augmented by chapters showing where these products are found in the diet, how they are metabolized and reviewing the evidence for their beneficial bioactivity.

Download

Principles of Health Care Ethics

2010-03-23T06:07:00.000-07:00

Publisher:Wiley Pages:1118 1994-01-15 ISBN:0471930334 PDF 85 MBOver 100 authors, representing a wide range of disciplines, nationalities, religions and cultures, write about the many complex ethical dilemmas posed by modern medicine and health care in this richly diverse and thought-provoking collection. The result is a combination of reference work and narrative, both useful and accessible as a professional resource, and informative and readable as an overview of current thinking. The books use, analysis and critique of four moral principles—respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice—provide a linking theme throughout, giving the reader an appreciation of the power of these basic principles in providing an analytical framework for moral reflection on ethical issues in health care. The topics discussed in this book are relevant to everyone working in, or associated with, medicine and health care, whether student, practitioner, teacher or researcher, but its appeal will also extend to those in the fields of philosophy, medical law, sociology and theology, and the general reader concerned about the many moral problems that arise in medical practice.

Download Now For Free

P & G Pharmacy Handbook, Second Edition

2010-03-23T06:04:00.000-07:00

It is crucial that pharmacists understand the language of health care professionals and, in turn, can convey the information in an understandable fashion to patients. Procter & Gamble Pharmacist's Handbook, Second Edition facilitates this communication. Now, all in one place, you can have medical terms, abbreviations, and patient counseling principles right at your fingertips. The handbook begins with an Inverted Medical Dictionary to translate lay terminology to more technical vocabulary and an Eponyms section to translate medical terminology to language that is comprehensible to patients. The Dictionary shows how to analyze the medical terms by identifying its root, suffix, and prefix. This examination is supplemented with numerous tables of common roots, suffixes, and prefixes. The book concludes with a glossary of managed care terms that will help you understand the language of the insurance community. Another critical responsibility of a pharmacist is to clearly comprehend a prescription. The sections containing Medical Abbreviations and Terms Used in Prescription Writing will aid in this vital task. Also included in the handbook are general references, such as normal laboratory values, conversion factors, and weights and measures. These features make Procter & Gamble Pharmacist's Handbook, Second Edition a convenient and handy resource for the practicing pharmacist

Download Now For free

Merriam-Webster’s Audio Dictionary CD-ROM, Version 3.0

2010-03-02T03:04:00.000-08:00

Merriam-Webster’s Audio Dictionary CD-ROM, Version 3.0 (Merriam Webster’s Medical Audio Dictionary)By Merriam-Webster
Publisher: CENGAGE Delmar Learning Publication Date: 2004-12-22 ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0877794731 ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780877794738 Binding: CD-ROM
Product Description:
The dictionary program contains the full text of Merriam-Webster’s Medical Desk Dictionary, Revised Edition. It contains useful tables and more than 750 illustrations. The dictionary software allows fast dictionary lookups, and also provides browse options and advanced search capabilities that allow you to conduct even sophisticated language research with ease. It contains 8 search options, including entry word lookups, defining text searches (e.g., searches for words within the definitions), searches for word function (e.g., part of speech) and usage notes (e.g., regional, temporal, or stylistic labels), as well as searches of the text of verbal illustrations or biographical sketches. Advanced search functions allow you to combine individual search options to create detailed searches that meet your needs.
Amazon.com:
Medical lingo is nearly a language in its own right, so for students of medicine or amateurs who’d like to understand their doctors’ conversations, a dictionary of medical terms is a necessity. With a section on medical prefixes and suffixes, more than 2,000 new entries added since 1986, and thousands of illustrations, the recent version is 112 pages longer and a lot easier on the eyes. There’s information on AIDS, biochemistry, psychiatry, and geriatric medicine, concise definitions for procedures, tests, and medications, plus all the terms and topics that hit the headlines or appear in your physical report.
Summary: Perfect tool book for foreigner medical guyRating: 5
If you don’t speak English, and try to start your medical career in a English country. Merriam Webster’s Medical Audio Dictionary can help you successful.
Summary: Nice to have and very helpfulRating: 4
Best in: Quality of sound, sharp pronunciation, complete word coverage, shortcut menu access
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX
System Requirements
WINDOWS ===================================
* Microsoft Windows 98/Me/2000/NT 4.0/XP/Vista/Win7
* Pentium or higher processor
* CD-ROM drive
* SVGA monitor with a screen resolution of 800 x 600 pixels
and using 16-bit color (called High Color in Windows
2000 and Medium Color in XP)
* Keyboard and Windows-compatible pointing device (e.g.,
mouse)
* 32 MB RAM
* 70-100 MB hard drive space (depending upon the reference
purchased
* Sound card and speakers (for audio versions)
* To use Go Online options, Netscape version 4.75 or higher
or Microsoft Internet Explorer version 5.0 or higher
MACINTOSH:===================================
* Macintosh computer with a G3 or G4 processor or higher
* OS 9.x or 10.x
* SVGA monitor that can display a screen resolution of
at least 800 x 600 pixels and using thousands of colors
* Keyboard and a Macintosh compatible pointing device
(e.g., mouse)
* 32 MB RAM
* 70-100 MB hard drive space (depending upon the reference
purchased
* Sound card and speakers (for audio versions)
* To use Go Online options, Netscape version 4.75 or higher
or Microsoft Internet Explorer version 5.0 or higher
http://rapidshare.com/files/229547109/mwmd3.part1.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/229567703/mwmd3.part2.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/229569208/mwmd3.part3.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/229565292/mwmd3.part4.rar
File size: ~ 480 mbFile type: isopassword:englishtips.org

Recombinant Antibodies for Immunotherapy

2010-02-01T02:56:00.000-08:00

Melvyn Little PhD, "Recombinant Antibodies for Immunotherapy"
Cambridge University Press 2009 ISBN: 0521887321 440 pages PDF 3,8 MB

Recombinant Antibodies for Immunotherapy provides a comprehensive overview of the field of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), a market that has grown tremendously in recent years. Twenty-five articles by experienced and innovative authors cover the isolation of specific human mAbs, humanization, immunogenicity, technologies for improving efficacy, "arming" mAbs, novel alternative Ab constructs, increasing half-lives, alternative concepts employing non-immunoglobulin scaffolds, novel therapeutic approaches, a market analysis of therapeutic mAbs, and future developments in the field. The concepts and technologies are illustrated by examples of recombinant antibodies being used in the clinic or in development. This book will appeal to both newcomers and experienced scientists in the field, biology and biotechnology students, research and development departments in the pharmaceutical industry, medical researchers, clinicians, and biotechnology investors.

depositfiles.com

U & V & W & X & Y & Z Abbreviations

2010-01-08T06:08:00.000-08:00

U

UA	urinalysis
UAC	uric acid \| umbilical artery catheter
UAO	upper airway obstruction
UBD	universal blood donor
UC	ulcerative colitis \| umbilical cord
ud	as directed
UFH	unfractionated heparin
UGI	upper gastrointestinal
URI	upper respiratory infection
URQ	upper right quadrant
US	ultrasound
UTI	urinary tract infection
UUN	urinary urea nitrogen
UVA	ultraviolet A light
V

VAD	venous access device
VC	vital capacity
VCT	venous clotting time
VCUG	voiding cysourethrogram
VDRL	Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (test for syphilis)
VMA	vanillymadelic acid
VO	verbal or voice order
V/Q	ventilation - perfusion
VRE	vancomycin-resistant enterococcus
VSS	vital signs stable
VT	ventricular tachycardia
VV	varicose veins
VW	vessel wall
VWD	von Willebrand's disease
VZV	varicella zoster virus
W

WB	whole blood
WBC	white blood cell or count
WBR	whole body radiation
WD	well developed
WF	white female
WIA	wounded in action
WID	widow, widower
WM	white male
WN	well nourished
WNL	within normal limits
WO	written order \| weeks old \| wide open.
WOP	without pain
W.P.	whirlpool
WPW	Wolff-Parkinson-White
W-T-D	wet to dry
W/U	workup
X

X2d	times 2 days.
XI	eleven
XII	twelve
XL	extended release. \| extra large.
XM	crossmatch
XMM	xeromammography
XOM	extraocular movements
XRT	X-ray therapy (radiation therapy)
XS	excessive
XULN	times upper limit of normal
Y

YF	yellow fever
YLC	youngest living child
yo	years old
YOB	year of birth
yr	year
ytd	year to date
Z

ZDV	zidovudine
ZE	Zollinger-Ellison
Z-ESR	zeta erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Zn	zinc
ZnO	zinc oxide
ZSB	zero stools since birth

R & S & T Abbreviations

2010-01-08T06:06:00.000-08:00

R

R	right
RA	rheumatoid arthritis or right atrium
RAD	right atrial axis deviation
RAE	right atrial enlargement
RAP	right atrial pressure
RBBB	right bundle branch block
RBC	red blood cell
RBP	retinol-binding protein
RDA	recommended daily allowance
RDW	red cell distribution width
RIA	radioimmunoassay
RIH	right inguinal hernia
RLL	right lower lobe
RLQ	right lower quadrant
RML	right middle lobe
RNA	ribonucleic acid
R/O	rule out
ROM	range of motion
ROS	review of systems
RPG	retrograde pyelogram
RRR	regular rate and rhythm
RT	respiratory or radiation therapy
RTA	renal tubular acidosis
RTC	return to clinic
RU	resin uptake
RUG	retrograde urethogram
RUL	right upper lobe
RUQ	right upper quadrant
RV	residual volume
RVH	right ventricular hyperthrophy
Rx	treatment
S

s	without \| ss = one-half
SA	sinoatrial
SAA	synthetic amino acid
S&E	sugar and acetone
SBE	subacute bacterial endocarditis
SBFT	small bowel follow through
SBS	short bowel syndrome
SCr	serum creatinine
SEM	systolic ejection murmur
SG	Swan-Ganz
SGA	small for gestational age
SGGT	serum gamma- glutamyl transpeptidase
SGOT	serum glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase
SGPT	serum glutamic- pyruvic transaminase
SIADH	syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
sig	write on label
SIMV	synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation
sl	sublingual
SLE	systemic lupus erythematous
SMO	slips made out
SOAP	subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan
SOB	shortness of breath
SQ	subcutaneous
STAT	immediately
SVD	spontaneous vaginal delivery
Sx	symptoms
T

T&C	type and cross
TAH	total abdominal hysterectomy
T&H	type and hold
TB	tuberculosis
TBG	total binding globulin
Td	tetanus-diphtheria toxoid
TIA	transient ischemic attack
TIBC	total iron binding capacity
tid	three times a day
TIG	tetanus immune globulin
TKO	to keep open
TLC	total lung capacity
TMJ	temporo mandibular joint
TNTC	too numerous to count
TO	telephone order
TOPV	trivalent oral polio vaccine
TPN	total parenteral nutrition
TSH	thyroid stimulating hormone
TT	thrombin time
TTP	thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
TU	tuberculin units
TUR	transurethral resection
TURBT	TUR bladder tumors
TURP	transurethral resection of prostate
TV	tidal volume
TVH	total vaginal hysterectomy
tw	twice a week
Tx	treatment, transplant

N & O &P &Q Abbreviations

2010-01-08T06:05:00.000-08:00

N

NAD	no active disease
NAS	no added salt
NCV	nerve conduction velocity
NED	no evidence of recurrent disease
ng	nanogram
NG	nasogastric
NIDDM	non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
NKA	no known allergies
NKDA	no known drug allergies
NMR	nuclear magnetic resonance
NPO	nothing by mouth
NRM	no regular medications
NSAID	non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs
NSR	normal sinus rhythm
NT	nasotracheal
O

OB	obstetrics
OCG	oral cholecystogram
OD	overdose or right eye
OM	otitis media
OOB	out of bed
OOP	out of plaster
OPV	oral polio vaccine
OR	operating room
OS	left eye
OU	both eyes
P

P	para
PA	posteroanterior
PAC	premature atrial contraction
PAO2	alveolar oxygen
PaO2	peripheral arterial oxygen content
PAP	pulmonary artery pressure
PAT	paroxysymal atrial tachycardia
P&PD	percussion and postural drainage
PC	after eating
PCWP	pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
PDA	patent ductus arteriosus
PDR	physicians desk reference
PE	pulmonary embolus, or physical exam or pleural effusion
PEEP	positive end expiratory pressure
PFT	pulmonary function tests
pg	picogram
PI	pulmonic insufficiency disease
PKU	phenylketonuria
PMH	previous medical history
PMI	point of maximal impulse
PMN	polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophil)
PND	paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
PO	by mouth
POD	post-op day
PP	postprandial or pulsus paradoxus
PPD	purified protein derivative
PR	by rectum
PRBC	packed red blood cells
PRN	as needed
PS	pulmonic stenosis
PT	prothrombin time, or physical therapy
Pt	patient
PTCA	percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PTH	parathyroid hormone
PTHC	percutanous transhepatic cholangiogram
PTT	partial thromboplastin time
PUD	peptic ulcer disease
PVC	premature ventricular contraction
PVD	peripheral vascular disease
Q

q	every (e.g. q6h = every 6 hours)
qd	every day
qh	every hour
q4h, q6h....	every 4 hours, every 6 hours etc.
qid	four times a day
QNS	quantity not sufficient
qod	every other day
Qs/Qt	shunt fraction
Qt	total cardiac output

J & K & L & M Abbreviations

2010-01-08T06:03:00.000-08:00

J

JODM	juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
JVD	jugular venous distention
K
KOR	keep open rate
KUB	kidneys, ureters, bladder
KVO	keep vein open
L

L	left
LAD	left axis deviation or left anterior descending
LAE	left atrial enlargement
LAHB	left anterior hemiblock
LAP	left atrial pressure or leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
LBBB	left bundle branch block
LDH	lactate dehydrogenase
LE	lupus erythematosus
LIH	left inguinal hernia
LLL	left lower lobe
LMP	last menstrual period
LNMP	last normal menstrual period
LOC	loss of consciousness or level of consciousness
LP	lumbar puncture
LPN	licensed practical nurse
LUL	left upper lobe
LUQ	Left Upper Quadrant
LV	left ventricle
LVEDP	left ventricular end diastolic pressure
LVH	left ventricular hypertrophy
M

MAO	monoamine oxidase
MAP	mean arterial pressure
MAST	medical antishock trousers
MBT	maternal blood type
MCH	mean cell hemoglobin
MCHC	mean cell hemoglobin concentration
MCV	mean cell volume
MI	myocardial infarction or mitral insufficiency
mL	milliliter
MLE	midline episiotomy
MMEF	maximal mid expiratory flow
mmol	millimole
MMR	measles, mumps, rubella
MRI	magnetic resonance imaging
MRSA	methicillin resistant staph aureus
MS	multiple sclerosis or mitral stenosis, or morphine sulfate
MSSA	methicillin-sensitive staph aureus
MVA	motor vehicle accident
MVI	multivitamin injection
MVV	maximum voluntary ventilation