WORLDS SUPER SOLDIER

ABOUT COMMANDOS

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Fri, 04 Sep 2015 16:52:00 +0000

Attention is invited to "an illustrated interview" with an experienced commander of Spetsnaz, he gave answers to questions concerning, mainly military and domestic aspects of life of the modern Army Special Forces soldiers. To his story matched the corresponding photographs taken at different times in different parts and divisions of Spetsnaz special forces and airborne troops in the reconnaissance from motorized infantry.

Group Spetsnaz put any problem, it is determined that it is necessary to carry out autonomously seven to ten days. How is the training? How and by whom it is determined that with him to take?
In the equipment, in most cases, each scout individually decides when the chief or senior commander to bring him some direction about the problem, how many days leave. Each outfit is preparing himself, realizing that he needed for a stated period, and the commander of the group has direct control. Now we have good equipment goes, before it was weaker. However - the soldiers are trying to buy some items on their own. Try to keep things warm, light was. Basically, to Gore-Tex (prim.avt. - This refers to the membrane in general, not just the products specified brand) was. Shine lot of attention.The most important thing is the shoes of anyone.

Scout Sniper Special Forces Airborne on academic output.

What kind of shoes choose?
Ankle boots, mostly before the US took, firms Crispi. Now a lot of others, which use modern technologies and materials. We need a waterproof, breathable and warm for the duration of the output boots. During the combat mission shoes generally can not be removed: you're in it and sleep. Clothing, if possible, too, to buy themselves: jackets, pants membrane material, they do not miss the water and in such clothes comfortable in any weather. B Snow, for example, you can lie down and not get wet.

Socks are using different leg wrappings too. When the membrane of shoes there, it can be used in a conventional feminine pads. They just put in the shoes as absorbent, sorbent. If there are no good shoes, then use conventional ankle boots. Before leaving, they are lubricated with some goose fat, all the pores thoroughly soaked. Just take any fat or lard and soaked to the shoes become more moisture resistant.

The same vaunted shoes Crispi.

Fighter uses ankle boots from the most "simple".

Is there a need for all the scouts in the group at the same wear camouflage?
In most cases, special forces reconnaissance is not particularly adhere to this rule, all went to was about the same. At least in previous years, when the software was not (in the two thousandth years, until about 2010).Now the supply is quite good and there is a good outfit, but because groups often appear outwardly uniform.Previously, each to himself bought almost everything. It turns seemingly motley group. On to combat the problem is, by and large, it does not affect. Clarification - the group commander and the radio operator should not stand out from the crowd. If more or less the same, the visual first time it is impossible to determine who is the team and by whom.

The commander of one of the groups with his deputy clarify the situation.

The Internet is constantly being debated that a certain camouflage pattern is better than another. There are some observations on this issue?
The observations are as follows: in the highlands usually "slides" using camouflage - in a wooded area. And what he is, "cartoons" or some, that is to say, removed from life debate. Anyway, without individual improvements can not do.

Reconnaissance 45-th Guards separate Order of Kutuzov Order of Alexander Nevsky Regiment Special conduct training mining bridge.
Magic "cartoons" and other camouflage patterns presented in the assortment. Especially good fighter in the bush and Rasfokus.

How well-proven multi-layered current uniforms VKBO?
I think it's pretty convenient. At least the heat, if all wear the instructions. The idea is that if you just stand in the clothes, in everyday life, at home - it is normal. And when the task load high, you are constantly moving: mainly in t-shirt, vest and a jacket. Most often, it is still "slide": comfortable, durable thing, which is used on a daily basis. And be sure to bear a replacement set of dry clothes so you can change when people in the maturation or pleasure stop in an ambush become. In general, when you can rest, immediately changing clothes to dry quickly.

On the serviceman's clothing from the VKBO (all-season set of basic outfits).

Is there any minimum "reserve water?"
Two or three "poltorashki" to each for the first time in anyone. From my experience I can say that from his subordinates during the tasks required to ensure a minimum flow of water. Three hundred grams of water in the morning (cup of tea) and the next circle in the evening. This, too, three hundred grams of water. During movement on the task of drinking water is strictly prohibited. Maybe, of course, they are out there and tried to secretly drink stops, well, this thing on their conscience.
There is not even the fact that someone can violate the requirements of the commander. The body, when the load is high - mobilized. Soldiers go, go, and here again! Water! And once the body relaxes. If you drink one hundred, two hundred, three hundred grams of water - the body just stops working as it should. That is, he relaxes even not not go hunting or to do something you do not want. Therefore, drinking regime - this is such an important factor, especially when heavy loads are.
Because we all take about the same amount of water, after a few days I'll see how I remain, as much as the band. Let's say I was left half, and the people have water already end: then drank without a team. It is an unnecessary problem - it is necessary to look on a map, as if to find a place where to get water, if possible. If there is no place or opportunity, you will have to endure. Often, for example, must be seven days from morning till night to move to search. And in the evening, for example, when actions are planned ambush or leisure - here in the evening, you can quench your thirst.
Often it is necessary to dispense with local water or deal with poor water quality. This is normal. If successful scenario river or stream is quite amiss for drinking, if there is no bottled water with you. Often it also happens that the task is put on three or four days, and it will last for ten days and more. Then we have the power and ends. Periodically we confronted with the fact that the problem of above-plan prolonged. Then the snow and even puddles it. Using pills "Akvatabs" for water, which are in rations (PRI). Water after them, of course, disgusting and smelly, but becomes suitable drinking.

As the water is transferred? Directly in plastic bottles?
Yes, in simple butylkah- "poltorashka." Or "kemelbekah". Weight is distributed convenient, accurate system, the motion does not create interference. It is a good thing.

A soldier demonstrates his Spetsnaz personal hydrator type camelback.

With regard to non-combat equipment that is required to take with them whether there are any "approved" at least?
Because food - depending on how many days you are going. For example, the yield for seven days, then should, in theory, be given seven daily diets (PRI). But more than three and a half no one takes, and what share is left only the basic foods to remove weight. Every extra kilo will bear. Well water naturally. In the winter easier, you can use the snow: melt, boil or add decontamination tablet. Without water, nothing.

The rest individually: insulated cups, burners. One need fashionable burner with piezo, strike sharply the other matches, third for heating water and food uses special tablets. Those who suhpaykah, we do not use. One hundred meters is quite possible to smell the smell of a burning pills, even more, perhaps.

The soldier on a halt Spetsnaz units. He opened the package with the PRI (individual diet) and tried to put aside the fact that he would take with him to the task. It turned out just to say a little bit. Basically, in a pile under the title "suitable" included stew and bacon. Everything else has been classified as "luxury"

Were there any trouble from contaminated water? Diarrhea or stomach upset?
I can say that during the war is not happening. In practice, this is a very rare case, because the body is mobilized to work so that it does not take anything. Not sick people. But after the return may be ill when he came back. Here the body is relaxed, and you can get sick. On the job were isolated cases, someone with something ill. Just load is high, the responsibility is high enough. The man is mobilized, the body works to its fullest, and it does not take anything, neither illness nor germs.

Let's group stopped to rest. We all have our own water and food, everyone eats his or something is in the common pot?
Everyone eats their own. The group is usually divided into small cells of three, for example. Inside the "twos" or "triples" - is as collusion. If someone from the group ate all his back and wanted to eat, he certainly will, but the corresponding confusion arises: what are you, dear friend? So did the water situation. It all comes with time, with coherence. Group lapped, second or third and Walker all already know everything.

Some stimulants, energy on the tasks used?
Especially not. I, at least, did not use ever. Is that homemade energy drinks do sometimes, when necessary.And coffee. People prepare themselves high-mix chocolate, cognac and lemon. From the very widespread - dried fruits, sweets. "Snickers" very nutritious and high-calorie, give a lot of energy and weigh little.

It was the case, for us to "jump" (prim.avt. - Refers to the annual competition Spetsnaz groups, officially referred to as All-Army competition intelligence units of the Land Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation "Green Path") came harsh guys - so they ate, "sneakers" with mayonnaise. I just covered a delight!

The main thing is not what you eat, but what it gives you. Eat something you can do, anything, really. In mayonnaise, mostly fats, oils - they are "long" and the need for long passages, and "fast" carbohydrates - on the contrary. If you feel that you can not stomp - again! and ate candy. It is the "fast" carbohydrates gives, everything is rapidly absorbed, and you again for a short time "hearty."

Intimate questions. If the problem is such that it is not necessary anywhere to "shine" in general - is organized as a question to the administration of natural needs?
Inside "two" or "three" this issue is solved as standard. One observes one rests one necessarily covers. I dug a hole, made in her case, all buried, disguised, left. To a trail not to leave any. In winter snow. If you lie and you can not get up, then lying. The package, in the sand, for example. But it's more for the snipers, who come to the task. In groups there are simpler: the people more. The problem lay motionless for days and observe generally do not make.

Sniper at rest. A soldier in the background gives the holidays legs, scoring higher on their backpack.

Sniper couple moved in search of a place for "seasoning."

Senior couple gesture makes it clear partner - "lie down."

As far as the personnel of the group will be able to replace each other?
In the group there are the commander, his deputy, the radio operator. These people are key. In addition they have a scout-arrow-Gunners scouts, spies, medics. If you need all interchangeable. For example, take the scout medic. It is the same intelligence as the other, just knows medicine anymore. But if he will need help - the rest will be able to provide. Or gunner. All his life with a machine gun, he knows it perfectly, but if need be, then the others can take a machine gun and fire. We have plenty of all interchangeable.

Someone in the group is the hardest job?
The most difficult work - it's probably a radio operator. Because apart from the fact that he carries with him all the same as the usual spy, he must bear and the radio station, which also weighs a lot. This is a rather narrow specialists, need to know a lot, ranging from radio to the requirements of TTX to the place from which to broadcast, and it's pretty easy. In second place - the team leader and his deputy. Hard and Heavy's: weight at the gun is great, strong guys should be hardy. And everything else you need as vzaimosostavlyayuschie mosaic: every need in his direction.
On the group say: Heavy always try to unload as much as possible, it is physically heavier than others. He has a very large ammunition he carries with him two thousand rounds (prim.avt. - One machine-gun cartridge 7,62? 54R weighs about 25 grams). For one person, it's hard. He takes the bulk of the ammunition, and the rest distributed among his top three. Comrades, if the fight goes, help with a machine gun, give ammunition to equip podsobit tape. If one group gets tired and just fails, or beaten out of power due to the fact that pulling a lot of weight, and the rest will be joyful and merry go light - no one from this well will not. Is distributed evenly all over and over and that all were happy and cheerful.
Each group commander decides who is who is in the top three. It is such a small team that is standing together on a task, it is such a combat unit. Sometimes the group commander interfere in the affairs troika. For example, when you have to decide who and what to carry more than necessary.
Are there any unofficial circumstances when a fighter asks transferred from group to group? This is what happens?
There is, but it is very isolated cases. The company, for example, the company commander can people shuffle their power. Suitable, for example, the group commander and company commander says: This fellow does not fit in their some quality, you can translate it. But mostly, the team that originally there - permanent. People stumble, adapt to one another over time. The band is constant. If a person, for example, fell ill before the assignment, it is usually not replaced by anyone, not supplement group, she goes on a mission in the "minus one". When returned to the base - again, people hold together, friendship families common.

Heavy Regiment 45 Airborne special forces in an ambush.

A single 7.62-mm machine gun PEP "Pecheneg". The Spetsnaz began to meet more often than the RMB, based on which "Pecheneg" and was created.

Scout-45 Airborne Regiment gunner with a machine gun "Pecheneg".

Special Forces on the shooting range. Perhaps the only bright claims made Gunners practitioners to the "Pecheneg" - uncomfortable position handle.

Medications. Everyone has their own individual stock or on one large group?
Medicines - first-aid kit to everyone, standard, nothing more. What is now issued, a standard first aid kit - it is, in principle, there is everything you need.

What is the most common medical "trouble" during the task?
In my lifetime there was nothing wrong. Feet washed, of course, but if the erased legs - are to blame. Whether shoes are not very suitable, or did not care that it was dry. In principle, nothing terrible and there: a pair of outputs and legs "grinded" become calloused, wiping as the stone becomes. If Spetsnaz soldier serving for a long time, do not rub anything. If you want to have your feet are dry, pick up shoes, prepare shoes before entering. Well, I do not want - then go as you can. If you wiped his feet, the problems of Indians do not care about the sheriff. You're still not going anywhere, you'll just go. Of course, if someone wipe his feet and will have a burden for the whole group - no he did not say anything good. This is also an incentive.

Fighter covers crossing. Note shoes.

He. Back view. during walking alone feet, apparently, it was covered with plaster. Preventive or results - it is not clear.

Quite often in Internet discussion about knives, about the cold SWAT weapons. Some believe that this intelligence to the enemy creeps silently and stabs a knife into his throat. It happens?
It happens, of course. To the cinema. Knife - a tool for us. For this incident, there is a silent weapon, which operates at a distance. I do not have anywhere to crawl, do not themselves issue.At least, you can always get close to such a distance to the enemy, from which it can be destroyed from the same silenced pistol or a silent machine. However, no matter what anyone said, but to quietly creep up behind the man, like in the movies show it is possible. But it is very long and very hard.

If a person is on duty, whatever it was careless, he sensitively distinguish sounds, especially at night, when they heard far away. A rustling movement immediately attracts attention, crawl at such a distance is possible, but have to crawl on the millimeter, and it is very long. Now things are much easier, as the silenced pistol can solve such problems at a distance of ten to fifteen meters.

Scout demonstrates the techniques of shooting from PB (pistol Silent).

Externally similar to PB PM, but PM is not relevant.

Spetsnaz Sniper conducts automatic fire from AS "Val".

Spetsnaz Sniper shoots rubber eye cup with an optical sight mounted on BCC "Vintorez."

Scouts at the shooting range. Armed BCC "Vintorez" and AS "Val".

Automatic silent pistol (APB).

Silent version of the famous gun APS.

Pistol PSS "Wool".

"Wool" provides noiseless and flameless firing range of up to 50 meters. It shoots virtually besshumno.Ogon of MSS "Wool" conducted a special cartridge SP-4. The complex MSS-SP-4 provide the maximum degree of silencing zvuka.Porohovye gases clipped inside the sleeve, which ensures quiet operation of the weapon. Ammunition hit Bang Bang Army steel helmet at a distance of 25 meters.

LDCs. Knives scout shooting: the first and second versions.

The instructor demonstrates the techniques of shooting from scouts knife.

In general, the knives have intelligence with them there?
Of course, each has its own scout knife. Open a bank, which cut the wires clean. If necessary, of course, can cause damage and knife. A good knife - it's nice. When he did not immediately blunts when it does not need a long time to sharpen. My opinion - the knife is needed mostly for domestic use. Well, just in case, if it is absolutely the kiss.

Scout Sniper. Armed BCC "Vintorez" and shoot knife.

What do you think about colleagues from the number of "potential enemies"? Who is cooler?
I have on this subject his mind: it is not belonging to the SAS or the Israelis, and they have people slabopodgotovlennye not prepared, and we have a group of transcendent level. Regarding the question "Who is cooler?": In combat situations, none of us with SAS «group to the group" does not come across. Together, we - the piece goods. The probability that a group of special forces will face another group of enemy ... which means either no good (laughs). It seems to me, a rare, even unlikely event that this happens. Approximately, like snipers, two bullets hit counter each other. This is not the tank battalions came together in the melee!

As far as the computer modeling on the Internet - who knows from which they originate in the modeling parameters of how to assess the opponents? This level of "someone who zaboret - a whale or an elephant?" I think everything is just on the individual preparation of each fighter and coherence of the group depends. And compare the "slope", but looking on the Internet, they are out there running around on camera, that is to say, not a show trial. They perform some tasks and we are doing about the same. But how to compare, I do not know. Yes, we are watching the "colleagues", open source has not been canceled. There is nothing radically new in their preparation is not, there is nothing that would be fundamentally different from us. The nuances, of course.

In this sense, perhaps, even the experience of the Great Patriotic War will be more useful. We talked with the veterans, sometimes talking with older scouts - grandfathers, who, as they say, with a bayonet and a knife went to the Germans. Came old seasoned scout who polvoyny held in reconnaissance, he told how to carry out sabotage actions as landed. In this case, because of the progress as such, no. The principle is the same, simply means change. Yesterday, it was with a spear, and with today 'Vintorez. " The principle of ambushes does not change.

And the ambush - a creative work. There are, of course, the canons, but the main role is played by the commander of the group how he brain works and how it uses some innovative approaches to the study of the terrain, the enemy. When, where and how to approach - it is individual commander to think. In this sense, Afghanistan has given a lot of experience: conducting sabotage and conduct ambushes, many have considered and reconsidered -Save combat and marching order, who looks much like watching someone like moves, with some intervals, viewing distance, the distance for certain defeat, which is closer wherein on and so forth. And it also comes with experience.

RAT-ENGINEERS

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Fri, 24 Jul 2015 14:57:00 +0000

Every year, rat rescue hundreds of people from death and injury as a result of mine explosions. The project of the Belgian organization APOPO training rodents to detect antipersonnel mines started back in 1997 and continues to this day. It involves Gambian pouched rats, which have an excellent sense of smell and low weight - if the animal stepped on a mine, the mechanism will not work anyway.

Preparing one such rat-sapper costs $ 7770 (which is three times cheaper than the dog training) and lasts about seven months. Then, trained animals are sent to places where there are minefields.

A trained rat can in 20 minutes to investigate for the presence of mines in the territory of 200 square meters, on which a person would need 25 hours.

In Mozambique, a total of 30 rats were discovered more than 1500 m.

During the project, no rat was not killed in the course of duty.

Rats in the service, receive good care. If, during his service animal gets sick, he provided medical care up to the surgery.

On average, every day in the world is 9 accidents related to the detonation of anti-personnel mines.

No War Only Peace

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Sat, 23 May 2015 17:42:00 +0000

The latest report of the UN reported that the fighting in the east of Ukraine in just one month, killing more than 1200 people. The total death toll reached 2,200, with this UN experts acknowledge that "the actual number of victims of the violence and fighting in the east of Ukraine, most likely, much more ..."Donbass today.

1. Local residents and the smoke from the fire in the city Novoazovsk in eastern Ukraine on August 27, 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

2. Ukrainian military fired a gun near Pervomaisk Luhansk region, August 2, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Maks Levin):

3. Self-propelled howitzer in Kamensk-Rostov region on August 23, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Alexander Demianchuk):

4. checkpoint on the outskirts of Donetsk August 13, 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

5. Shelling Novoazovsk in eastern Ukraine on August 26, 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

6. Blood traces after the shelling of Donetsk August 14, 2014. (Photo by Dimitar Dilkoff | AFP | Getty Images):

7. Ruined house in Slavyansk on August 23, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Valentyn Ogirenko):

8. The victim after the attack in the town of Makeyevka, August 19, 2014. (Photo by Dimitar Dilkoff | AFP | Getty Images):

9. The rebels in the village of gravelly Luhansk region on 22 August 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

10 Ukrainian military armored vehicles in the city of Mariupol in the east of Ukraine, August 27, 2014.

11. Donetsk, August 10, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Sergei Karpukhin):

12 Ukrainian soldiers near Lugansk, 26 August 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Gleb Garanich):

13. The boys play war in Kramatorsk, August 7, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Valentyn Ogirenko):

14. The Russian convoy with humanitarian aid on the road to Lugansk on August 22, 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

15. New special battalion in Kiev before sending to the Donbas, 26 August 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Efrem Lukatsky):

16. Ukrainian tank near the village Novosёlovka first in the Donetsk region on July 31, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Valentyn Ogirenko):

17. Ukrainian Mi-24 in Kramatorsk, 26 August 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Gleb Garanich):

18. After the fire broke out in Donetsk pipeline August 15, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Sergei Karpukhin):

19. The shelling of Donetsk August 14, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Sergei Karpukhin):

20. Before sending the east of Ukraine, Kiev, 26 August 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Efrem Lukatsky):

21. Shelling in Donetsk, August 24, 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

22. The wounded after the shelling of Donetsk August 10, 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

23. In a house hit by a rocket. Lisichansk in the Lugansk region of Ukraine on August 16, 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Vitnija Saldava):

24. Tomb of the rebels on the edge of Donetsk on August 21, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Maxim Shemetov):

25. Ukrainian POWs in Donetsk, August 24, 2014. (Photo by AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

26. Insurgents in Donetsk decided to celebrate Independence Day "parade of Ukrainian prisoners of war", August 24, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Maxim Shemetov):

27. Man throws egg in Ukrainian soldiers during the "parade of prisoners of war" in Donetsk, August 24, 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

28 Ukrainian soldiers in the city Ilovaysk, 26 August 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Maks Levin):

29. The rebels near the town of Makeyevka in Eastern Ukraine on August 23, 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

30. The deceased boy in Donetsk after the shelling on 13 August 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

31. After shelling in Makeyevka, August 19, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Maxim Shemetov):

32. A temporary camp for Ukrainian refugees in the Rostov region near the Russian-Ukrainian border on August 18, 2014. (Photo: Reuters | Alexander Demianchuk):

33. Rebel on the former market in Donetsk, 26 August 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Mstislav Chernov):

34. People are hiding in the basement of the hospital from the shelling of Donetsk, August 7, 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Sergei Grits):

35 Ukrainian soldiers in the Donetsk region in eastern Ukraine on August 14, 2014. (Photo: AP Photo | Evgeniy Maloletka).

A large collection of photos of Donbass, made not only by locals but also foreign correspondents, which displays all the horror and pain of hostilities.

The history of the sword In New Year 2015

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Thu, 01 Jan 2015 12:53:00 +0000

The history of the sword (1): Gladius and sleep.

From time to time I talk about different interesting swords.
However, they were not all of a sudden - its shape, length, width, they have received in the course of a long evolution.

The history of the sword is a very interesting thing. Let's observe it. Let's start with ancient Rome.

Gladius - the conqueror of the world.

Roman sword we are present at least in general terms. It's a pretty short arms, so it seems surprising, as the legionaries with it conquered half the world.

The secret is simple. For those conditions in which the Roman legionaries fought, and nothing else was needed. Form weapons dictated the conditions in which it was applied.

Just imagine.

Wall panels over which sparkle helmets, moves to the barbarians, and those urging death, run towards the legionaries.

Strike! Troops face, but break through the wall of shields is impossible. The Romans take blows on their shields and tightly holding system.

But suddenly, the monolith is expanded. For a split second legionnaires reveal panels and applied to the Germans lightning thrusting swords.

A moment later the shields again merge into a single solid wall.

Presented? As you can see, neither of which an elegant fencing with such tactics can not be considered. Hence it follows and modest by today's standards, the size of the sword. However, the story of the sword is not one, not two centuries have written it short gladius. What's the matter, because it is more convenient to get the long sword of the enemy?

It's simple. Gladius - not just a Roman sword. This is the sword of the Roman infantry. Cavalry swords used by another, longer and more comfortable because when working with a horse.

As for the infantry, it was fighting systems, ie initially in distress. When the order of the Legion violated, and this happened in the battle, the distance is reduced only slightly.

As you know, at close range longsword loses its stopping power - the closer to the hand of a warrior, the weaker blow. Therefore, in distress need short blade. Thus became gladius.

In addition, the relatively modest size of the sword had another big plus. The quality of metal from which the forged swords legionaries was quite unimportant. And because the shorter blade was, so it was more durable.

There are four types Gladius - they are listed in this scheme, in descending order:

Let us consider two of these types in detail. So, meet, gladius type "Mainz"

Characteristics of the sword, which is shown in the photo: the total length of about 65-70 cm, length of the blade - 50-55 cm, width of the blade - 7 cm, the approximate weight - 800 g

Gladius type "Mainz" was designed primarily for thrust. As for slashing, then awkwardly applied, it could even damage the blade.

However, nothing lasts forever.

Especially military affairs - it is worth to change to one thing, as the chain is changing everything. The same thing happened with the gladius.

As a gladius changed with time. Under each sword - dating

The limits of the Roman Empire expanded constantly. Along with the emergence of new enemies commanders to make changes in their usual way of waging war, the story of the sword gets new turns. But this is not happening in the heart of the Empire, and in regions where lived hitherto unknown opponent.

In the middle of the first century on the battlefields flashed a new type of a Roman sword. Now it is called the "type" of Pompeii. " Unlike his predecessor, he was much better suited for cutting the enemy, with its penetrating power at reduced thrust.

The total length of about 60-65 cm, length of the blade - 45-50 cm, blade thickness - 5 cm, the approximate weight - 700 g

Interestingly, the status of the legionary was determined by how he wears a sword. Ordinary soldiers wore it on his right side, and centurions, ie junior commanders on the left.

Spata or prescription against the barbarians.

By the third century even gladius type "Pompeii" was not effective enough.

The enemies were pressing. The tactics of the legions became more defensive than offensive, as in previous centuries. There is an urgent need for more long swords, suitable for a single battle or battle in a relatively free system.

And then the Roman infantry armed with a cavalry sword, known as "sleep".

Its hilt remained the same as at the gladius, made of wood and bone, but the length of the blade stretched to 70-80 cm. Sometimes caught sleeping with a blade, reaches a length of 85 cm and more!

Spata, II - III century AD Full length of 88 cm., Length of the blade 70,3 cm., The maximum width of the blade 4,7 cm. The sword heavily pitted, but kept the details hilt made of bone.

Spata perfectly proved itself in clashes with barbarians - the main enemies of Rome at the time.

However, it turned out that the barbarians themselves were happy to serve in the Roman army.On the other hand, the Romans have shied away from the hardships of military service, as a result the percentage of foreign players among the barbarians grew every year. (Do not like the situation in Russia ?)

Barbarians brings in a lot of his army, although fitted out, mostly of the Roman arsenals. And here the story of the sword was an unexpected continuation. One such vivid strokes, speaking about the era, steel scabbard bed, completely made of non-Roman in appearance.

Here, for example, look like sleep, and other late Roman arms in drawing the connoisseur of ancient Rome and Greece, Peter Connolly, who left us in early May.

1, 1a - to sleep and chape of III century of Kent.
1b - Details of the handle of the sword III century.
2, 2a - spat IV century of the colony.
3 - dagger III century of Castell-Künzing.
4, 5, 6 - chape III Ages of the different settlements.
7 - Forged to sheath the IV century from the colony
8 - plumbates tip of Roksetera
8a - incision weighting.
9 - reconstruction plumbates.
10 - verutuma tips from the Rhine.
11 - reconstruction verutuma.
12 - serrated tip dart from northern Britain .
13-16 - spearheads and darts and spears influx of northern Britain. III-IV centuries.
17-18 - covers a sling from Germany. The III.
19-20 - reconstruction of sleep, and III in a sling. by J. Oldenshteynu.
21 - reconstruction of the III belt.
22 - reconstruction zone IV c.

In addition, now not only the centurions, and all the soldiers of Rome wore a sword on his left side.

In the future, sleep so went to different armies that they are found in the burials of the Huns IV-V centuries.

Weapons Huns.

MY FRIEND KUKRI

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Sun, 28 Dec 2014 12:51:00 +0000

History kukri knives extends far into the "dark ages", some researchers believe that these swords were known before our era. In the museum you can see samples of knives, dated XIV and XV century of our ery.Kak any ancient weapons, which managed to keep its shape and scope, kukri overgrown with legends and myths.

Two additional knives, one for smaller jobs, the second straightening kukri.

Blade in the form Falconwing and unusual form of the handle instantly attract the attention of not only experts, but also amateurs knives. It is interesting that no matter how impressive was kind kukri, according to Russian law it does not fall under the category of bladed weapons and, as a result, has no restrictions for the sale and possession. This impressive size knife can safely wear or carry with them without any permits and other formalities like any other item of household.

TRIUNE Kukri. Nepalese kukri very ancient instrument, but its unusual shape and today attracts attention. Mention of this knife found in documentary and fiction, it can be seen in movies and television shows. Even in toys flashing blades familiar form. Such popularity has not gone unnoticed. Many well-known companies began to produce cutlery, knives, openly copying or kukri much like him. Sometimes imitation applies only to the blades, but in some cases the knife is copied in its entirety. Usually plays only a form rarely repeats thickness and, most importantly, the structural features of the kukri. Until I came across a copy of the complete set of three knives.

But let us turn to history. In the form of a knife entered a deep symbolic meaning. All the elements are not only practical, but also a sacred significance. Curved in the opposite direction the blade (1; Fig. On p. 30) has hardened well, the hard cutting surface, but remains flexible, elastic, and not brittle. This knife will not break under extreme loads. Even vykroshitsya cutting edge, the blade itself remains intact.Sharpening the blades is different. Closer to handle it, "knife", with a small angle - so the blade is convenient to cut, it can be sharpened to razor sharpness. By the end of the blade sharpening angle becomes larger as hatchets or axes, - this part is more suitable for cutting. Thus, we get the same blade two specialized tool. Blade thickness is quite large: in medium-sized with kukri blade length 10.9 inches, it can reach 10 mm or more. At this thickness Nepali knife becomes quite heavy, but well designed. Shot Power kukri depends not only on the muscles of the owner, but on the impact of inertia: it is necessary to give good acceleration, and then do all the work is heavy and durable blade.

Dol (2) on the blade is deep and simple, and can be small and, as a flowery pattern. It is called "The Sword of Shiva", its function - depreciation loads when cutting. In addition, it helps to hit enemies and protect against evil spirits.

Kukri blade is in the form Falconwing.

Handle classical kukri (3) has no guard, although commercial versions of this happens. The explanation for this is quite simple: kukri is not useful for stabbing his element - cutting. They are also convenient to apply cuts, but bayonet attack is clearly not for him, and hence the guard to anything. In addition, the classic Nepalese knife handle piece, the original form, with bulges in the middle for easy hold.

After World War I, when the kukri were armed and produced factory, the course went handles of two halves, superimposed on a thick tail. This decision proved to be successful, the pen has become stronger in the case of destruction lining knife remained usable: it could wrap the cloth and work on.Handle material - horn or nut, but more traditional horn.

Complete kit includes self-kukri knife, a knife and two additional cover.

An interesting element of the blade is a sample (4) at its base. Its name - "Tooth of Shiva." Like everything else in the Nepalese knife, and it has a practical and sacred meaning. These recesses are also available on our axes, but the shape of the sample kukri still special. This may be the trident of Shiva, the symbol of the goddess Kali or sacred cow trail. In any form of the function of "anti-stress" This recess has a very horosho.A finally pommel handle (5). Usually it is a metal, it rasklepyvaetsya shank, sometimes it can be seen diamond - all-seeing eye, symbol of the god that protects the owner usually kukri comes with a sheath, which consists of two wooden inserts, leather-covered. In addition, in the classical model included are two additional small knife: one sharp (infarction) for small household work, the second obtuse (Cakmak) used as musat straightening kukri

Talking about the Nepalese knife, not to mention its creators - the Gurkhas. His courage and warlike spirit of the mountain people deserves respect. Nobody has been able to conquer them, even the British, who put up with it, quickly realized that the Gurkhas are obtained from different soldiers, and took them to the service. Highlanders served in individual units formed on a national basis, and have earned the sympathy of the British officers. Here he writes about them British Field Marshal William Slim: "God created the Gurkhas as ideal infantry and archers: brave, persistent, patient, adapts easily, the mistress of disguise, is proud of its military history devotees. Added to this is honesty in words and deeds, perfect order, cheerful spirit. I have always had a lot of satisfaction from service with the soldiers Gorka. "

BATTLE Kukri. Kukri knives are still in service with the British units, formed from the Gurkhas. Of course, like everything produced for the army, they can not "be done on the knee." Throughout its history, the military kukri experienced several modifications, and their quality is not in doubt. But the Gurkhas soldiers choose only those blades, which are made by Nepalese blacksmiths, believing that they have a soul, and will serve as owner better than a "piece of iron", produced at the plant. Many soldiers have two kukri: one for service and one for parades and demonstrations. The first is made of steel and wood, and the second contains the elements of brass, his arm made of horns, polished to a shine. In this case, the front kukri is not a hoax, it is also a reliable weapon, like a normal Nepali knife.

Their courage and fearlessness well demonstrates one documented case. One British officer turned to Gurk with the words:

- Soldiers, we are a difficult task - night landing at extremely low altitude of 60 meters. Dangerous job, and I need only volunteers.
All the department has taken a step forward. All faces are calm, and only on the face of Sergeant flashed some doubt. British officer asked:
- What confuses you?
- Mr. officer - he replied, - is it possible to ask the pilot to fly at least 30 meters?
The officer rolled his eyes:
- But then will not reveal your parachutes!
- Parachutes, sir? - Sergeant face shone in the department rolled a sigh of relief. It turns out that about parachutes none of the men did not even think.

Being fearless fighters Gurkhas were cheerful and gentle character. This illustrates another story about how counter-attack Gurkhas in North Africa was thwarted by dense enemy fire, and ... marriage games camels. Never seen such a spectacle Gurkhas just toppled to the ground with laughter, and no threats and orders could not force them to stand up.

At the traditional kukri no guard, but there are models, such as AMERICAN EAGLE, which it has.

But back to the Nepalese knives. Today the real kukri can be found in Russia. It is Nepali, and for a very reasonable price. In Nepal, they produce private blacksmiths, raw materials are mainly spring - this steel is perfectly suited for the production of blades. The technology has remained the same as it was hundreds of years ago.

The preform is heated in a small mountain on charcoal, blade shape is defined by forging. After the blade takes the form of kukri, it stands out "Tooth of Shiva" and valleys, and then quenching occurs.Not quenched by immersion, and watering from the kettle on the edge of a blade. Doing this can only be experienced master who determines the color temperature and knows the secrets of the blade to give a specific band quenching. After that, the blade passes final processing, customized leather and is fitted to the pommel. When necessary, the polishing and sharpening. Sheath made of wood and covered with leather; suspension formed; a ready-made kit adds two working knife - and everything is ready kukri. Description is quite simple, but looking at the massive blade, you know how much work it took to manufacture, and unwittingly imbued with respect for the Mountain kuznetsam.Mne happened to hold in your hand and try to work Nepalese knife, and that's what I want to note. First of all you need to get used to it. Of course, the Gurkhas from childhood are dealing with this form of the blade and find it very convenient. We harder. When cutting down zognutoe initially prevents the blade, but you get used to it quickly. Hack, on the contrary, once conveniently and easily. Instantly evaluate thickened at the end of the handle and shifted forward balance. After some time of work know that the knife needs work, and above all you need to remove all sharp edges and protruding tops. Conveniently shows a metal "cap" on the sheath. By the way, it is not classical kukri, he appeared first on the knife factory, which made for the British Army, where he was really needed as a tight-fitting sheath quickly wipe the tarpaulin. Sheath covered with leather, in my opinion, do not need it. This tip is widespread and ceremonial kukri, but more as a decorative element. On the job it has to grind knives or even shoot, because he always clings to clothes and even her tears.

Nepalese kukri made by hand, so their shape may vary.

After working in different kukri, I did for a conclusion that the most suitable for the field can be considered as knives size 9-10 inches. Smaller rather weak for cabin, larger too heavy and unsuitable for use.

When choosing a kukri must be borne in mind that they are made by hand and within the same model blades can vary significantly both in shape and thickness. Of course, at first it is surprising that we are accustomed to the standard output. But if you have a choice, you can pick up a knife in weight and size suitable for you. For example, among the models of knives 9 Bahadur I found quite remarkable blade - something between a kukri and Bowie. Perhaps the real fans of Nepalese knife would not understand me, but I have a knife seemed very comfortable. In addition, it is not the only and hopefully not my last kukri.

PHOTOS ATOMIC EXPLOSION

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:56:00 +0000

From 1945 to 1962, the US military has hundreds of nuclear bombs detonated in the atmosphere.All this time photographers trying to capture the nature of the explosions and their devastating effects. Ёshiteyk George, one of the few photographers who stayed after the shooting of an atomic explosion.

INNOVATIONS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:55:00 +0000

fighter aircraft. The photo First Lieutenant Eddie Rickenbacker - the most successful American ace WWI (26 wins)

In order aerorazvedki used balloons. One of them on a photograph taken December 9, 1917.

In the photo 1917 US submarines in the Azores.

Appearing on the fields of the First World War, tanks quickly turned into a powerful weapon for the next 100 years. British Mark I before the attack under Tipvalem, September 25, 1916.

Chemical weapons, poison gas and means of protection against them. US soldiers try on personal protection equipment. Photo: Handout via US National Archives / Reuters

BLADED WEAPONS

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:51:00 +0000

Skyavone of Venice, 1700.

Today we offer you to touch at the features of our site - 1700. This year was made great Venetian Skyavone that we want to show you.

But first, what is Skyavone and how to treat it.

In the 15-18 centuries the independent Republic of Venice was holding under his rule Dalmatia.Was a country in the Balkans, there is no more - in 1945, its territory was divided between Croatia and Montenegro.

I must say that the rulers of Venice - doji - happy to take the service Dalmatian mercenaries and armed at his own expense. They were distinguished by courage and the fact that they prefer a special kind of sword. </ P>

Its main feature was the pommel in the form close to the shape of a square, unusual for its time.This type of sword called "Slavic" or, in Italian, "La espada schiavona" - Skyavone. (The word in Italian is feminine, like the sword - Espada).

Over time, the guard Skyavone becoming more like a basket that helps protect the hand of a warrior. Its blade was originally wide, designed for cutting hard, began to take very different forms, including clearly saber. But the main thing - angular pommel - remained unchanged.

But back to our Skyavone. Its overall length of 113.5 cm.

Her straight, double-edged blade with three fullers running parallel. Two Dole, the ones that are on the edges of the core, shorter, and therefore come to an end sooner.

Hand warrior protected reliable "basket" of intertwined steel strips.

And as the curtain fell, closeup famous angular pommel Skyavone. It is made of brass, in the center - the lion's muzzle. Here is the following:

Dagger "Bullock" - the men's dagger.

In the Middle Ages there were several types of daggers. Each of them differs from other forms of his arm:

Quilon is a miniature copy of the sword ,
Symmetrical handle Baselard resembled Latin «I»,
at Rondel was flat round guard and pommel is the same,
on the hilt of a dagger eared were two circular disc-like ears,
Bullock was characterized by two round protrusions on the Garda.

From left to right: Bullock, Baselard, Quilon, eared dagger roundel.

The name "Bullock" is derived from the phallic shape of its handle (two balls on the guard combined with handle), as well as the propensity of the soldiers of the 14th century to wear a dagger right in front of the belt. In Russian the name is translated as "a dagger with eggs."Another name coined by historians of the Victorian era - "kidney dagger" - an apparent attempt to downplay sexy shade shape of a dagger.

Bullock appeared in the images around 1300-1350 years, and the history of its use is one of the longest among the five major types of medieval daggers. On the continent it was used throughout the 16th century, and in England it form continued into the 17th century as «dudgeon dagger» or "dagger-offender." Only in Scotland Bullock continued to use throughout the 18th century, and we know it under the name of the Scottish Dirk.

A few examples of the appearance of Bullock artwork.

Bullock was used throughout Europe by all classes of the population. Early images show that Bullock was originally a knight's weapon. More detailed study of daggers that appeared later, tells us that Bullock is also becoming the weapon of merchants and artisans. Of course, there are very simple and rough variants daggers, which, in all probability, have been used by peasants.

Blade.

Types of Knives Bullock vary widely. One of the first and most common forms of it was one-sided sharpened blade, which had a triangular shape and uniformly tapered from the handle to the tip.Sometimes the blade for added strength did quadrangular in cross-section.

At the beginning of the 15th century are becoming popular uniformly tapered edges of the blades.By the second half of the 15th century, the blade edges are thinner, they are provided with a thick diamond-shaped protrusion and the ricasso. (Ricasso - it's part of the blade near the guard that is not sharpened, and because it can put your finger.)

This later version continued existence throughout the 16th century, and a diamond protrusion on the blade becomes so thick that the blade can be seen as tetrahedral. It has been observed that such tetrahedral blades were the most common form in the 16th century.

Lots of different types of blade Bullock.

One type of Bullock, who was rather recognizable style blade, rather than the form of the handle was "a dagger-abuser." In the 17th century, these blades are supplied with an abundance of engraving and gilding and uniformly tapered from the handle to the tip. Almost all of them had ricasso and options without him was rather the exception to the rule.

Other forms of the blade, including copies of swords, continued to appear throughout the Middle Ages, but these were isolated cases, it is not typical for blades Bullock. Bullock considered relatives can only sharpened unilaterally Scottish Dirks 18th century.

Each of these has its own kind of dagger blade.

Although the shape of the blade Bullock changed during the entire period of their use, the length of it has remained virtually unchanged. In most cases the length of the blade is equal to three or four lengths of the handle, so the blades are from 10 to 16 inches in length, i.e. 25 - 40 centimeters.

Of course, like any other weapon with such a long history, Bullock knew exceptions to the rule.The best examples come across the Baltic Sea, dates from the 16th century and are equipped with blades, slightly longer handle.

Hilt.

In its earliest and simplest form Bullock handle was made from a single piece of wood, such as ebony, rose, heather and holly, with no metal parts.

Shares that have shaped the Garda were large and well-rounded, and the cutting arm and ended with a round bulge could shrink in one direction or another conically.

Finally, a handle used for other materials, including the horn, ivory and in later designs, and even copper agate. By the early 15th tsoletiya they have provided with metal plates, which strengthened the grip between the hilt and blade. This form of the handle used throughout the life of this type of daggers.

Daggers with wooden handles.

At the beginning of the 15th century there was another type of Bullock and used in conjunction with the original form. Projections guard remained the same, but moved up to the pommel shape of an inverted cone. It ends with a flat butt, which is usually covered with a metal plate.Sometimes this plate engraved geometric patterns.

By the end of the 15th century, a third form of the handle. It ends with a flat or slightly rounded pommel, which could - though not necessarily, the cover plate. Handle this type most often was flat, but there are also examples of cut or carved spiral handles.

However, not only stick, but the guards changed to the beginning of the 15th century. Some daggers were 3 shares in the guard instead of the usual two. In addition, the metal plate that separates the pommel of the sword, became thicker, longer and posing with a slope to the blade, giving almost as Quilon.

In northern France and Flanders share guard made of metal, and in Northern Germany not only share but also the pommel in the shape of a disk, so it was metal.

Daggers with metal tabs on the guides.

In the 16th century can be seen all the same phallic shape of a dagger with inverted conical tops. However, both forms grow, become more subtle and impressive.

Phallic-shaped handle is getting longer and almost columnar. Sometimes they were grooved and often faceted.

The pommel was convex, but also often conical. While some items were almost without tops.

Shares guards have become smaller and crescent-shaped, and usually the blade and Hardy separated metal plate. During this period, the handle is usually made of a single piece of material.

In general, Bullock with conical tops followed the same trends as their more phallic colleagues.The exception in the development Bullock was only one region - on the shores of the Baltic Sea.

Bullock called Poke, Poeke, or Poicke, characterized by a phallic-shaped handle with tapered finial, shares of which were attached to the rods. Was a double-edged dagger from the tops of the tip of the blade.

Variety daggers-offenders.

In England, often stick Bullock made of boxwood, which is also called, so sometimes Bullock called "daggers-offenders."

In the 17th century the hilt "dagger-offender" is made from natural boxwood. In England it is often called dudgeon («offender") -otsyuda and gave the name of a dagger. Handle it was very similar to the type of phallic dagger hilt of the 16th century, but became longer. In addition, it did grooved and / or faceted, octagonal or hexagonal in cross-section.

Shares cross Bullock fell and formed a neat crescent shape. It is limited to iron or steel tape to ricasso, engraved and gilded, as well as fortified diamond tip.

The last major kind of stick Bullock appeared in the 18th century with the development of the Scottish Dirk. The basic form of continued trend of "dagger-offender", including minority stakes, though they have become more flattened and elongated. In most instances still remain as metal strips between the handle and blade.

However, instead of a phallic-shaped, cylindrical steel handle, cuttings get a flat pommel decorated with a metal plate. It is usually made of brass, but also use other metals, including tin, silver, and gold.

Corrugation was replaced by a complex interplay of pattern or handle decorated with small studs.Of course, it is very simple smooth handle also took place during this period.

Early Scottish Dirk with forms Bullock.

Sheath.

Sheath for Bullock were very diverse, regardless of the era in which they were made. Sometimes it was a simple leather case without metal fasteners. Sometimes they were leather strips with metal hanger. There are wooden scabbard covered with leather. There are at least one sheath made entirely of silver.

In most cases, later had a metal sheath and neck very long metal ferrules. In addition to that, since 1416 and throughout the 16th century, they also had a little extra pockets for knives, awls and other support tools that emphasize the utilitarian nature of Bullock.

Bullock with a sheath, an awl and a knife, a collection of Wallace.

As mentioned above, in the 14th century Bullock often worn directly in front of the belt, justifying its name. Whatever it was, this was not wearing universal. With civilian clothes, as a rule, Bullock wore right behind the waist purse, or is he just hung through the belt loops.

In the 15th century dagger often worn on the right in a horizontal position on the belt or on the back. This diversity sheath was used and many ways to wear a dagger.

Historical examples.

Here are examples of authentic Bullock:

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Perfect example Bullock classical form, dates back to the late 15th century and is French or Flemish.

Royal Armouries in Leeds, United Kingdom.

This copy is probably English. Here depicts an extremely complex geometry of the blade flat unsharpened ricasso and rhombic zatochennnym pommel. Cylindrical shank end spherical pommel.

Museum of London.

Civil dagger, dated 1450 year, with one-sided sharpened blade and more defensive shares.

Is in a private collection.

Found during excavations Flemish dagger dates from the early 17th century. It is equipped with a one-sided sharpened blade of triangular section. Its wooden handle is topped with a conical seizure iron finial in the form of a disk. The iron blade is separated from the share of cross blade.

Is in a private collection.

Copy of the 16th or 17th century, found in the River Thames, Flemish or English, the length of 19.25 inches. Triangular wedge-shaped blade has a one-sided sharpening. Carved wooden handle is equipped with an iron pommel.

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

French or Flemish copy of the second half of the 15th century. Guard consists of three lobes, unlike usual two. Hilt and pommel metal.

German Museum of Blades.

Lovely German sample the second half of the 15th century. Elegant handle and decorative finial create a special style.

Royal Armouries in Leeds, United Kingdom.

"Dagger-offender" length of 15.5 inches is English or Scottish and work dates from about 1620 a year. According to legend, this type of dagger was armed Colonel Thomas Blood, when he attempted to steal the Crown Jewels in 1671.

Is in a private collection.

Dagger Flemish origin late 16th - early 17th century. Durable tapered blade is marked with the manufacturer. The wooden handle is a later replacement and covered with iron pommel.

Wallace Collection.

Probably Flemish dagger second half of the 15th century, complete with an awl, knife and sheath.

Is in a private collection.

Lovely French or English sample of about 1470 with a carved ivory handle with silver mounts.Dagger 17.75 inches in length, the blade 12.375 inches in length. Additional tabs guard made of steel. Double-edged blade rhombic in cross-section.

German Museum of Blades.

Italian copy of the 15th century, the work of art with a triangular blade, widely-expanding metal cutting disc ends.

Is in a private collection.

Rare beams of the second half of the 15th century, originally from Northern Europe, length 15.25 inches. Hard diamond blade in cross-section at the hilt blends in with pentagonal cross section.Barrel-shaped disk blank, at the base of the blade is covered with gold leaf.

Is in a private collection.

Another example of sharply tapering blade, dates from the late 14th - early 15th century, has a long triangular blade and a reinforced tip. The handle consists of dramatically expanding grip and metal knobs. Total length of 15.25 inches.

Philadelphia Museum of Art.

Discovered during excavations copy of the 15th century, a single-edged blade of a typical example of a handle with additional projections.

Is in a private collection.

Dagger lowland Scots, dated 1610 year. The length of 14.25 inches, 10-inch concave blade triangular in cross-section, inlaid with copper. Octagonal pommel on the hilt with a spiral groove.Shares guard underwent corrugated.

Whereabouts are unknown.

French or Flemish origin dagger length of 15.5 inches. Sharing has a mushroom shape with brass pommel cap in place with the image of the Virgin and Child.

Victoria and Albert Museum.

"Dagger - offender", the blade of which is dated 1605 year. On the blade - the motto «Ask me not for Schame, drink lis and by ane». 15.25 inches long dagger. Pay attention to the complex geometry of the blade.

Is in a private collection.

Length 18 inches. This copy may be of English manufacture dates back 1520 year. Rounded cutting arm consists of several sections, dramatically expanding on pommel engraved brass disk.Flattened blade has a long false edge.

Is in a private collection.

English concave blade Bullock 17.25 inches rhombic in cross section with a groove along its length. Sharing a wooden handle with faceted steel strip and brass finial.

Philadelphia Museum of Art.

A rare instance of a triangular handle, expanding triangular handle and blade. The dagger was found during excavations in pretty bad shape.

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Dates from the second half of the 15th century. Western European dagger with a sharpened blade, triangular in cross-section over the entire length. However, his blade ends tetrahedral awl.Sharing the hilt carved, wooden, topped with brass finial. Pretty great copy - the length of 18 inches and a weight of 11 ounces.

Royal Armouries in Leeds, United Kingdom.

Bullock 15th century with carved bone handle and a metal finial, was found in the river Scheldt in Antwerp.

And finally ...

Bullock have a long history and can be found throughout the British Isles and continental Europe.It was a universal weapon and tool that is used on the battlefield and beyond. In its earliest and simplest form, the dagger was relatively easy to manufacture, which may have led to its widespread use, while its phallic shape indicated the rude men of the Middle Ages.

Despite the fact that throughout the 16th century and early 17th beams has not lost its popularity, its use and production began to decline. Standardization in military technology and weapons, along with the rise of firearms, limited the usefulness of using daggers. This, paired with the invention of the bayonet in the 17th century, virtually ensured Bullock disappearance from the battlefield.

In the civilian world, beams ousted style and fashion. He was replaced by a dagger for the left hand, or main gauche, which could be used in conjunction with a rapier for self-defense and in a duel. Complex hilt rapier and main gauche better than Bullock, defended hand. Only in the more conservative and less advanced regions of England and Scotland in the 17th and 18th centuries, the beams are still in use - in the form of dudgeon dagger and Dirk.

ARMAMENT INFANTRY UNITS OF THE US ARMY (1938)

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:48:00 +0000

PISTOL IMI BARAK ISRAEL

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:45:00 +0000

C beginning of the nineties, the army and security forces of Israel are actively using self-loading pistols Jericho 941. This weapon using cartridges 9x19 mm Parabellum, has a fairly high performance and is therefore one of the main guns of the Israeli security forces. However, several attempts to offer the army and the police another weapon, which, as expected, was able to replace the Jericho 941. At the beginning of the two thousandth's IMI company unveiled its new development - gun Barak («Lightning"), is proposed as a replacement of other weapons types.

The design of the new Israeli gun does not have any serious innovations. However, weapons and has an unusual characteristic appearance. Thus, the gate housing has a complex shape, due to some peculiarities of the location of the indoor units. The front part has a circular cross-section, and the rear - with a distinctive rectangular protrusion on the upper surface, giving rise to the sight. External parts of the gun are made of plastic as well as metal. Frame "Lightning" is made of durable plastic and gate housing is cast from steel. For ease of use the back of the casing shutter has a plastic coating, forming the characteristic "hump". On the sides of the plastic parts are notches for easy reloading weapons.

Automatic pistol Barak uses energy efficiency in the short course of the trunk. During the shot the barrel is engaged with the shutter using the occurrence of breech of the window for the extraction cartridges. When recharging a reduction of the barrel is done by pin and curly guide to flood under the barrel. Interesting and non-standard feature of automatic pistol "Barack" is the use of two return springs. They are located below the barrel, at the sides of the enclosure gate.The use of two springs allowed to reduce their length and overall dimensions of weapons without problems in automation. There is a slide catch. Its flag is on the left surface of the weapon. The gun is equipped with Barak trigger mechanism (USM), double acting hammer type. This design allows the shooter trigger to take the first shot without cocking the hammer, which speeds up the process of preparing to fire. This feature can be useful weapons in armed clashes. The second and following shots made after cocking automation. An interesting feature of the gun trigger button is removed from combat platoon. If necessary, the shooter can pull the trigger without firing a shot, using a special button on the top surface of the housing gate (in front of the whole). The safety of using weapons provided by non-automatic fuse. Fuse flags displayed on both sides of the arms and placed above the handle. In the closed position the fuse blocks the trigger and the sear, so the gun can be safely transported with a cartridge in the chamber and the hammer cocked. Thus, after being removed from the holster is enough to turn off the fuse and then the gun is ready for use. Gun "Lightning" has a simple iron sights, consisting of front and rear sights. Sight adjustment mechanisms are not provided. At the request of the customer completely and fly can get glowing marks. The length of the sighting - 140 mm. The total length of the gun Barak - 190 mm, height of the store - 138 mm, thickness - 38 mm. The weapon is equipped with a rifled barrel length of 99 mm. The trunk has a hexagonal polygon cutting steps, depending on the ammunition used.

Gunsmiths company IMI developed gun Barak considering the various rounds. It was assumed that several options for different weapons ammunition will attract the attention of more potential buyers. There are modifications under the gun cartridges 9x19 mm Parabellum, .40SW and .45ACP. Using different cartridges firing affects both the characteristics of the weapons and its mass-dimensional parameters, and other characteristics. Thus, the barrel has a caliber of 9 mm cutting pitch of 254 mm. Ammo .40SW and .45ACP this parameter is 407 mm. To the gun Barak, uses 9x19 mm ammunition, annexed magazines for 15 rounds. Without such a store of ammunition weighs 90 grams, with ammunition - 282, the use of ammunition .40SW reduces the magazine capacity to 12 rounds. Empty 90-gram empty shop under .40SW curb heavier 275 g has the smallest capacity to store the gun .45 - only 10 rounds. Weight of empty and filled the store this version is respectively 100 and 310 grams. Shop is placed in the handle of the gun and latched.Latch button is on the left of the handle. Modifications gun "Barack", designed for use 9x19 mm cartridges and .40SW, weigh 735 Option chambered for .45ACP 30 grams heavier. Thus, a family of pistols Barak combat ready weigh about 900-1000 grams, depending on the modification. From the description of the gun Barak clear that he has some interesting features that are really able to simplify the operation of weapons and thereby increase its potential. Furthermore, the ergonomics of the arrow mark convenience gun, its relatively light weight, and some other advantage. Nevertheless, the positive features of the gun "Lightning" has not yet helped him to accomplish its task. The new gun Barak was first shown in 2002, but until now have not been able to interest the Israeli army and other security forces. The military and the police have preferred to continue using the pistol Jericho 941 and several models of foreign manufacture. Not wanting to lose the money and time invested in the creation of new weapons, IMI executives decided to start deliveries to foreign customers pistol. Pistols Barak sold in several European countries, as well as in the United States. In European gun shops gun is sold under the original name - Barak. In the United States of weapons imported by Magnum Research and shipped to stores with a new designation - SP21. Israeli gun has some success among European and American shooters, but can not compete with established market leaders. Self-loading Pistol IMI Barak for several years sold in foreign countries. However, he still has not supplied the Israeli army and police. Thus, despite the lack of interest from structures, considered as the main customers, the new weapon could break into the market and to gain a foothold on it. However, in terms of sales and popularity of "Lightning" can not be compared with well-known pistols European and American manufacturers, although the current situation with certain reservations can be considered a success.

WEAPONS OF RETALIATION

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:42:00 +0000

Russia revives the production of railway trains with intercontinental ballistic nuclear missiles on board

In February of this year marked 31 years, as the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union brought into trial operation first combat rail missile system (BZHRK) - "weapons of retaliation" that guarantees the application of the probable opponent devastating nuclear retaliation. Appearing almost, "nowhere", 36 intercontinental ballistic missiles, each carrying 10 nuclear separable charges could literally wipe out any European country that is a member of NATO, and several major US states. BZHRK become one of the symbols of the Soviet military engineering thought, because no country in the world and could not create anything like it.

Unfortunately, at the turn of the century the Soviet-Russian nuclear trains were unichtozheny.No in the first half of this year, the Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology must complete the preliminary design of a new combat rail missile system, and defense plants - begin to prepare for its industrial production. In this case, the current BZHRK can become even more formidable weapon for the enemies of our country.

Blow "invisible"

Attempts to adapt the rail under a launching pad for rockets were undertaken by engineers of Nazi Germany. For obvious reasons, they remained attempts. New development of this idea was in the 60s of last century, the Soviet Union. At that point in the national security strategy of our country was finally formed and the concept of "nuclear triad" (strategic bombers in the air, submarines at sea and ground launchers with intercontinental ballistic nuclear missiles), and the concept of "group retaliation". Battle railway missile systems in both these concepts fit can be very useful. Given the extensive network of Soviet railways, they could secretly moved great distances and are more likely than other carriers of nuclear warheads (except, perhaps, the submarine at the time), would have survived after applying the enemy on the territory of the Soviet Union's first nuclear strike.

The lead developer BZHRK with RT-23 missile was appointed Design Bureau "South" (Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine). "The task that confronted us, the Soviet government, hit its grandeur. In the domestic and international practice nobody has ever faced so many problems. We had to place an intercontinental ballistic missile in a railway carriage, and yet with a rocket launcher weighs over 150 tons. How to do it? After the train with such a huge load, to walk in the ways of general state of the Ministry of Railways. How can carry strategic missile with a nuclear warhead, how to ensure the absolute safety of the road, because we had been given a design speed of 120 km / h. Endure whether bridges will not collapse if the canvas, and the very start, how to transfer the load on the railway track at the start of the rocket stand whether the train on the rails during the launch as quickly as possible after stopping the train lift rocket in a vertical position? "- Later recalled about tortured him at the moment issues Chief Designer KB "Southern" Academician Vladimir Fedorovich Utkin. However, by the mid 80th century godovproshlogo CB "South" to make the necessary rocket, and KB special engineering (LACA, St. Petersburg, Russia), under the leadership of General Designer Academician Alexei Fyodorovich Utkin has created a unique "space center on wheels."

Experienced engineering creation brothers Utkin Soviet-style hard. Flight tests of the missile RT-23UTTH (15ZH61) made 32 times. Experienced train carried 18 outputs on the resource and transportation tests, during which the "dashed" by rail more than 400 thousand km. Already after the first missile regiment with rocket RT-23UTTH stood on alert, BZHRK successfully passed a special test the effects of electromagnetic radiation, lightning protection, and the impact of the shock wave.

As a result, by 1992, our country has deployed three missile divisions armed with BZHRK ICBMs RT-23UTTH: 10th Missile Division in the Kostroma region, 52-I missile division stationed in the Closed Star (RUS), 36th Missile Division BUT Pine (Krasnoyarsk Territory). In each of the four divisions had missile regiment (of 12 compositions BZHRK, three launchers each).

What was that?

BZHRK 15P961 "done" with intercontinental ballistic missile 15ZH61 (RT-23 Molodets, SS-24 "Ssalrel") received a unique engineering construction. On the surface it looks like a normal train of several refrigerated and passenger cars.This consisted of three modules with trehvagonnyh launchers of ICBMs RT-23UTTH, command module consisting of 7 wagons, tank-wagon with reserves of fuel and lubricants, and three locomotive DM-62. Train and launcher were developed on the basis of eight-chetyrehtelezhechnogo car carrying capacity of 135 tons by the LACA. Minimum starting module includes three cars: a control point launcher, launcher and machine software. Each of the three launchers BZHRK member could implement both start in a train, and independently.When driving on the country's rail network BZHRK allows you to quickly change the disposition of the starting position up to 1000 kilometers per day. At the same time identify the train as it was possible BZHRK only by the presence of the third part of the locomotive, or drawing attention to ground surveillance at refrigerated cars with eight wheel sets (conventional wagon wheel has four pairs). Even weight reduction missiles at 1.5 tonnes, compared with mining option and load the launcher to eight axes of the car did not allow designers to fully meet the permissible axial load on the road. To solve this problem in BZHRK applied special "handling" of the device, redistribute the weight of the car with a launcher on the next car. To ensure the battery life of the trigger module, as well as a device for short-circuiting and removal of contact network, starting modules were equipped with four diesel generators of 100 kW. Stand-alone operation rocket train was 28 days.

The missile itself PT 23UTTH had three stages plus stage dilution warheads.The first stage was equipped with a solid engine 15D206 (borrowed from the missile 15ZH44) with a central fixed, partially recessed nozzle running on mixed fuel-T9 BC-8E. The second and third stages were also solid propulsion nozzle - still central, sliding. The head part - separated type with ten independently targetable warheads capacity of 0.43Mt and complex means to overcome missile defense. The rocket was the original inflatable cone head. This solution is applied to reduce the overall length of the missile and its placement in the car.The firing range - 10100 km. Missile length of 23 m. The length of the launch canister 21 m. The maximum diameter of the missile body 2.4 m. Starting weight of 104.8 tons of missiles. Weight missile with a launch canister 126 tons.

And now the most interesting - how to launch rockets with BZHRK. Received the order to launch missiles, the train stopped at any point of your route.Special device is put aside contact suspension, opening roof of one of the refrigerator cars, where the vertical position rose launch canister with a missile.This is followed by a mortar rocket launch. Coming out of the container, the rocket was deflected away from the train using powder accelerator and only then on it was launched boosters. And this technology allows to take the jet propulsion engine of a rocket launch facility and thereby ensure the sustainability of the rocket train safety of people and engineering designs, including the railway. On receipt of the order to start up the launching took place no more than 3 minutes.

The defeat of the trains

Twelve Soviet missile trains began to Americans toothache. Extensive railway network of the USSR (remember that each train, carrying on board 30 nuclear warheads, could move a day for 1 thousand km), the presence of numerous natural and artificial shelters did not allow a sufficient degree of confidence to determine their presence, including by satellite . United States, too, in the 60s of the last century have attempted to create a similar train. But it did not work.According to foreign sources, the prototype BZHRK until 1992 was tested on a railway landfill United States and the West Missile Range (Vandenberg Air Force Base, California). It consisted of two types of locomotives, wagons with two launchers of ICBMs "MX" command post system for cars and cars for personnel. Starting the car, where the missile were almost 30 m in length, weighing about 180 tons, as well as in the Soviet Union, had eight wheelsets.

But while American engineers, unlike the Soviets, failed to create effective mechanisms for lowering the contact network and tap the rocket during its launch in the direction of the train and railroad tracks (rocket "MX" was originally developed for the mine-based version). Therefore, the launch of missiles by US BZHRK assumed from specially equipped launch pads, which, of course, significantly reduced the secrecy and surprise factor. In addition, unlike the Soviet Union, the United States is less developed rail network, roads and railways are owned by private companies. And this created a lot of problems, ranging from the fact that for the control of rocket engines of the trains would have to involve civilian personnel, finishing problems with the creation of a centralized management system combat patrols BZHRK and organization of their technical operation.

On the other hand, working on a project of their BZHRK Americans, in fact, confirmed the findings of the Soviet military about the effectiveness of this "weapon of retaliation" as such. The US military was going to get 25 BZHRK.According to their calculations, with such a large number of missile dispersal trains on the railway sections with a total length of 120 thousand km probability of hitting these BZHRK 150 Soviet ICBMs "Voivod" is only 10 (!)%. That is, if we apply these calculations to the Soviet missile train, 150 US MX missiles will hit no more than 1-2 Soviet BZHRK. The remaining 10 three minutes after the start of the attack on the US hurl a volley of 300 nuclear warheads (30 rockets on 10 charges each). And when you consider that by 1992, fighting rail missile systems in the Soviet Union had already made a batch, the picture for the Americans get very sad. However, then there was something that happened to tens or even hundreds of unique Soviet military engineering developments.First, at the insistence of the United Kingdom, since 1992 Russia has put its BZHRK "laid up" - in the place of permanent deployment, and then - in 1993, pledged, according to the START-2, for 10 years to destroy all the missiles PT 23UTTH. Although this treaty, in fact, has never entered into force, in 2003-2005, all Russian BZHRK were removed from combat duty and utilizirovany.Vneshny appearance of two of them now can only be seen in the museum of railway equipment at the Warsaw station of Saint-Petersburg and the Technical Museum of AvtoVAZ.

"Scalpel" "poplar" is not an obstacle

BZHRK officially been removed from combat duty in May 2005. It was assumed that their function will take the mobile missile complexes "Topol-M".However, this solution still looks mixed. The question is not even that "Topol-M" is a single charge, while the RT-23UTTH there were 10. In the end, replace "Topol-M" is "yars" (P-24), which charges more . And the question is not even that after the collapse of the USSR production of "scalpel" remained in Ukraine and no one even in delirium is not prividitsya to resume production of ballistic missiles there fighting for rail systems. The question of principle incorrectness BZHRK opposition and media ICBMs at an automobile platform. "It is time to realize that soon mobile ground-based ICBMs would become meaningless, our missiles" Topol-M "will turn into a defenseless target and can not survive when applied on them first strike. Not to mention the fact that standing in the woods missiles are not protected from the usual small arms terrorists. So all this talk about hypersonic speeds, maneuvering warheads and other updates do not have any sense, because before a retaliatory strike these missiles simply will not survive. In rail-based ICBMs rolling (BZHRK) position is not as tragic as these missiles can navigate through the vast territory of our country, and to find them in the flow of conventional train is not so easy, especially in the mountainous areas of the country, you can create special tunnels in which could, if necessary, hide BZHRK. However, in the face of rising terrorism in Russia should think deeply before making a decision to recreate BZHRK. Undermining train with terrorists such missiles equipped with nuclear warheads, and ordinary accident, can lead to unpredictable tragic consequences, "- says Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Yuri Grigoriev.

"Mobility mobile" Topol-M "is limited to a certain radius around their home base. It would be naive to think that with the modern means of space exploration metal object longer than 24 meters, a diameter of about 3.5 and a height of almost 5 meters, in addition, a large amount of heat and electromagnetic radiation, can be hidden. Extensive railway network provides BZHRK compared with ground complexes greater secrecy. Of the IDB announced plans to produce "Topol-M" is easy to assume that by 2015 the new missiles will be armed with only two missile divisions - 54 mobile launchers and 76 mine. Is it possible to retaliate after a raid by hundreds of "Minuteman" and not too wasteful we unilaterally reduce its nuclear potential? Saving, even with the upgrade and testing, 36 launchers BZHRK with rockets, each carrying 10 warheads, excess power in the 25-27 times dropped on Hiroshima, in spite of all possible conflicts, it would be far worse (by the criterion "cost-effectiveness") option "emphasizes academic advisor and the actual Academy of Engineering Sciences Yuri Zaitsev.

Whatever it was, but after the failure of Americans and Europeans to give Russia guarantees that created them in Europe missile defense system will not be used against our country, revival of manufacturing BZHRK seems to be one of the most effective response to this threat. "It was 2020 European missile defense due to the appearance of new modifications of the SM-3 interceptor missiles will be able to intercept Russian ICBMs. Under these circumstances the Moscow forced to take adequate measures to counter "- emphasizes the director of the Center for Analysis of World Arms Trade Igor Korotchenko.

Therefore, since the end of 2011 once again began to sound like the voice of the Russian military that our country needs to revive the production of combat rail missile systems. And with the advent of the government and the appointment of Dmitry Rogozin's new defense minister Sergei Shoigu this subject began to take concrete shape. "The Defense Ministry report was submitted to the Supreme Commander, and was tasked to carry out under the state program of armaments and defense contracts schematic design BZHRK.Main executor of this work is the Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology, time for completion of conceptual design - the first half of 2014. It was reported that there is a need to revisit the issue of a new BZHRK given its increased survivability and branching of our rail network, "- said the commander of the Strategic Missile Forces reporters Sergey Karakayev.

Function BZHRK while obviously remains the same - to retaliate against any target on earth. But the missile itself, and run complex, quite obviously, will be different than the Soviet BZHRK "done" with the IDB "Scalpel". What about the rocket, it is obvious that it will be one of the modifications "Yarsa" suitable in size for the standard car, refrigerator 24 meters in length, with multiple warheads. At the same time, however, still unclear of its range shooting. From the words of Colonel-General Karakaeva could conclude that designers will try to reduce the weight of the rocket for a new BZHRK almost doubled compared to the "scalpel" - up to 50 tons. This is understandable, since before the new missile system evidently seeks to become more noticeable (remember eight-cars-launchers "Young Man" and his three locomotives) and more than passable (ie new BZHRK should move on any railroad tracks vast country without all their pre-treatment). But the most suitable for this missile - the RS-26 "Frontier", flight tests which should be completed this year, while only flies at a distance of not more than 6 thousand kilometers. "Scalpel" flying at 10 thousand miles, "yars", as stated, is flying at 11 thousand miles.

Have designers and new ideas on locomotives for BZHRK. At the time of development "Molodtcov" total capacity of three locomotives DM62 (special modification of the serial locomotive M62) was 6 thousand hp The power of this two-part main freight locomotive 2TE25A "Vityaz", which is commercially available "TMH" - 6800 hp However, there are quite exotic (so far) ideas. Back in the early 80s of last century in our country has been developed constructive version atomovoza with a fast neutron reactor BOR-60 (thermal capacity of 60 MW, 10 MW of electrical power). However, in the production of this car is not gone, though could provide BZHRK virtually unlimited autonomy. But over the past few years, "Russian Railways" obkatali locomotive on liquefied natural gas - gas turbine, which was created in 2006 on the basis of one of the gas-turbine engines Nikolai Kuznetsov. In 2009, during the test prototype of this machine set a record listed in the Guinness Book of Records: drove on experimental ring structure of 159 cars with a total weight of 15 thousand. Tons (!). And on one filling it can go almost 1000 km. In general, almost perfect car for cruising combat rail missile system, for example, in the Russian Arctic.

In this new BZHRK himself, apparently, will appear in the new program Gosvooruzheny - for the period from 2016 to 2025, which is now being prepared by the Government. Therefore, the Russian designers locomotives still have a little time to get there "fit" with your new or old, but so far unrealized development.

THE LEGENDARY COLT

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:41:00 +0000

The legendary Colt

Legendary Colt revolvers brand

February 25, 1836 Samuel Colt received a patent for his great invention - a revolver, then received its name in honor of the creator. This day was the beginning of a great armory brand Colt, which, according to well-known aphorism, did people really equal. And so today we will tell about some religious revolvers issued in factories Colt .

Colt Paterson

His first gun Samuel Colt built at the age of fourteen years, but the return on this weapon was so strong that the shooter could easily break during firing hand. So after the inventor of this is not entirely successful experience sat down to study the sciences - chemistry and mechanics to fix the shortcomings of their offspring. And in 1836, at age 22, Colt introduced the patent office its first truly successful invention - a revolver, which received later called the Colt Paterson (in honor of the town, where he opened a plant for its production), and then Colt Texas (residents of the US state particularly liked the novelty).

Revolver Colt Paterson. Photo source: armsportllc.net

The novelty of the invention Colt was the fact that he first used at the same time capsule cartridges, spinning drum and the serial production of weapons, which made the first Colt revolvers very fast and relatively cheap. In just eleven years, was released a little less than three thousand revolvers Colt Paterson. Some of them were bought by the armies of the United States and in those years the independent Republic of Texas. Rangers from the last first to appreciate fully the convenience and speed characteristic of this weapon. This was the reason for the success of future products Colt in the army.

Colt Walker

Colt Walker was named in honor of the commander of the Texas Rangers, who helped improve the inventor of the previous model Colt revolver. Armed Forces Texas needed a powerful and reliable gun that allows to shoot at full gallop, and equally well affect both riders and horses. The new revolver was quite massive (2.5 kg weight). He had a drum for six rounds, in which the use of black powder.

Revolver Colt Walker. Photo source: thetruthaboutguns.com

The emergence in 1847 Colt Walker had just what we needed - began Mexican-American War, in which these weapons played a very important role, although it was produced in quantities of 1,100. Revolver quickly gained cult status, and still retains it. In our time - thanks westerns with Clint Eastwood, the hero of which is enjoyed Walker.This, apparently, was to insinuate that the character was once a ranger in Texas.

Colt Pocket Police

Did not hesitate company Colt revolver and the creation for the needs of the police. The first such weapon under this brand appeared in 1863 and was based on earlier models of Baby Dragoon and Pocket Model, see the light, respectively, in 1847 and 1849. This gun was a powerful but very compact and light (by the standards of the nineteenth century of course). It could even hide a wide pants pocket (about jeans in those days no one hardly heard) and quickly get it if needed.

Revolver Colt Pocket Police. Photo source: thefiringline.com

Total produced 325,000 revolvers Colt Pocket of which 20 thousand - a model designed for the needs of the police.There were also options for couriers, postal service and fleet.

Colt Single Action Army

The most famous revolver "Wild West" is considered Colt Single Action Army, jokingly nicknamed "peacekeepers."After all, wherever there is a man with a similar weapon, advancing the world - so vazhnue role it played. Revolver can be seen in almost all westerns, including, in the episodes of the film "Back to the Future 3", whose protagonist enters a time machine in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Revolver Colt Single Action Army. Photo source: gunblast.com

First released in 1873, Colt Single Action Army produced by different manufacturers so far. However, in our time, this gun is used mainly for peaceful purposes - in sport and education, as well as hunting. The reason for this longevity - a successful universal design (classic koltovskie trigger mechanism, trigger and overall design, combined with monolithic rounded frame).

Revolver Colt Single Action Army. Photo source: everything-airsoft.com

Colt Official Police

Originally revolver Colt Official Police was created for the US Army. He was a big, massive and designed for cartridges with .38 caliber bullets. But to truly appreciate this innovation American police.

Revolver Colt Official Police. Photo source: gunauction.com

However, in order to adapt the gun under her needs, experts of the company Colt had little to reduce it in size and change to .32 caliber. It happened in 1927 (although the original model was already in 1908), and until 1969 the manufacturer has produced more than 400 thousand copies Colt Official Police in different variations (including training and weapons .22).

Colt Detective Special

It is not difficult to guess from the title, Colt Detective Special was designed as a weapon for law enforcement. We are talking about people in civilian clothes - detectives and intelligence personnel who could carry a gun unnoticed under clothing. In favor of the Colt Detective Special advocated its compact size, but serious fighting characteristics, comfortable handle, light weight and smooth trigger.

Revolver Colt Detective Special. Photo source: flickr.com

Colt Detective Special revolver became popular not only among the plainclothes officers, but also filmmakers. Rare classic film about the detective without the participation of the revolver, including modern noir. Colt Detective Special was produced in different versions with a short break in the period 1927-2000. Now he still is but armed with some units, and is also popular among collectors weapons.

Colt Cobra

Colt Cobra revolver has a lot to do with the Colt Detective Special, however, was made of aluminum instead of steel.Furthermore, it was still shorter barrel. Owners of these weapons were to be civilians, not law enforcement agencies and special services.

Revolver Colt Cobra. Photo source: icollector.com

The most famous case of application Colt Cobra occurred November 24, 1963, when the Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby killed his revolver from Lee Harvey Oswald shot dead two days before US President John F. Kennedy.

Colt Python

The famous Magnum from the company Colt. One of the best features of all revolvers of this legendary producer was first introduced in 1955. Initially it was to be used with a cartridge .38, but then changed to the caliber .357 Magnum, for this weapon and second name Magnum Colt. Colt Python called "limousine among revolvers" for excellent appearance, excellent performance, and combat power Of course, a rather high price. Instance name Magnum have been manufactured for many of the powerful - presidents, kings, and even Elvis Presley.

Revolver Colt Python. Photo source: Wikipedia

Colt Python was the last truly popular revolver from the company Colt, becoming the basis for other, more low-end models. In particular, for the Colt Anaconda, producing up to 1999. In the eighties and nineties, the company Colt survived several crises, which led to loss of revolvers. At the beginning of the new millennium, the situation began to mend, and today the company is engaged mainly producing rifles for the US Army.

ENGRAVED REVOLVERS FROM TIFFANY & CO

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:37:00 +0000

In 1890-1905 gg. jewelry company Tiffany & Co has released a collection of revolvers known brands (Colt, Winchester, Smith & Wesson) ornate silver. Revolvers were made either directly to the customers' order Tiffany & Co, or for exhibitions, which were presented jewelry from Tiffany & Co. Now this collection is kept at the Metropolitan Museum in New York.

JUST WEIRD GUNS

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:32:00 +0000

This article is about guns - the most diverse, each of which is somewhat unusual.

Pistols Ebetsa

In 1894, the American Charles J.. Ebets (Carl J. Ehbets) filed a patent application in which he proposed a self-loading pistol with automatic vapor. The principle was quite curious and very similar to the traditional gas operated mechanism realization - bled from the barrel through the cross-hole powder gases enter the chamber under the barrel, which pushed back the piston, which in two thrust on the side of the gun, turned the bolt, unlocking it, after What shutter moves back under the influence of the residual pressure in the barrel (the function of the piston was precisely unlocked the gate, back he did not move, as opposed to the later systems). Top five rounds placed in front of the trigger guard and could be charged as above, using the cage, similar to the then rifles and side, one patron, through the hinged lid. One prototype gun was even made in the metal - save your photos. Alas, caliber, which was made under this pattern is unknown, and his fate is uncertain - we only know that in production, he did not go, stay in one or more copies. A pity - beautiful gun. And asks in some steampunk or, say, a fantastic Westen type Firefly.

Gun Ebetsa 1894

By the way, this Ebets did not give up, and in 1897 introduced another version of the gun. That is, in fact, he had a lot of them, and patents he obtained a whole bunch, but before the implementation of the "in kind" funded above only two samples - about which we are. Gun Ebetsa 1897 had automatics, strongly resembles the device gun Colt-Browning M1895, also known by the nickname "Potato", and the shop he was much more common for a modern look - was located in the arm and was replaceable. A lot of attention has been paid to the design of the safety and reliability of operation of the arrow - is what many inventors lone working on breakthrough projects overlooked. In particular, it has been structurally completely exclude the possibility of separation of the gate, followed by the flight of his face the shooter (the sin early Colt, for example). The gun was introduced by Colt as a potential model for the production of - ironically, Ebets did it together with John Browning, who brought her to the same prototype. Preference was given to the system of Browning himself Ebets, examined both pistols, acknowledged that his work is really noticeably inferior to most parameters. That did not stop them from Browning become friends continue to work closely together.

Gun Ebetsa 1897.

Adler

This small gun for civil use produced by the German company Adlerwaffenwerke in 1906-07, respectively. Its design is not very remarkable - ordinary gun with in-line store in the handle and automation to free gate, what then dozens of models produced. Interestingly appearance and the fact that shutter, unlike most pistols completely hidden in the housing. Cocking lever up and withdrawn, until the pile serves as a whole (in the sense that it propylene sighting slot). Despite the fact that the machine was produced commercially and sold on the civilian arms market, get it in these days is not easy - it was released less than a hundred pieces. And even if we can get it, shoot will not work for sure - the gun is designed for a special cartridge caliber 7.25 mm with a bottle sleeve, manufactured by the same company and do not use anywhere else, these days, these cartridges are preserved in a matter of copies.

Gun Adler - one of the few surviving to the present day instances

Grab a gun

In 1943, George F. grab somebody (George F. Grebey), who worked in the firm Winchester, offered US Department of Defense first, probably, in the world (with the exception of DIY) project "opistolechennoy rifle." More precisely, the rifle - grab participated in the work on a carbine M1 and inspired its design. The gun had a caliber .30 Carbine, shutter cocking snap, handle, located on the side (just to the left, not the right, as in M1), the mine was to store the trigger guard - used stores of the same M1 capacity of 20 and 30 rounds. The gun was offered as a weapon for paratroopers and special forces, but was rejected as expected - the military has been the most carbine M1, which, although it was longer and heavier, but have normal organ retention and allow conduct aimed fire. As shown itself in terms of convenience and accuracy of shooting an arrow gun Grady (and showed it at all) - history is silent. What is clear is that pandora 35 cm in length (the weight is not known, but hardly less than two pounds), equipped with only one handle revolver and shoot at the same time a patron of high power - weapons, more suited to the characters of video games and anime characters than real life .

Grab a gun (without magazine)

HAFDASA / Zonda

Small and very elegant pocket pistol chambered for .22 LR - it produced an Argentine firm HAFDASA, better known for its clones Colt M1911 (produced under the brand name Serial Ballester-Molina). Actually, this was their product, apparently, so neprioriteten at the moment of creation, that even a single name is not rewarded, and therefore simply called HAFDASA. However, this gun has a very remarkable design - he fires from open bolt, as submachine gun. The gate is located inside the tubular slide boxes, cocked two side window (one of which served as a parallel and ejection port) - arrow wraps his fingers on the sides (aided by notches on the gate) and pulls back to arming. In the late 1950s, when the company went bankrupt, this pistol was the only model that was made to him at the time.

Gun HAFDASA - shutter is cocked, the store in the handle no

Some time later, several former employees HAFDASA organized a new company and began to produce her gun called Zonda. It was a version of the familiar pistol HAFDASA, differed in just a few changes. Firstly, a window into the slide box left only one on the right (the very thing that is thrown through the sleeve), and the shutter is now needed cock, slipping your fingertip for deepening before discharging - much less convenient, but apparently felt that the two windows collect too much dirt out of the pocket of the owner. The second interesting feature - the construction of the fuse. He did not lock and blocks - it is trite and simply shifts the store a little down in the mine, so that the shutter when moving from it did not cling cartridge. In other words, absolute reliability - accidental discharge is eliminated in principle. Alas, Zonda sold poorly and was soon discontinued.

Very rare version of a rare gun - Zonda in the version with extended barrel

Steyr M12 / P16 Doppel

And now pretty good beautiful designs over and began adische. No, I do not know how to actually call it, but since it's two pistols Steyr M12 / P16, combined together, then wrote something like this. Question rapid-infantry weapons during the First World powers have decided different in many ways, as well as experience, no one was, and it is a whole new world for all, then get scared sometimes. Here, for example, the Austro-Hungarian pistol Steyr M12 - itself one more Shush.Shop in the arm, but not interchangeable, charging clip above. He has ushushennaya version - actually Steyr M12 / P16. The same, but the store is longer (holds 16 rounds instead of 12) and can shoot bursts. And as if that was not enough, in 1917 the Austrians gash Spark these guns here. Special frame in which they are both attached to this frame fastened butt and placed midway between pistols sights. Single shutter is not done, that can fire pistols at a time, and if perverted, then a volley from both. This stuff was in the amount of naklёpano azhno two hundred (!) Pieces.Combat effectiveness, but the murky secrets - information about whether to use it on the front, and, if so, how successful was not found.

Frommer Stop M17

"We need more of hell!" - Decided to Austro-Hungarian military, looking at the previous sample, and gave rise to light something that I have no epithets. I can understand trying to make a sub-machine gun from a pair of pistols - if it's powerful army guns such as Steyr M12. But the production of machine gun of a pair of pocket pistols Frommer Stop - it is beyond my comprehension. Frommer Stop as such, by the way, is also one more masterpiece weapons genius - uses automatic long recoil, which is not enough that exotic enough in itself, so also quite excessive for feeble cartridges Browning 7.65 mm and 9 mm short, who fired the gun. So, the recipe for success: take the said Frommer Stop (does not specify which of the two calibers) Cut down he whispered, giving the possibility of firing bursts, lengthens the trunk three times (one must at least some aiming to provide a range), trigger change from the normal hook the trigger, located in machine gun on the back plate, as well as their long stock the store, the extra details such as schёchek remove the handle to reduce the cost structure fuck ...

Frommer Stop in its original form ...

... And turned into a machine-gun version

After that, a couple of these here ratchets mounted upside down (to facilitate the replacement stores) on a machine with a tripod. It is obvious that the Austrians tried to make its counterpart Italian machine-gun gun Villar Perosa M15, which had largely similar design (only development was special, not ersatz pistol from his pocket). According to the results of tests, but quickly realized that it was better not to show off and listen to the song about the boots - in the sense that instead of simply imitations htonichnyh slyamzili original - it did with the commercialization of an exact copy of "Italian" called MP18.

BITTNER REPEATING PISTOL

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:29:00 +0000

Gun Bittner (Bittner repeating pistol) is one of the most recognizable in appearance pistols with design based on the application of the charging lever. In America, similar in design had a gun Vulkanik (Volcanic).
European gunsmiths have created a lot of similar models on the device pistol but the gun Bittner is, perhaps, the final stage of development of store nesamozaryadnogo weapons embodied in its design the best engineering solutions. Sometimes it is called the most elegant gun late 19th century.

Designer weapons is Gustav Bittner (Gustav Bittner), came from a hereditary gunsmiths known in the 17th century. His factory Gustav Bittner founded in 1860 with his brother Raymond and another co-owner of Wenzel Fyukertom in town Veypert (Weipert) in Bohemia (formerly Austria-Hungary, now the Czech Republic). In addition to pistols company Gebrüder Bittner (This was the name the brainchild of Czech gunsmiths) engaged in manufacturing sporting guns.

From about 1880 Gustav Bittner started work on setting up shop gun. Created several experimental models and in the early 1890s there was a prototype gun Bittner, is not very different from the first industrial production samples. A characteristic feature was the presence of weapons of wood inserts on the sides with notches front of the frame under the chamber.

For his pistol Bittner developed a special cartridge, which had a lip liner and the central capsule of ignition. The cartridge was designated 7,7 × 17 Bittner. Other names cartridge 7,8h17R, EB 78. The length of the cartridge 26,5-27,0 mm, weight 8.35 g cartridge. Weight of powder charge of 0.30 grams. Gunpowder was used as a black and smokeless. Bullet shell, had 7.7 mm. The length of the bullet 14,10-14,25 mm, weight 5,35-5,5 c.

Gun on many sites and auctions called Bittner repeating pistol, Model 1893, ie Bittner pistol model 1893. However, the authors of the book «Vom Ursprung der Selbstladepistole.(Österreichische Pistolen - Band 1) "refers to the gun Repetierpistole System Bittner 1896.

1896 Josef MÖTZ authors and Joschi SCHUY associated with the date of receipt of the patent. Gustav Bittner October 17, 1896 in Prague Patent Office issued the certificate on the design of the gun, loading that occurs with a special lever.

Bittner pistol had an octagonal barrel. Upper bound of the trunk was covered with a special anti-glare notch. Sights consist of an adjustable rear sight inscribed with graduations from 50 to 150 meters and flies. Fly triangular shape was placed in a groove shape, reminiscent of the dovetail.

Power pistol is using a special five-shot packs (clips), which fit cartridges. Submission of ammunition carried spring feeder installed in the front of the frame. After exhaustion of packet rounds fall out the bottom of the window frame.

Frame pistol from the back side look asymmetric, due to design features of the trigger and the cover on the left side of the frame. Metal of the gun often had a nice color transitions with different shades obtained by quenching parts of weapons.

Bolt pistol had a circular cross section. In the rear of the bolt had protruding rounded tip with knurled surface. The shutter when the reciprocating motion of a rotating, locking the barrel.

Reloading pistol is charging lever with the tip of a ring-shaped. In the rear part of the ring a slot for placing the trigger. For firing index finger ring fit into the charging lever and move it forward.

Under the influence of the charging lever, the associated gate left at the rearmost position.During the movement of the ejector bolt removed the spent case from the chamber.Simultaneously feeder cartridge shall be sent to the line chambering.

Waste in the rearmost position, the shutter platoon and put the hammer cocked. Fuse gun is a button located above schёchek handle. Moving in a horizontal direction fuse block trigger mechanism.

When movement of the ring charging lever in the opposite direction (toward the handle) gate shall be sent round in the chamber and turning on its axis, the locking bore. Upon further movement of the trigger ring passing through the ring slit charger arm. Finger pulled the trigger, the hammer broke with cocking and broke the capsule holder - occurred shot. Firing cycle continues until until it ends and ammo pack does not fall out of the nest frame.

Gun Bittner (Bittner repeating pistol) had a total length of 290 mm (pistol with serial number "305" had a length of 305 mm) barrel length of 137 mm (or 153 mm), the weight of 820 grams. Bore rifled with six pravonaklonnymi rifling.

Bittner cheeks handle a gun made of wood. On the surface schёchek deposited diamond-shaped notch. Schёchek mount by means of screws, screwed into the left cheek and figured nuts installed in the right schёchke handle.

Stamps and markings were applied to various parts of the weapon. On certain hand pistols at the top of the chamber is a depiction of an eagle with a digit.

Characteristic marking gun Bitner was a stigma on the right side of the frame arms in the form of text «PATENT BITTNER», as well as overlapping letters «GB» under which there is a letter «W». This abbreviation stands for Gustav Bittner, Weipert, or maybe Waffenfabrik Gebruder Bittner.

The gun was applied to the stamp with the number of protocol test firings (eg "1069") and the year of testing (for example, "98" - 1898).

Serial numbers of the gun placed at the bottom of the barrel, as well as parts of the frame on the cheeks of the handle and under the gate.

Gun Bittner (Bittner repeating pistol) was completed, usually a bundle (clip) for ammunition, leather holster, nipple and rub with a ramrod. At present, very rare to find a gun fully loaded, as rare and ammunition.

Gun Bittner (Bittner repeating pistol) very rare weapons. According to experts in all it was issued no more than 3,000 copies (the most famous serial number 2831). The average price of a pistol on the antiques market is 20-30 thousand dollars.

GREAT FIRE OF ENTERPRISE

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Sun, 14 Dec 2014 12:58:00 +0000

"Enterprise" - perhaps the most famous US aircraft carrier. This is the first aircraft carrier with a nuclear power plant. He put into operation in 1961. The first and the only ship of its project, despite five more planned for the construction of ships of the series. The total cost of "Enterprise" has reached 451 million dollars, and that was one of the reasons why the construction of a series of ships refused.

Has the highest (342.3 meters) length among the warships of the world. The First, the Finest ("first and best") - one of the mottos of the aircraft carrier. Single load nuclear fuel is enough for 13 years of service, during which the ship can take up to 1 million miles. The total 2520 tons of arms ammunition.

(Logo carrier)

In January 1969, nuclear aircraft carrier went on combat duty next to the coast of Vietnam. En route to the area of the Hawaiian Islands to pass the annual inspection of combat / operational readiness. In the US Navy, it is called the «Operational Readiness Inspection» and is actually the last line that must be overcome warship before he set about the task of military service. But this time, the final frontier hardly really was the last in the history of nuclear-powered ship. On January 14, in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands, about 70 miles from Honolulu, there was an accident ... at 8:15 am local time, when the first wave of planes in the sky is gone and finished second. During the preparation of one of the fighter-bombers, F-4J «Phantom II» for a combat flight warhead exploded under his wing suspended 127-mm unguided Mk 32 "Zuni» (Zuni). According to the members of the committee that conducted the investigation into the incident, the explosion occurred due to overheating of a missile caused quite a lasting impact on her jet engine aircraft of another, who was on the deck of an aircraft carrier of flight and also ready to go.

(The explosion at the "Enterprise" January 14, 1969)

The explosion of the rocket at the stern of the aircraft carrier there was a strong fire, which, in turn, has led to a series of explosions bombs and unguided rockets. Commission of the collected data and witnesses, within only 20 minutes of flight deck of the nuclear icebreaker was 18 explosions, including eight detonated bombs caliber 500 pounds (227 kg).
In detail, according to restored during the investigation into the events of the day first exploded ammunition was in the area on the aft starboard aircraft carrier F-4J «Phantom II» (side number 103), so that in the area there was a large source of fire.
However, after some time, namely, at 8:26 am in the same area of flight deck there was another massive explosion - it was the cause of the simultaneous detonation of ordnance suspended on several attack aircraft A-7 B «Corsair II» and involving 500-pound bombs, unguided rockets "Zuni" and more than 400 rounds of 20 mm caliber for aviation aircraft guns.

(So "Le Corsaire" stood on the deck of "Enterprise" before the fire)

After that, the captain turned the "Enterprise" against the wind, so that the smoke from the fire is not shrouded superstructure and not limited to a review from the bridge of the ship. Emergency command of an aircraft carrier began to extinguish the fires. However, the fire reached the seven standing nearby aircraft F-4J «Phantom II», each of whom was armed with guided missiles "Sparrow" class "air - air".

(Emergency teams are fighting for survival "Enterprise")

On 4 planes were also more and six bombs caliber 500 pounds and eight 127-mm unguided missiles "Zuni". Followed by new explosions, fire area expanded rapidly. As a result, emergency teams, despite their dedicated work, it was not possible to localize the fire on the starboard side, and the flames spread from the "Phantom" with tail number 112 on the "Phantom" with tail number 310, was standing on the deck of flight on the left side. According to the memoirs witnesses, engaged in the struggle for survival of the ship l / s crew barely had time to deploy additional funds to fight the fire in the area of the left side of flight deck as there is a new powerful explosion thundered. At this time, detonated ammunition were there two fighter-bombers "Phantom" with onboard №№ 105 and 106, as well as fuel tanks located near electronic warfare aircraft A-3 "Skayuorrior."

(As a result of the detonation of ammunition in the armor of flight deck formed three huge holes,
one of which captured two decks and a significant part of nuclear-powered board,
and in the right side of "Enterprise" gaping hole with a diameter of 4.5 meters)

The explosion was so strong that from the "phantoms" have not even left engine - only a small fragment of the forward fuselage was left lying on the deck of flight. In a huge ball of flame ensuing fire killed almost all the soldiers who were at the time said the explosion in the composition calculations emergency teams left side, and a significant number of seafarers were seriously injured. After a while, the flames spread to the hangar, where it continued to rage for more than 3 hours.

(At the atomic "Enterprise" hell's going on)

At this time using atomic monster hurry. Coming up destroyer "Rogers" type "Gearing" and destroyer URO "Benjamin Stoddert" type "Charles F. Adams," brought down on the burning ship tons of water.
Together, the fire was extinguished, but the aircraft carrier suffered considerable damage. The team showed dedication, courage and heroism, continuing the fight against the fire, even despite the fact that each of follow one another all the explosions brought new victims, literally vykashivaya ranks of sailors. One eyewitness described later is the "real meat grinder."

(At the side - the destroyer "Rogers» (DD-876), the distance can be seen coming to the aid of the destroyer URO "Benjamin Stoddert» (DDG-22),
and in the foreground - last attack aircraft A-7B "Corsair II» (left) and Fighter -bombardirovschik F-4J «Phantom II» (right))

As part of the follow-up investigations Commander Harold Mount, he served in the headquarters of the commander of the air force of the Pacific Fleet of the US Navy, evaluating the actions of personnel "Enterprise", says: "In my opinion, the personnel of the deck crew showed unexampled heroism. They rolled fire hoses and fought the fire, and when another explosion swept half the emergency party to replace the fallen comrades came to them - they took fire hoses and boldly walked into the fire ... I think that's what the staff of the deck crew through their actions provided localization and managed reduce the damage " . In turn, Captain Robert Hulherst, head of the study group of the Pacific Fleet of the US Navy and a witness of the tragedy, said: "Fight fire in such conditions was a matter almost impossible. Constantly exploding bombs and other munitions, causing losses in personnel. I do not know how many people were killed or injured as a result of the detonation of ammunition, but after the fire was extinguished, I found that facing aft part of the superstructure of the ship-skeleton literally riddled with shrapnel, and shrapnel " .

(It looked like an aircraft carrier after extinguishing the fire)

As a result of the detonation of ammunition in the aircraft flight deck of an aircraft carrier armored, which "is designed to be to withstand hit 500-pound bombs", formed three huge holes, one of which captured two decks and a significant portion of the board nuclear-powered icebreaker. In the right side of "Enterprise" gaping hole ominous void diameter of about 4.5 meters, and received significant damage to the interior of the vehicle. In fact, the wave of destruction in varying degrees, reached the level of the water line carrier. ... In total, the accident killed 28 people received injuries of varying severity, 343 people from the crew and the ship's wing "Enterprise" and destroyers "Benjamin Stoddert" and "Rogers" was completely destroyed 15 military aircraft. About the various equipment that were destroyed in the flames of a huge fire and destroyed by the shock waves of powerful explosions, and say no. The damage amounted to millions of dollars, plus he had to postpone military service aircraft carrier off the coast of Vietnam. "In war as in war ..." ship repair, implemented at the shipyard of the US Navy at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, took six weeks. March 5, 1969 the first aircraft carrier out to sea on a five-day sea trials, after the completion of which was re-directed to the water Gulf of Tonkin. January tragedy, which received a US naval history books called the "Great Fire» (Big Fire), had a great influence on her witnesses and experts.

(November 4, 2012 the first aircraft carrier has completed its last 8-month voyage.
Total "Enterprise" 25 times out to sea. Decommissioned December 1, 2012).

FUTURE WEAPONS

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Mon, 06 Oct 2014 05:34:00 +0000

Insect cyborgs, laser guns, soldiers replicants - something that previously could only be seen in science fiction movies and games, it is now a reality. In an effort to beat his opponent, the country create more and more dangerous and sophisticated tools for the successful conduct of future wars.

Weapon for shooting from the corner
Such a weapon for fighting in urban environments can be bent in the barrel 90 degrees, thereby providing visibility goal without substituting a soldier under the bullets.
Immortal synthetic beings
Under the "Bio-Design" Agency Defense Advanced Research Projects DARPA full-generating "zombie army." Their research is focused on what to get for the conduct of hostilities synthetic soldiers or replicants, able to resist the processes of death and aging with the help of genetic engineering and molecular biology. In the case, if such a cyborg soldier required to correct, then the created being is a special molecule to trigger the self-destruction, which can be activated remotely.
Weapons, creating an electromagnetic field
MAHEM or magnetohydrodynamic explosive weapon - a missile, which by means of a magnetic field can shoot a jet of molten metal space, flying at a speed of hundreds of kilometers per second. Such weapons will easily hit any targets - bunkers, protected buildings or vehicles.
Free Electron Laser
This gun is capable of hitting targets at a distance by means of thermal laser beams. Senior American combat FEL laser produces by far the most powerful beam in the world: it can cut up to 6 meters of steel per second. According to the United States Navy combat lasers will be placed on the ships by the end of this year.
High-energy laser system for local defense
HELLADS project involves the creation of aircraft laser system output of 150 kW. Agency DARPA managed to design a system of laser weapons smaller weight and size with the same power that allowed him to fit in a fighter plane.The laser will be able to shoot down HELLADS controlled and unmanned aerial vehicles and even to fire on enemy infantry with minimal collateral damage to densely populated areas.
Electromagnetic rail gun
rail gun can disperse small (10-15 pounds) projectiles to considerable speeds, causing huge damage to the equipment and other objects of the enemy due to the conversion of electrical energy into kinetic energy. Project for a "railgun" or "railgun" intensively discussed in recent years. Implementation of such weapons has always prevented its size, weight and power consumption, which were totally unsuitable for placing these guns on the ships. However, management of the United States Navy hopes to install and test advanced marine Railguns already in 2016.
Hybrid insects
you will not believe, but cockroaches suicide is a reality! Another agency DARPA project aims to use a special device, the supervisors, who will be attached to the nerve endings of insects, thus turning them into controlled robots. Insect cyborgs mounted with a camera or even a bomb can penetrate into any premises for the purpose of exploration or destroy the enemy.
Electric gun DREAD
Such weapons executes circular rotation with exorbitant rate dropping ammunition directly at the enemy. In the second battle DREAD plant capable of producing 2,000 shots per minute and the number reaches 120 thousand! Also works without a gun recoil, silently and does not overheat.
Helicopter "Excalibur"
UAV developed by Aurora Flight Services, is a air unit capable of being a vertical takeoff and landing, transporting just four anti-tank missiles Hellfire, hover in place and reach speeds of up to 740 kilometers per hour. In short, it is a quiet and compact machine killer, designed for reconnaissance, transporting ammunition and hitting the ground target.
XM-25 grenade launcher
self-loading hand grenade XM-25, developed by Heckler & Koch, has a high range and the possibility of hitting the enemy behind cover, because "Smart" 25-millimeter grenade exploded behind or to the side of the object hitting the right target fragments. Grenade launcher is equipped with ultra-modern laser range finder, and uses a variety of ammunition: from high-explosive air to undermine the anti-personnel mines. Successful application of this grenade in Afghanistan led to its further improvements to make the XM-25 weapon of the future.

Source: herbeat.com

SPECIAL WEAPONS RUSSIA

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 01 Oct 2014 05:32:00 +0000

This means the weapon created for the needs of special forces counter-terrorism forces, intelligence agencies.

Of course, the mere presence of the sample armed "Special Forces" does not make him a weapon for special purposes. There are special fire and other tasks to perform that conventional means either difficult or impossible.

Based on this, a special-purpose weapons include:

1 Weapon covert applications. Here, first of all, you can select weapons with a significantly reduced level of sound of a shot, usually referred to as the "silent" or "silent weapons and flameless fire." Such weapons decides in principle, standard fire missions, but it takes special properties (silent) to perform tasks in the special conditions. "Quiet" weapons - the most massive and varied in a number of special-purpose weapon.
To "hide the application" can also include the so-called "indirect fire weapons" - or rather, a weapon for shooting from behind cover, allows the shooter to aim fire, while fully shelter. We are not talking about remote-controlled arsenal of tanks, armored vehicles or aircraft. We are talking about here is the "manual" weapon - the specificity of most of problem can be attributed to such weapons to the category of special purpose. Most specifically krivostvolnoe weapons. It is obvious that when, in principle, the model of fire missions, the use of such weapons will be hidden to the enemy, because the shooting is out of sight, and only detect the muzzle of the barrel is extremely difficult.

2 Sniper rifles particularly high accuracy. Unlike the army (the universal ones) sniper rifles are intended to destroy the enemy at long range shooting (up to 1500 meters) or a shorter range, but is guaranteed with the first shot. Differ from precision manufacturing (often - individual), using specially selected munitions and powerful optics. Typically, these rifles require you sokoy shooting skill and care in handling, as the requirements of high precision and accuracy of fire forced to reduce the trigger pull, enter the number of the "thin" options.

3 large-caliber rifles. entered service in some armies in the past two decades by large-caliber long-barreled rifle still cause different readings in their classification. Some sources attribute it to sniper weapons, other isolated in a special class. Seems correct separation of such weapons in a circle of fire problems solved with its help. Mostly it is the destruction of fire and vehicles, military equipment (including light armored) infrastructure in medium and long-range shooting (600-1600 meters).And only secondarily - sniper missions to destroy manpower at long range. Appeared in recent years, some short-samples large-caliber weapons (something which even called "carbines") is not designed to solve the problems of sniper and adapted to melee with the same goal - the defeat easily protected materiel and manpower in personal body armor.

4 Armament frogmen. We have in mind here the weapon designed to fight in the "air", which only reaches the water. We are talking about weapons for underwater shooting. Because of the application environment, it requires special approaches to developing and ammunition and the weapons themselves. We have deliberately avoided the generic term "underwater weapons" in order to separate the samples from the special purpose gun for underwater hunting.

5 Concealed Weapon. Otherwise, it is also called "masked," meaning by this weapon, simulating outer form or other items made especially for installation in such subjects. Camouflage blade, spring gun, knife or pneumatic pusher under the innocuous-looking and not too noticeable thing that looks quite familiar in everyday life (a piece of clothing, accessories, hand luggage, tools, etc.) - then get the advantage of surprise. By "masked" weapons may also include samples designed for concealed carry and use of a sudden, like a folding submachine guns, or "Case machines." This may also include some samples of the "combined" weapons. The most typical example - combat knife masked shooting device.

6 Portable support tools - special grenade launchers (rocket, recoilless, active) and mortars. This is particularly lightweight and smaller samples, designed for the use of Special Forces, "silent" grenade launchers and mortars, as well as anti-sabotage means.

7 "Assault" portable weapons designed to produce high density fire and achieve a high damaging effect in the melee. It is located at the intersection of the line of military weapons and weapons for special purposes.
Next will be considered separate samples of firearms and special Severe, have found application in the Russian armed forces.Weapon of special purpose - a professional tool and therefore expect a certain level of ownership. It is very diverse in types of submunitions, apparatus and methods of use.

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Weapon of special purpose - for example, "silent" - may be created on the basis of the available samples of military or civilian and sporting weapons and ammunition staff. By re-complexes "Insert Weapon" allow most fully agree with his arms parameters value problems. At the same time, however, did not comply with the requirements of unification and increased price of weapons, but a comparatively small volume of production and the importance of tasks forced to sacrifice value.

In 1950-60 begins rapid growth of special operations forces. In our country, and are accepted into service a number of special-purpose models of weapons, including pistols. Most "mass" type of weapon special purpose steel samples with a significantly reduced level of sound of the shot - the so-called "silent".

The most common device to reduce the sound of the shot, as you know, is the expansion type silencer, we often referred to as "device noiseless and flameless firing" or PBS. The most widely used multi-chamber mufflers expansion type. This silencer also acts as an effective flame arrester completely eliminating the flash shot. In addition to silencing as removable choke tubes are used t. N. "Integrated" Muffler. Their action is based on a combination of multi-chamber silencer to the muzzle of the barrel and the prior removal of powder gases from the bore. For this purpose the walls of the barrel is made a number of openings through which the propellant gas following the bullet leave the expansion chamber.

This design is used in the gun PB ("silent gun" index 6P9), developed by designer TSNIITOCHMASH AA Derjaguin using elements of the regular PM pistol. PB pistol was adopted by the Decree of the Minister of Defense of the USSR in July 1967.

Barrel length is slightly larger than that of the PM. the barrel is chrome-plated. BSS consists of two sections - integrated with a gun expansion chamber and a removable nozzle. The expansion chamber is put on the barrel is fixed to the front frame horn of gun powder gases are discharged into it through holes formed on the bottom of the rifling of the barrel. Gas cylinder out of the barrel reduces the velocity of the bullet up to 290 m / s, t. E. Significantly lower sound, and reduces the pressure of powder gases. For additional braking and cooling gas from the surrounding barrel roll of wire mesh. To the front of the sleeve chamber suharno-screw connection is secured removable nozzles. Within the cylindrical casing is situated nozzle separator comprising three washers mounted at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the nozzle and barrel. Washer separator form a chamber in which the powder gases are broken gradually expand and lose their speed and temperature. After the departure of the bullet slowly gases flow from the hole in the front of the muffler. The openings allow washers pool to pass freely through the orifice.

Integrated expansion chamber made significantly change the design of the gate and return mechanism. Shutter shortened barrel, and covers only the lower part laterally. Helical return spring vertically mounted in the handle and interact with the gate swinging through the transmission lever. The handle is fixed to the frame push-button latch.The trigger mechanism and magazine catch are similar gun PM. Rear sight and front sight have luminous inserts for shooting in low light conditions.
Besides the "Army" Special Forces PB supplied on the military special forces police and parts of the Interior Ministry.

Muting the sound quite effectively - the shot heard only faint metallic clang of the gate. The advantages include the use of the regular gun, massively produced chuck 9x18 PM. Together with the unification of the system with a pistol PM is facilitated its operation and supply of ammunition. Serial production of PB conducted at the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the PB

Caliber ................................................. ..................... 9 mm
cartridge .......................... .................................... 9 x 18 PM
Weight unloaded ....... ........................................ 0.97 kg
Length without head ... ............................................. 170 mm
length with a nozzle ................................................. 310 mm
Muzzle velocity ..................................... 290 m / s
Combat rate ... ........................ 30 rds. / min
Effective range ................... .......................... 50 m
Capacity .................... ......................... 8 rounds
In 1972, has been adopted "automatic pistol silent" (APB index 6P13) developed by designer TSNIITOCHMASH A. Neugodovym based auto Stechkin. During the development of the gun was an index of AO-44. Like APS, APB has automatic pistol based on the impact of free slide, slow rate of fire retardant, impact trigger mechanism flag is translator fuse sector sight.

An elongated barrel APB surrounded integrated camera, in which the powder gases are discharged through the holes made in the walls of the barrel at the bottom of the grooves. Through a combination of pistol cartridge 9x18 HM partial etching gases from the barrel channel and the initial velocity of the bullet is obviously lower sound After the departure of the bullet out of the barrel of the expansion chamber gases are returned to the trunk and flows outwards through the muzzle has a reduced temperature and pressure. The muzzle of the barrel protrudes from the valve and has a thread for attaching removable nasadka- Nozzle inside is divided into four steel expansion chambers by partitions with holes. Original feature was the literal "writing" integrated expansion chamber in the contours of the shutter.

Instead holster-butt, like APS, APB was removable butt of steel wire. In the stowed position, "baits" fastened the latch on the butt.
Increasing the mass of weapons in combat position and displacement of the center of gravity forward improved shooting accuracy compared to the base APS.

APB gun entered service intelligence special forces of the Soviet Army, as well as special units of the Interior Ministry. During the Afghan war in the companies special-purpose gun APB usually used as a weapons squad leaders as additional weapons, as well as signalers, calculations of heavy weapons. Soldiers GRU usually worn APB defined butt and nozzle shoulder strap or - without stock - plugged for items of equipment.

Tactical and technical characteristics of APB

Caliber ................................................. ............................. 9 mm
cartridge .................. .................................................. ... 9 x 18 PM
Weight with loaded magazine and nozzle ............. 1.65 kg
Weight head .................. ............................................... 0.4 kg
weight wire butt ....................................... 0.2 kg
Muzzle velocity ............................................. 290 m / s
Capacity Store ................................................. ..20 cartridges
Insert SP4 was the next step in the development of weapons spetsboepripasov silent & flameless cut-off of propellant gases in the sleeve. Piston abuts directly into an elongated blunt bullet, which is a cylinder made of cemented carbide to the upper part of which is attached a brass belt drive. Girdle slams into the rifling of the barrel and provides a pool giving rotation around its axis. At the time of leaving the full liner bullet belt has already reached its muzzle. After the shot the piston is fully retained in the cartridge so that the length of the cartridge cases does not exceed the length of the cartridge before the shot. Under this cartridge is made pistol MSS. New pistol complex was established in CRI-TOCHMASH (Klimovsk). Sound level shot MSS is between a shot from an air rifle and handclaps. Bullet weight of 10 g at a distance of 25 m hit vest 1st-class protection, or steel helmet.

Relatively short length of the cartridge cases it possible to realize a self-loading mode weapons - with automatic discharge of the cartridge from the chamber longitudinally moving the gate and the destruction of its weapons beyond. However, after being shot in the breech sleeve is kept high pressure propellant gases, so that the semi-automatic mode of weapons was no small achievement and required special measures. Automatic pistol MSS has the original scheme recoil free shutter and moving chambered - the last under the influence of recoil moves back along with a few rolls back gate. Branch of the threaded portion of the barrel from the chamber eliminates the formation of the bullet (vacuum powder gases in the barrel do not fall), which, after the departure of the bullet from the barrel can cause audible cotton.
return spring fitted on the frame above the barrel bushing. In front of the gate has a lock in the form of a rotary sleeve with grooves for the fingers.

Ejector located on the right side of the gate.
trigger mechanism of the gun - the trigger provides samovzvodom shot or pre-cocked, includes flag is non-automatic fuse. In order to standardize and reduce the cost of development and production of a trigger mechanism as a whole is derived from the regular PM. Fuse as t u PM, when you turn provides a safe descent hammers and setting the trigger at half-cock. The lower end of the mainspring forms magazine catch.

Solid plastic handle is attached with a screw to frame appendage. Food - from detachable box magazine with a single in-line cartridges. Because of the greater length of the cartridge handle turned out larger than that of the PM.Non-automatic pistol MSS exceeds SMEs and C-4M and practical rate, and a muzzle energy of a bullet at the same degree of reduction of the level of sound of a shot.
Issue MSS established Tula Arms Plant. Insert SP4 is also used to shoot device 'scout knife special "LDC-2, and" special revolver "OC-38.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the MSS

Caliber ................................................. ........................ 7.62 ammo ................................................ ......... 0.88 kg Length weapons ................................... ............................ 165 mm Barrel length .................. ................................................ 35 mm Muzzle velocity 200 m ............................................. / s Combat rate .................................. 6-8 rds. / min Effective range ... ................................................. 50 m Capacity ............................................... 6 rounds .....
"Metamorphosis" conventional samples of military weapons in the "silent" installation device noiseless and flameless firing and using regular cartridge options at a reduced speed of the bullet - the way a simple and convenient.However, the basic patterns of weapons and ammunition are usually exclude claims "silent" shooting. Therefore, a new step in the development of silent weapon was a special development systems "patron-arms" to more fully meet the specific requirements of such weapons.

Silent sniper complex was established in TSNIITOCHMASH (Klimovsk) PI Serdkzhovym and VF Krasnikov and put into service in 1987. The complex includes a sniper rifle special (BCC "Vintorez" index 6P29) and a special 9-mm cartridge St. Petersburg.

Sniper cartridge St. Petersburg created NV Zabelin and LS Dvoryaninova. The bullet has a bimetallic sheath and a core consisting of a steel, and lead parts. Heavy bullet remains stable in the trajectory and in addition gives high accuracy and good disruptive effect. It is also possible shooting patron St. Petersburg with a bullet high breakdown action. The sound level is much lower than that of the small-bore rifle sports. Weapons also features a relatively "quiet" operation and automatic trigger mechanism.
BCC is the automatic rifle with a gas engine with the removal of powder gases from the barrel bore and long stroke, rigidly attached to the bolt carrier. The barrel is locked - rotating bolt, six lugs which engage with the slots of the receiver. Receiver - milled from steel, which ensures high rigidity compared with stamped box. Relatively gently perceived recoil promotes accuracy of shooting.

Hammer mechanism - striker type, with easy drummer that also helps to improve the accuracy of shooting. Action spring is located below the hammer return spring behind the gate. Non-automatic fuse - flag is. Separate translator species razmeshen fire inside the trigger guard behind the trigger, his right position corresponds to a single fire, left - automatic fire.

When fired, the powder gases are discharged into an integrated silencer through holes formed on the bottom of the grooves in the walls of a relatively short barrel (in front of the gas outlet holes), and through the muzzle. When fired, the bullet as it moves along the bore, powder gases flow into the cylinder muffler. Before the muzzle of the barrel cylinder placed separator. End plates and the separator are sloped baffle silencer axis holes for the passage of bullet. Bullet passes partitions and powder gases, hitting them, change direction, lose speed and temperature.Muffler is mounted outdoor sector sight and front sight. Silencer is easily separated from weapons and disassembled for cleaning, but the firing of the weapon with a silencer shot is not allowed.

Standing wooden butt Framework form is provided with an elastic neck.
On the left side of the receiver is a bracket for the mounting brackets for optical or night sights. At BCC attached sight PSO-1-1 or night sight. Sight PSO-1-1 is similar to the sight PSO-1 SVD sniper rifle, but with a distance scale for ballistics rounds SPB and St. Petersburg. For shooting at night can be used by sight

NSPU-3 1PN75. MBNGM8 (rifle BCCH). When firing single shots from the BCC at a distance of 400 m diameter scattering results of a series of 10 shots JS5 cartridge must not exceed 11 cm.
For concealed carry rifle easily disassembled into major parts: muffler, the stock receiver box with the barrel and trigger mechanism Shop - box with a plastic housing with a staggered 10-round magazine.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the BCC

Caliber ................................................. ............................. 9 mm
cartridge .................. ......................................... SP5, SP6 (9 x 39)
Weight without telescopic sights and ammunition ................. 2.45 kg
Length ....................... .................................................. 894 ... mm
Barrel length ........................................... ..................... 200 mm
Muzzle velocity ........................ ..................... 290 m / s
Rate of fire ....................... ..................... 800-900 rds. / min
Combat rate .................... .......... 30/60 rds. / min
Effective range
with an optical sight ............................ .................... 400 meters
with night sight ......................... ............................. 300 yards
with open mpritselom ................ .................................. 400 m
Capacity ............ ...................................... 10 rounds
Quite complex automata, including special machine (AS "Val" index 6P30) and SP6 cartridge entered service in 1989, is one "family" of weapons with silent sniper complex. 70% of the parts and components and automatic rifles ARIA AC unified.

The machine has a folding metal stock left skeletal tons of steel tubes plastic pistol grip control is used with the magazine capacity of 20 rounds.
Patron Saint Petersburg design YS Frolov and EU Kornilovoj fused bullet increased the breakdown of the ,. Hardened Steel core length longer than SP5a protrudes from the sheath. Patron Saint Petersburg at somewhat worse than the accuracy SP58 allows to strike at distances up to 400m living objectives, protected body armor 2-3 grade and helmets or unarmored vehicles - the bullet pierces the 4-mm steel plate. The similarity of the ballistics of bullets SP5 and St. Petersburg allows for the firing of a single machine run.

For automatic noise reduction is not just for stealth applications, but also to reduce the acoustic load on the arrow and enable voice when fighting in close quarters, underground structures, and so on. N.
BCC and the AU are made Tula Arms Plant for the special forces of several law enforcement agencies.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the AU

Caliber ................................................. ............................. 9 mm
cartridge .................. ........................................... SP5, SP6 (9h39)
Weight unloaded ................................................ ........ 2.5 kg
Length of weapon:
with unfolded butt ................................ ............. 875 mm
with butt oslozhenie ................................ .......... 615 mm
Barrel length .................................... ............................ 200 mm
Muzzle velocity ................. ........................... 290 m / s
Rate of fire ................. .......................... 800--900 rds. / min
Combat rate .............. ................ 40/60 rds. / min
Effective range with open sights .............. 400 m
Capacity .... .............................................. 20 rounds
In 1995, the Tula Instrument Design Bureau under the arms of the family that is based on machine 9A-91, presented a "silent" 9mm automatic sniper rifle VSK-94. With a rifle, you can use cartridges SP5, St. Petersburg.PAB-9. Last bullet can penetrate steel plate thickness of 8 mm at a distance of 100 m. VSK-94 has been applied in a variety of law enforcement agencies as a weapon for concealed engage manpower, including using personal body armor and unarmored objects at a distance of 400 m. 2002 . VSK-94 adopted by the army.

Automatic weapons has a gas engine and operates as a long-stroke gas piston (gas piston rigidly attached to the bolt carrier). To make the piston rod to length gas chamber is extended forward from the gas outlet openings of the barrel. The barrel is locked by turning the bolt with four lugs. The gate frame is collapsible handle reloading.

Shock-type firing mechanism allows management of single and automatic fire. Non-automatic fuse translator - lever type, its check box is mounted on the left side and has a nearly inaudible (compared, for example, or AKM SVD) click. When you turn on the fuse box covers the groove for the passage of the handle reloading.

Food patrons - from two-row detachable box magazine staggered rounds. Can be used magazines for 20 and 10 rounds - using the latter decreases the effect of flow rate on the balance of weapons cartridges. Claimed diameter dispersion when firing at a distance of 100 meters - no more than 10 cm.
"Metamorphosis" machine 9A-91 in the "quiet" sniper rifle was followed by the installation of a removable silencer, detachable non-folding plastic butt frame with rubber shock absorber, integral with the pistol grip. Silencer significantly reduces the sound level at a shot and completely eliminates muzzle flash, allowing you to secretly engage targets at ranges of up to 400 m. Lack of muzzle flash, besides reducing the telltale signs shots, has a positive effect on the work with night vision sights. The design of the muffler is no replacement elements. In the melee 6SK-94 can be used as an automaton.

Native lateral plate of the receiver allows mounting of sights - LKS-07 day and night to develop CPP (both - with the sighting mark a red dot). Glowing red dot reduces the time for retargeting when shooting with the transfer of the aiming point. When using up or failure of the battery red dot sight ICS "07 does not disappear, but becomes black, and the sight remains operational. PKS-07 sight with 7x magnification and field of view of 3 ° has a field of view of a simple elliptical range finder - a quick determination of the distance to the target is particularly important for small arms with a bullet velocity. Night sight PKN-AUR is based on the electro-optical converter of the second generation and allows accurate fire on a moonless cloudy night at a distance of up to 200 m, and in the light of the moon - up to 350 m, for visibility has turned down K illuminator. VSK-94 also demonstrated with an optical sight PSO-day 1-1.The iron sight is designed for the firing range of 100, 200, 300 and 400 m. Like VSSE VSK-94 rifle can be easily disassembled for carrying in a special case. Assembling the rifle takes about one minute.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the VSK-94

Caliber ................................................. ............................. 9 mm
cartridge .................. ......................................... SP.5, SP.6 (9h39 )
Weight without magazine and optical sight ................... 2.7 kg
Length with silencer ................. .................................... 900 mm
Barrel length .......... .................................................. .... 230 mm
Muzzle velocity ...................................... 270-290 m / s
Rate of fire 700 to ........................................... 900 rds. / min
Combat rate ............................. 30/90 rds. / min
Effective range ..... ............................................. 400 m
Magazine capacity. ...................................... 10 or 20 rounds
- In 2002 TsKIB SOO (KBP Tula branch) presented under the motto "exhaust" the new 12.7 mm sniper complex.Development work on this topic was started in 1999 by request of the FSB. Revised in 2004, this complex entered service. Open it was first introduced in 2005, experienced a complex operation of special units of the FSB in combat conditions was successful.
  
  Peculiar in this complex intersection of two directions - "silent" and large-caliber sniper rifles - possible to create a weapon that combines minimal telltale signs shot with the ability to hit the enemy, protected by body armor or out of various obstacles (door, glazing, thin wall, trim and car etc.), as well as technical and enemy craft. And at the same size and weight of the weapon near normal sniper rifle normal caliber.
  
  The complex includes shops "large-caliber rifle special" (WAC) with a removable silencer and special 12.7-mm rounds subsonic bullets. Several variants of the 12.7-mm cartridge:
  - Sniper SP-130 PT increased accuracy with bullet shell weight of 59 g, a similar bullet cartridge 12.7 CH. Muzzle energy bullets;
  - about 2500 J. Accurancy such holder, the manufacturer, is characterized by a diameter of 2.5 cm on the dispersal distance of 100 m, ie, recover within 1 minute of arc;
  - Sniper SP-130 MT2 increased accuracy with whole (one-component) bronze bullet;
  - Sniper SP-130 UPU high penetrating ability - with armor-piercing bullet weighing 76 g with a protruding from the shell of heat-treated core. This cartridge is designed to engage manpower in personal body armor protection class 5-6 or lightly armored vehicles at distances up to 200 m; - Training SP-130 PU designed for training in the loading and testing of the mechanisms of weapons.
  
  As stated, the bullet cartridge SO 130VPS at 100 m provides the penetration of body armor protection class 5, for a range of 200 meters - the steel plate 16 mm thick. Chucks - special manufacturing are based on a special sleeve, full length cartridge - 97 mm. Heavy bullet achieves Sighting range 600 m - 185 times greater than that of the 9-mm sniper rifles VSS and the VSK-94.
  rifle itself VKS "TsKIBovskogo" origin> "is arranged on a" Bullpup "with the location of the box detachable 5-seater shop behind the pistol grip. The rifle is different direct (without rotation) movement of the handle reloading.
  
  Optical or night sight is mounted on top of the receiver, there are iron sights. The rifle is equipped with a folding bipod in the middle.
  worth remembering that the very idea of a subsonic cartridge 12.7 mm with a heavy bullet is not new. Back in the 1950s, a famous designer of M. Blum proposed to increase the effective range of "subsonic" ammunition for the weapon with a silencer by switching to 12.7 mm, but then it has remained at the level of the experiment. Now, the same idea was embodied by other designers and the new conditions.
  
  Tactical and technical characteristics of the exhaust
  
  Caliber ................................................. ........................ 12.7 mm
  cartridge ..................... ................................... 12.7? 54 mm SP-130
  Weight without telescopic sights and ammunition .................. 6.3 kg
  Length in firing position ........................ ................. 795 mm
  Length, stowed ........................... .......... 640 mm
  Muzzle velocity ................................... ......... 290 m / s
  Combat rate ............................. 30/60 rds. / min
  Effective range ............................................... 600 m ....
  Capacity .......................................... .......... 5 rounds
- This compact complex, performed on the basis of truncated machine AKSB 74U, and entered service with special operations units of the Soviet Army in the early 1980s, not only combines two types of projectiles (bullets and grenades), but the two main concepts reduce sound of a shot - expansion of the propellant gases and their cut-off in the chamber.
  
  Earlier, in the 1970s for service of special purpose units of the Soviet Army entered a special silent infantry grenade launcher "Silence", which included "silent" modification 7.62mm Kalashnikov assault rifle AKMS (with the instrument silent & flameless-1) and special 30-mm grenade launcher silent. But with the adoption by the mid 1970s, a new set of small arms under 5.45 mm rifle cartridge maloimpulsnogo there was a need in the appropriate modernization and silent infantry grenade launcher. The complex is kept the same concept, and it became the basis of a shortened 5.45-mm machine AKSB 74U and 30-mm grenade launcher silent BS-1 (BS-1M).
  
  Special infantry grenade launcher called "Canary" (index 6S1). Machine is a modification AKSB 74U (Index 6P27), modified to attach a 30 mm grenade launcher. On the barrel is mounted machine unit silent & flameless-4.
  primary purpose of a grenade launcher was originally defeat targets such as tanks with fuel, aircraft parking, booths with electronic equipment, launchers, tactical missiles, and so on. n.
  Grenade acting scheme with a cut-off gas is adjacent to the lower part of the forearm and barrel machine has the appropriate mounts. That is, in contrast to "normal" grenade launchers GP-25 and GP-30, noiseless grenade launcher can not join any manning machine. Munition launcher is a 30mm grenade, with a shaped-charge warhead which hit the steel sheet thickness of about 10 mm. In view of the features of the device arms (shot with a cut-off of propellant gases) garnet does not own propellant. Garnet embedded in a barrel grenade launcher with muzzle and pushed the piston driven by special blank cartridge for throwing, chargeable breech (so that the grenade launcher has a separate loading, and with the muzzle and breech). Charged grenade held spring limb in the walls of the barrel.In flight, the grenade is stabilized by rotation - on the body of the grenade is ready to act, there are three included when loading 3 screw thread of the barrel.
  
  Cartridges for throwing kitted in a store that is located in the pistol grip grenade launcher, and fed into the chamber from the breech using the sliding pivot bolt the rifle. The grenade launcher has a trigger mechanism with a trigger and non-automatic fuse.
  At Cartridge for throwing, unlike regular blank rifle cartridge, the cartridge is not extended. Dultsev sleeve is compressed by an asterisk, as in ordinary blanks. When fired, the powder gases cartridge for throwing act on the piston, the piston pushes the grenade out of the barrel and locks (cuts) powder gases in the chamber, which ensures noiseless and flameless firing. Accurate firing range grenades complex "Canary" has increased in comparison with the complex "Silence" - up to 400 m.
  Swing rack sight grenade launcher mounted on the base of the sight of the machine and has a rear sight that aligns with the tip-off with the standard front sight machine. Actually sight machine is designed for the shooting bullet CSS subsonic initial velocity.
  steps to mitigate the impact grenade on the butt plate is worn shock absorber.
  tactical specifications
  
  AKSB-74U with a grenade launcher BS-1
  
  Caliber ................................................. ................................ 5.45 / 30
  x 39
  Weight baa baa zpatronov and grenades .......................................... ... 5.43 kg
  Length with unfolded butt ....................................... ......... 900 mm
  Sighting range ........ 400 m (bullet), 400 m (grenade)
  Initial velocity grenade .............. ..................................... 105 m / s
  Capacity machine ...... .............................. 20 or 30 rounds
  magazine capacity grenade ............. ........... 8 special cartridges
- To solve some specific problems of special features of small arms, which provides noiseless and flameless firing a bullet, is not sufficient. Such tasks as the "destruction of the missiles on the march and at launch sites, helicopters and airplanes on the ground, upset the important components of management and others, including sabotage, require the use of more powerful weapons, which combines the same special properties with more devastating effect.
  
  In the 1970s, adopt special purpose units of the Soviet Army entered a special silent infantry grenade launcher "Silence." The complex included a 7.62-mm machine AKMS with the instrument silent & flameless-1 and a special 30-mm grenade launcher silent.
  instrument PBS-1 is screwed onto the threaded seat barrel muzzle compensator machine instead. The device consists of a cylindrical chamber divided into compartments steel washers. Washers fastened three steel rods. The center of the washers made holes for the free passage of zeros. Before the first of the muzzle of the barrel machine compartment placed solid rubber puck, initially (re-installed) has no holes. Before the washer has a secondary camera Swapping powder gases with four holes in a circle facing the expansion chamber at the base of the CBE also having four holes around the circumference of the housing.
  
  When a bullet passes the muzzle of the barrel, rushing her powder gases enter the chamber and Swapping of gases through openings in the chamber is diverted to an expansion chamber where the lost pressure and temperature through holes pitted in the outer atmosphere. Thus, in general, the pressure and temperature of the powder gases fall, continuing to move the bullet pierces the rubber washer, the hole edge due to the elastic rubber washer merge and create a barrier to the passage of gases expanding after the bullet. Passing through the hole in the washer, the gases lose speed again. Passing through the hole in the washer, the powder gases fall into the expansion chamber.Due to the volume of the chamber, exceeding the volume of the bore, and the presence of dividing washers, gas pressure is reduced, the temperature drops them.
  
  This ensures no muzzle flash when fired - Flameless - and reduced to the level of sound of the shot, the usual weapon with a silencer. Hole washers gradually increased, rubber from high mechanical and thermal loads of wear, so the puck is a replaceable part of PBS-1. Weight-BSS 1 - 640 g, length - 196 mm, the largest diameter - 53 mm.
  
  Shooting with a machine gun with PBS-1 is carried out only by special cartridges CSS (reduced speed) with subsonic muzzle velocity. Vershinku bullet cartridges painted black with a green border.
  most interesting component of the complex can be considered as a 30-mm underbarrel grenade launcher silent. The grenade launcher is adjacent to the bottom of the forearm and barrel machine has the appropriate mounts. That is, in contrast to "normal" grenade launchers GP-25 and GP-30, noiseless grenade launcher can not join any manning machine. Munition launcher is a 30mm grenade shaped-charge warhead which hit the steel sheet thickness of about 10 mm. In view of the features of the device arms (shot with a cut-off of propellant gases) garnet does not own propellant. Uses the energy of powder gases special cartridge for throwing. At Cartridge for throwing, unlike regular idle automatic rounds 7,62x39, sleeve is not extended. Cartridges are kitted in a special store that is located in the pistol grip grenade launcher.
  grenade equipped with the sliding bolt the rifle, which is carried out reloading ammunition for throwing a grenade launcher breech locking arms and bore. However, the very grenade embedded in a barrel grenade launcher from the muzzle so that the grenade launcher, in fact, is dulnozaryadnym. Garnet is held in the barrel spring latches. In flight, the grenade is stabilized by rotation - on the body, there are three grenades ready to act, when charging incoming grenades in 3 screw thread of the barrel.
  Powder gases during firing act not directly on the bottom of the grenade, and a special piston that pushes the grenade out of the barrel and locks ( cuts) powder gases in the chamber, "which ensures noiseless and flameless firing. Muzzle velocity grenades - 100 m / s.
  
  The sighting device is a grenade launcher flip Framework plate having rear sight that aligns with the shooting with the standard front sight machine. Strap is attached to the block automaton sight and is equipped with a mechanism for the introduction of amendments to the side. Rib machine is also equipped with an additional clamp mechanism with the introduction of amendments to the side and is designed to fire cartridges with bullets CSS.
  
  With the transition in the middle of the 1970s to the new caliber and adoption by the Soviet Army complex firearms chambered 5,45x39 there was a need in the appropriate modernization and silent infantry grenade launcher.However, on the basis of the AK 74 (AKS 74) has solved the problem failed. For small caliber relative length of the barrel machine with the same size of weapons, has become much more. And the bullet cartridges CSS (reduced speed), used a silencer, given the unstable ballistics. Therefore, further work was continued with a short modification 5.45mm machine - AKS-74U.
  
  Tactical and technical characteristics of
  small arms and grenade launcher "Silence"
  
  Caliber ................................................. ................................ 7.62 / 30
  x 39
  Weight, unloaded and without grenades ...................................... about 6 kg
  Length with unfolded butt ............................................... .900 mm
  Sighting range ............................................ 300 m ...
  The initial velocity grenades .......................................... ......... 105 m / s
  Capacity machine .................................. ............. 30 rounds
  magazine capacity grenade ...................... 10 special ammo
- For the "jewelry" of the sniper on the small distances - up to 50-70 m - gunsmiths Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant offered rifle SV-99 at 5.6-mm cartridge-type rimfire .22 LR. The use of such low-power cartridge enables reduction in size, weight weapons, small recoil momentum, the low level of muzzle pressure and a slight plameobrazovanie. Soft shell-less 5.6-mm bullet has enough killer activity, but its low penetration capacity severely restricts the range of tasks and requires entering the unprotected parts of the body. These rifles are useful, for example, in locations where the sighting shooting is almost the width of the street. SV-99 rifle was developed VF Susloparova based biathlon rifle BI-7.2 ("Biathlon-7-2"), and related to her hunting carbine "Sobol" - both models produced "Izhmash".
  
  Barrel of the rifle is made by cold radial forging, the barrel rifling has 6 screw and chrome-plated (to improve the accuracy of fire). Longitudinal rolling shutter direct traffic locks the barrel by means of hinged-lever assembly, forming together with the bolt crank-slider locking mechanism. It allows you to quickly reload a short movement of the hand back. Pulling to the right handle reload, the shooter causes unfolding of the locking lever (crank), oscillating in a horizontal plane and extending in a connecting rod. As a result, the mechanism of locking levers are added to the right, the bolt is retracted, thus cocking the trigger to return the gate ahead arrows advances the handle reloading the shutter when it shall be sent to the upper chamber a cartridge in the store. In addition to the possibility of increasing the practical rate of articulating locking mechanism is also different smoothness and low noise operation.
  
  Impact - trigger, screw the mainspring and a separate drummer mounted in the gate. The trigger mechanism allows a warning. Trigger pull is adjustable from 0.5 to 1.0 kg. The trigger mechanism is assembled in a separate building and is equipped with a non-automatic fuse. Work mechanism almost knocks tip and is characterized by low noise emission.
  
  Food - weaning from the box store with a single in 5 rounds. Shop does not protrude from the box. The elevated position of the top of the cartridge in the store before ramming prevents him grasping the rim. Possible acquisition and increased magazine capacity of 10 rounds.
  Reticle is attached on top of the receiver to mount "dovetail sight You can use software or software 4x34 6x42.
  
  Bed - walnut, with adjustable vertical and horizontal back of the head and "cheek" (adjustable butt length - 20 mm).On a metal rail in the fore-end can be put adjustable bipod and palm brush - such stops are used both in sports and in the sniper weapon. At the bottom of the butt is a cassette for two spare 5 local shops.
  
  As the requirements of the rifle supposed ability to work in close quarters, the stock performed detachable stead can put a wooden pistol grip - a solution that is not often found in the sniper weapon, but useful in special operations.
  
  Tactical and technical characteristics of the DM-99
  
  Caliber ................................................. .......................... 5, 6mm
  Cartridge .................... .................................................. ..... .22 LR
  Weight unloaded weapon and sight ......................... 3.75 kg
  Length with stock and silencer .. .............................. 980 mm
  Barrel length ................ ................................................ 350 mm
  Effective range up to 100 .............................................. m
  Capacity ......................................... 5 or 10 rounds
- 1970 on the instructions of the Ministry of Defence and the KGB began work on the creation of a special knife, equipped with a shooting device. Thus, the question of the transformation of the scout knife into a combined arms.This increased the number of weapons a silent & flameless reconnaissance units.
  
  In Tula, under the direction of RD Hlynina developed version of a knife with a shooting device under 7.62mm special cartridge SDRs.
  adopted by the Soviet Army LDCs ("scout knife special" index 6P25) looks like a regular knife HP (6P25U) . The knife is designed to engage the enemy as a melee weapon. The knife also a working tool - his blade sharpening and a semi-sawing on the butt can be used to cut the rope, slings, detonating cord, cutting solid wood or steel rods, used as a screwdriver, etc. On the sheath has a special tool for cutting wire with a diameter up to 2.5 mm, the phone cable diameter up to 5 mm, and electrical cables with voltage up to 380 V.
  
  The shooting device is mounted in the cavity of the back of the knife handle and consists of otёmnogo barrel with a locking device on the end and the two formed on the barrel locking lugs, boxes, Trigger, cocking lever, safety lever and lever descent. The muzzle of the barrel to the end of the handle is covered with a rubber split curtain.
  
  To shoot the knife handle unfolds forward sighting devices are on the limiter blade slot and a protrusion on a plastic handle. Tabs on the other side of the stopper hooks are to be extracted from the stem of spent cartridges.
  
  Since adopting a new silent pistol complex, which included a 7.62-mm special cartridge SP4 and self-loading pistol MSS was developed m new blade scout special for this cartridge. Development of a knife with a shooting device chambered JS4 engaged on TOZ designers GA Savischev, IF Chadli and VY Ovchinnikov. And in 1986, has been adopted knife scout special LDC-2, at the same time with him - made on the basis of its "do not shoot" HP-2. Were modified sheath - on the handle pliers and the adjacent surface of the sheath made holes designed to crimp blasting caps on the end of the sheath appeared short flat screwdriver. Blade NRS-2 somewhat improved compared to the LDCs. In particular, a smooth front taper provides a more reliable piercing thick cotton padded clothes, ie besides improving the "working" qualities knife and improved "combat" quality - affected combat experience.
  
  Assembled in the grip trigger mechanism has a cocking lever, flag is non-automatic safety lock and release lever. Is aiming for a slot on the limiter blade front sight and a metal handle on the head. Although the range of target shooting is set to 25 m, the effective shooting is possible at much smaller range.
  
  Shot available from arm's length, but shooting with two hands provides a much more stable retention of the LDCs.Using the cartridge with a cut-off of propellant gases in the sleeve eliminates the flames and the sound of the shot, as well as the danger of burning the hands of powder gases.
  kit NRS-2 includes leather accessories for mounting the knife on his belt and rubber to be worn on the foot. Also in the scope of delivery includes: insert in the handle (for training in throwing knife without firing devices), four cartridge pouch and a pencil case with membership.
  Modern Army "shooting knife" - special-purpose weapon for use in special operations.
  
  TTX LDC LDC-2
  
  Weight of the knife without a sheath, Mr. ................................ 325 ........... ................. 360
  Blade length mm ............................ ................ 158 ............................ 160
  Dimensions knife in a sheath mm ......... 322 x 63 x 30.5 ........... 330 x 64 x 32.5
  Dimensions knife without a sheath, mm .... 280 x 52, 5 ........ 285 x 30.5 x 52.5 x 32.5
  Type
  velocity, m / s ......................... .................. 140 185-200 ...
  Combat rate rds. / min ................ 2 ..................... 2 ..........
  The task of designing an underwater pistol weapons complex for swimmers divers were issued in 1968 from several schemes - using active-reactive and active principle throwing for further work has been selected "active" scheme. Weapons developed as non-automatic multi-stemmed.
  
  Weapons development in TSNIITOCH-MASH engaged VV Simonov (great-nephew of the famous domestic gunsmith SG Simonov), 4.5-mm cartridge ATP - PF Sazonov and OP Kravchenko. Work went on in cooperation with the Tula Arms Plant. In 1971, Chuck and ATP chetyrehstvolny gun under it were accepted for service. The gun was designated SPP-1 ("special underwater pistol, the first sample").
  800 times), pressure, viscosity. Besides, the water is incompressible. Bullet with a slight elongation (ratio of length to the caliber of the bullet) will simply overturn the gyroscopic effect will not provide the stability of motion in a pool of water. However, if you change to a different design of the barrel and bullet weaknesses can be turned into advantage.
  
  Underwater bullet cartridge ATP has a mass of 13.2 g of high aspect ratio (about 25: 1 - Length 115mm bullet) with the bow of the obtuse. Stability of movement of such bullets is provided under water form around almost the entire length of the cavitation cavity (cavities) - hydrodynamic cavitation phenomenon is manifested when the bullet in water with high speed. Cavitation cavity helps to stabilize the bullet movement. And since there is no need to "tighten" the bullet in the barrel, the shot is made from a smooth barrel, in which a bullet is a gap. ATP sleeve chuck has a protruding rim.
  
  Effective firing range bullet cartridge ATP under water decreases with increasing depth, but in all cases is greater than the range of the line of sight at an appropriate depth.
  This bullet ensures reliable defeat the enemy in a wetsuit. In addition, CPR may be used to protect swimmers from dangerous marine predators. Effective firing range bullet cartridge ATP under water decreases with increasing depth, but in all cases is greater than the range of the line of sight at an appropriate depth.
  This bullet ensures reliable defeat the enemy in a wetsuit. In addition, CPR may be used to protect swimmers from dangerous marine predators.
  
  The pistol has a hinge block of the four shafts. Block is pivotally mounted on the trunnion frame for loading and reloading swings down as a "tipping" hunting rifles. This scheme corresponds to the great length of the cartridge - 145 mm.
  produced Loading the clip, which enshrines the four cartridges. With the clip removed simultaneously and cartridge cases.
  self-cocking firing mechanism includes a rotary hammer in the transverse plane and provides a consistent shooting from the trunks ,. Each time you press the trigger the firing pin striker is rotated 90 ° and moving along a helical cam, cap breaks the next cartridge
  
  Tactical and technical characteristics
  
  mm
  Cartridge ................................................ .................... ATP (4,5h39)
  Weight unloaded ..................... .................................... 0.95 kg
  Length weapons ........ .................................................. ....... 244 mm
  Barrel length ....................................... ........................... 203 mm
  Muzzle velocity in the air ................ .............. 250 m / s
  Effective range:
  at a depth of 5 m ......................... ......................................... 17 m
  at a depth of 20 m ... .................................................. ........... 11 m
  at a depth of 40 m ................................. ................................. 6 m
  capacity clips ............. ............................................. 4 rounds
  
  Automatic APS ("automatic underwater special") entered service with the Soviet Navy in the mid-1970s.The lead designer on this machine in the Central Research Institute of SPOT-MASH was Vladimir Simonov.APS is made under the special ammunition IPU MPST type 5.66x39 bullets with high aspect ratio (PF developed Sazonov and OP Kravchenko). In MPS cartridges (with regular bullet) used the sleeve from the regular rifle cartridge 5,45x39.
  
  The bullet is a "needle" with narrowing of the head portion in the shape of a double truncated cone moves along the bore with clearance. This design bullets connected with the peculiarities of motion in the water, significantly different from the terms of the motion in the air.
  
  When moving the bullet (or other projectile) in water at a high velocity is observed not only a change in the line shapes of the incident flow, but also a violation of its confluence with the formation of cavities.
  
  Regular bullet cartridge 5.45mm AK 74 has ogival head portion and a small relative length forms with such conditions cavern large transverse dimensions and soon breaks. If the pool impart higher elongation (about 20 gauge) and the flat surface of the head part, when going in the water mode developed cavitation is washed with water only flat section of the bullet, which significantly reduces the drag force and promotes the formation of a cavity of smaller diameter. Stability of a bullet movement mode cavitation is ensured by committing its oscillating movements relatively flat cut head portion to the tail portion of the interaction with the boundaries of the cavitation cavities. That is, the cavity is used for bullets stabilizer. During deceleration of the bullet cavity decreases in size, and when its rear part "captures" the shank bullet, the bullet sharply loses speed and cavity completely "collapses" - is the bullet "in the full blurring".
  
  Killability bullet depends on the depth of the dive. At depths up to 5 m range slaughter action is 30 m, at a depth of 40 m is reduced to 10 m. However, the use of the cartridge MPST tracer allows you to adjust fire on the tracks.
  
  Automatic weapons have a gas engine with removal of powder gases through a hole in the wall of the barrel and a long stroke gas piston, there is a gas regulator. The barrel is locked by turning the shutter.
  trigger mechanism of the machine - striker type. The shot is fired from the rear sear due to the energy back and the mainspring. The trigger mechanism is assembled in a separate box that allows management of a single or automatic fire, a lever is provided with a non-automatic fuse interpreter.
  
  Food - from detachable box magazine. Features chuck demanded a number of devices to ensure reliable operation of the power system. Two rows of cartridges in the store section of the plate, the top of the bullet holding spring clamps from tipping over bullets up.
  
  Inside the receiver is mounted razor cartridges, preventing utykanie or dual supply of ammunition.
  Butt - sliding. Machine adapted day fixtures in the board means of propulsion underwater.
  Manufacturing machines APS put Tula Arms Factory "Machine comes with two magazines and accessories.MTA analogues of foreign weapons serial no.
  Though shooting bullets and MPST MPS "in the air", "can not spin-stabilized bullet high aspect ratio in the air are low stability. For precise shooting in the air requires other ammunition.
  
  Tactical and technical characteristics of the MTA
  Caliber ............................................. .................... 5.66 mm
  cartridge ......................... .................. MEAs MPST (5.66 x 39)
  Weight without magazine ................... ............................. 2.46 kg
  Length of arms:
  with extended butt ........... ........................ 840 mm
  with retracted butt ..................... .................. 620 mm
  Muzzle velocity under water ............. 340-360 m / s
  muzzle velocity in the air. .................... 365 m / s
  Rate of fire ........................ ................... 600 rds. / min
  Effective range underwater ...................... .10-30 m
  Effective range air ......................... 100 m
  Capacity ............ ............................... 26 rounds

COMBAT OR DOMESTIC

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Sun, 28 Sep 2014 05:31:00 +0000

Edged weapons propose to divide the types of

MIA proposes to amend article 222 of the Russian Criminal Code, of the combat melee weapon of bladed weapons in general.However, this bill, which two days ago was submitted for public discussion, is already causing controversy. Consider whether fighting with knives or machetes knives sold in the public domain, and whether the object is already called "weapon", fighting a priori?

Dedovo heritage

history began with trouble Muscovite Natalia Uryupin. In 2005, she decided to sell a couple of German daggers during the Weimar Republic, left over from his grandfather, who held in the 40s deputy minister of Finance of the USSR. But as soon as a woman to reach the antiquarians to those overall daggers, as it has an interest in the police. Uryupina argued that ancestral daggers - only objects of art and culture. The Ministry of Culture has confirmed that these daggers were intended exclusively for official ceremonies. However, the verdict Presnensky district court in Moscow on February 2, 2007 for attempted illegal sale of bladed weapons Natalia Uryupin given six months' imprisonment with a probation period of six months and was released on the basis of a decision on amnesty. Stubborn woman did not give up and came to the Presidium of the Supreme Court, but was not able to reverse the decision of the court.

Then Uryupina appealed to the Constitutional Court. The applicant stated that the law allows citizens to attract criminal liability for selling antique knives, whose turnover - especially for collectors or sold as objects of cultural value - not a public danger. The law "does not regulate the legal relationship with the participation of individuals resulting from the turnover Edged Weapons (copies and replicas), not under the Federal Law" On Weapons "to civilian or military weapons, as well as illicit trafficking in the Russian Federation Arms ", which means that the turnover of such weapons should be free. In its judgment of 17 June this year, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation agreed that "to date in the legal regulation of the procedure for acquisition and storage of weapons that have cultural value, including an old (antique), knives, there is a mismatch and thus , uncertainty remains as to the rules of its sales citizens. " The court found the paragraph 4 of Article 222 of the Criminal Code "Illegal purchase, transfer, sale, storage, transportation or carrying of weapons, its main parts, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices", criminalizing the illegal sale of knives, not inconsistent with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

That offer law enforcement

Enforcement authorities should react to such decisions of the judicial authorities, and the Ministry of Interior has drafted changes to Article 222 of the Criminal Code. July 21 it was submitted to the government portal for posting information about the development of the federal bodies of executive power of draft regulations and the results of their public discussion.

Photo: Eremite / Flickr

At the moment, citizens of the Russian Federation, 18 years of age, have the right to acquire an old (antique) edged weapons without a license. Registration of such weapons can not be. Hunting cold bladed weapons acquired by citizens without getting in the internal affairs of the license to purchase it sufficiently permits from the Interior to keep and bear hunting firearms. In this case, the registration of such weapons carried Trade Organization when it is sold in the manner prescribed by the Ministry of Interior of Russia. "The existing legal conflict does not allow owners of hunting swords and knives, having a cultural value, to carry out actions with them in the form of sale or gift, within the existing legal framework, - stated in the bill. - Given that the current legislator singled edged weapon that has cultural value in a special category, excluding licensed and licensing procedure of its turnover, including no registration records in the internal affairs, it seems appropriate to Part 4 of Article 222 of the Criminal Code Russian Federation to specify the form of knives, which is the most dangerous and specific for the genus of its use. " Now offers the Interior Ministry, criminal liability will be subject to sales "battle of cold weapons" rather than bladed weapons at all.

Patches on dilapidated fabric

But here there is another controversial issue. Legally particular problem in article 222 of the Criminal Code. If you take it literally, as in the case Uryupin, any transaction, for example with unlicensed gas cartridges (which we have classified as gas guns), should also be criminalized. When in 2012, the legislator has introduced the concept of antique weapons, he forgot to reflect this in a number of other articles, "the Arms Act." As a result, a single-buying antique long arms (muskets and their analogues) can be without a license, but for turnover Edged weapons, although it is not subject to registration with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and is free to be stored, the license is still needed. "These local errors in law due to a global problem -nevozmozhno do patches on dilapidated fabric. Our sprawling to unimaginable limits "Arms Act" has so many revisions, clarifications and reference rules that even the legislators and jurists start it lost and confused, "- said Maria Butin, leader of the movement" right to arms. "

Photo: Sven Cipido / Flickr

The term "martial melee weapon" is not legally exist. Away describing the concept of the "cold weapons", even separately noted that "military weapons" in common parlance is called every melee weapon. "A number of types of such weapons is used by the state military organizations, but that does not mean that other types of cold weapons or household less dangerous - such as a frying pan, lace or cooking gas. Introducing the Criminal Code the term "martial melee weapon", the legislator will be required to register this new term in the Law "On Weapons", which is a rather dubious prospect, given the illusory nature of the concept of "cold steel" and the original task to simplify legislation and not complicate it more. "

By the way, before to buy a serious hunting knife required hunting license and a permit to own firearms hunting weapon. And wear it with a weapon could only be in the presence of the ticket. In hunting ticket new model does not provide for any such records, and even numbered knife is now nowhere to be recorded. In store the sale may issue a certificate stating that the weapon - a souvenir or shopping products. How can you determine whether or not weapons of war?

And what do they have?

In world practice is not always possible to find the concept of "cold steel." "There are specific types of prohibited weapons for the citizens, which is associated with criminal activity, such as flowlines knives and butterfly knives, there is a concealed weapon, such as swords in canes, umbrellas or knives in the straps. Such a definition specific enough to use it does not need specific expertise, so this approach is much easier to ours, where conditional on a number of characteristics, and the machete sword will not be recognized by machetes. " Now, even in the subway, you can buy without any formalities machete. Meanwhile, says Maria Butin, in Africa it is still a martial weapon.

For example, in the Czech Republic and Poland from the gun laws at all possible references to knives. "There's his turn did not licensed and is not limited. However, this does not lead to the transformation of these countries in the arena of medieval stadia, violent crime continues to fall there. He has at times and even ten times lower than ours, where it is difficult to live a day without breaking this or that rule our very complicated and massive legislation. Its massiveness just leads to what is malfunctioning, and legal nihilism society flourishing. If one rate law is questionable, why you need to perform a second? "- Says Maria Butin.

According to the head of "gun rights" should not complicate and simplify the legislative framework. For example, to remove from the "Weapons Act" mention of cold steel in general: "In a real crime with household implements crime or illegal weapons this bureaucracy is still not affected, at least in a positive way." Or to allow local governments to restrict the carrying of weapons, even cold, at local government level, as implemented in most developed countries.

Author Marina Liepina

Originator http://lenta.ru/articles/2014/07/23/weapon/

HOW DOES THE SYSTEM OF ACTIVE TANK PROTECTION

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Fri, 26 Sep 2014 05:30:00 +0000

Many people have heard about the system of active protection of armored vehicles, but to see one of them in action - it is quite another matter. In this video you can see an Israeli tank Merkava IV, which was promoted by a shot from an RPG in the Gaza Strip, and the system of protection Trophy which intercepted and destroyed the shell before he was able to break his side armor.

Operation «Protective Edge» - this is the first field debut of Trophy. To date, the system is able to intercept at least five rockets fired at Israeli tanks.

Like its larger brethren, the system Iron Dome, Trophy tracks objects rapidly approaching the tank, using a set of fixed radar antennas fixed on his armor. The system automatically predicts the trajectory of the projectile and instantly directs the launcher which fires a container object with a handful of metal balls.

The whole process is fully automated and works for a few seconds or even fractions of a second, if the projectile is released at the tank at close range. After intercepting Trophy shows the exact direction of the tank crew, where the attack was made.

Trophy was created not only to counter the RPG shells and recoilless rifles, but also anti-tank missiles, such as those who shot some of the battle tanks. Rumor has it that the system can also work against missiles "air-land" - even those that have the Flight profile is strictly top-down.

In the United States defense contractor General Dynamics has teamed up with the developers Trophy for creating modular version of the system, which was called Bright Arrow. The system uses a central armory turret with a remote control, which can be installed even on lightly armored vehicles.

ON A KNIFE EDGE

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Wed, 24 Sep 2014 05:29:00 +0000

In those days, when men were men, and any problem could be easily solved in a duel, no one man could not afford to walk around without a proper knife. But things are changing - and that, instead, to cause the offender on the battlefield, you are trying to somehow resolve the situation in words. Nevertheless, the presence on your side acute argument will not be superfluous. Your attention to the top ten in the world of knives for survival - if tomorrow zombie apocalypse, and you're not ready. Not good. :)

Tom Brown Tracker
Tom Brown came up with this knife after an unsuccessful search for a good hatchet on the market - all models for some parameters specialist survival did not fit. Corporate cleaver Brown turned ultrauniversalnym - and very easy.The blade is made of carbon steel, they can easily gut the fish, cut down a young tree or saw through bone. Heck, even the balance of this knife is great - you might as well throw it in the sluggish enemy. No, we do not recommend you throw knives at people. Forget about it!
Fällkniven A1
Usually the only associations that come to mind when you think about Sweden - meatballs, milkmaids, and furniture that can not be collected, especially if you're drunk. Now, in this list, you can add a harsh cleaver Fällkniven A1.This knife is very little competition in the world. Blade length 9 cm. - Laminated VG-10 steel. Firm grip Kraton, with increased convenience capture. Yes, this knife is worth more than many on the market, but if they choose a marching instrument - then the highest quality.
Chris Reeve Green Beret
Green Berets - a familiar name, right? So, this knife has developed one of the former members of an elite military unit, Chris Reeve. Accordingly, the cleaver is designed not only to brighten up your everyday reality on the hunt.Seeing this tool in your hands, the most welcoming bear left on your parking lot, decides to go to greet someone else.
Ka-Bar BK2
leaf blade rigid as steel nail. Skinned deer? Easily. Cut the bones? Please. Open the Ark of the Covenant? Sure, why not. Manufacturer knife without a twinge of conscience assures everyone that there is nothing stronger than steel firm in 1095 Crovan just not in the world. We do not know whether he will stand against the Terminator, but against megaladona or Tyrannosaurus rex - yes.
SL-Pro 2
Usually, if your choice of knife for survival falls on a folding tool - that, in fact, you simply choose the weapon that will be buried with you. Folding the warehouse just do not fit in severe tests, where the dynamic element of the knife automatically becomes his weak spot. But the model SL-Pro 2 - a pleasant exception to the general rule. The blade is made of hardened steel proprietary 420 J-2. Canvas elegantly inscribed in an ergonomic handle. There's also located and additional elements - whistle and LED flashlight.
Gurkha Kukri
For those travelers who machete - a bit too much, but the knife is not enough, there is a kukri knife. In fact, it's not even really a knife, and some functional mix between a tomahawk, knife and machete. Carbon steel blade is easy to sharpen to razor sharpness.
ESEE-6
If you are looking for something in between functionality and stylish appearance, the ESEE-6 model will suit you. It looks (and feels) like a favorite pair of old tired, but trendy jeans - just right for every situation. ESEE-6 would do well with any of the tests that you will fall in hunting, camping, fishing. Honestly, if you suddenly materialize somewhere in the forest, blindfolded, and this saber belt - be sure everything will work out.
Randall Model 18
is one of the most luxurious in the world of knives survivalist. Hang it on the belt - and he Crocodile Dundee cry with envy. Waterproof knife handle is hollow, it is possible to store all sorts of necessary things - from matches and fishing hooks to garrote. Blade - stainless steel the highest standard.
SOG Force
if you stay alone with the community by the darkening forest, where wolves howl and sniff curiously trot, or just a gang of teenagers decided to break into your home - it does not matter. Of course, if you have on hand this chic cleaver. Even the appearance of the model SOG can scare anyone. Its blade is made of a proprietary alloy AUS-8 steel, reinforced handle and fits the hand like a glove. Do not be afraid to drop it, if suddenly your hands were stained with blood. Will not slip.
Ka-Bar USMC
And finally, another sword from the forges Ka-Bar. This knife prefer to use the United States Army Marines - feels, than the smell? Right. This invigorating scent of cold, hardened steel. The taste of victory over any circumstances that might dream you nightmares. What? Do you often dream of such? Throw Ka-Bar USMC under the pillow and just enjoy the night stay.

http://fishki.net/1288451-na-ostrie-nozha.html

TSAR TANK OUR ANSWER TO CHAMBERLAIN

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Tue, 23 Sep 2014 14:33:00 +0000

Europe choked in the blood of the First World War. Russian troops are bogged down in the long positions. The situation threatened the Russian Empire by the economic crisis and mass uprisings. To defeat the enemy, the Russian army needed fresh ideas of warfare and new weapons. Exploration told the king that the English have begun to develop and manufacture a diabolical machine called a "tank." "And if we have anything like that?" - Asked the emperor. "There! How not to be! "- In one voice assured Nicholas II's senior commanders. From the military-technical management of the project under consideration by the unprecedented new weapons. Engineer Lebedenco offered to build a giant, the size of five floors, tank-fortress.

"SUV" and "Bat"
Do Mileant found several projects, but he was not delighted with them. And said zolotopogonnym visitors. Nevertheless, the domestic tank building at this moment headway. In August 1914, General Headquarters brought the project inventor Alexander Porokhovshchikov. His armored vehicle called the "SUV" was easy enough (up to 4 tons), speed, and even liked the Commander in Chief himself. Mileant tried in vain to bring to the attention of Bids that "And this car, judging by the development, will be able to move salable only on flat and hard the road, in a loose snow will often get stuck and have trouble making turns, moreover, the only member of the crew will be difficult to one and the same time to operate the machine and to machine-gun fire. " Yet 9,960,000 rubles military department Porohovschikova allocated for the construction of a prototype, and the place of work identified Riga barracks went to the front of the Nizhny Novgorod Infantry Regiment.Meanwhile, around the same time very active in pushing through his invention began Lebedenco certain Captain. His name has sunk into the story, there were only initials - NN And the personality of Mr. Lebedenco interpreted in different ways: some officially call it experimental lab chief of the War Ministry, others call only agile and energetic businessman, conspired to encroach on the money from the state treasury for the principle of "to whom war and to whom mother is native." Once he served in the Caucasus and seeing carts local dzhigits carts with huge wheels, invented a fighting machine on wheels.Engineer and designer Lebedenco was small, but knew that in Russia many decisive communication and them useful, was to acquire in the first place. Chairman of the Regional Union Prince Lvov was a very influential person and reduced breakdown with Captain Nikolai Zhukovsky, a professor at the Imperial Technical School. It is not known how, but Lebedenco persuaded the same "father of Russian aviation" to help him in the future development of detailed technical armored colossus. Tank really conceived unprecedented dimensions: weighing about 45 tons, with the road wheels with a diameter of 9 meters and a height of himself with Khrushchev's five-storey building. Zhukovsky gave Lebedenco to help two of his nephews, students IUT Boris Stechkin, and Alexander Mikulin, and personally designed for strength with tangential wheel spokes. All other calculations made brave students at a private lab Mr. Lebedenco, and by early 1915 was ready and engineering design, and a wooden model of the tank, which Stechkin with Mikulin nicknamed the "Bat" because in its configuration, it looked like hanging upside down bat. Lebedenco went on and became their offspring dignify it as "Tsar Tank". With these achievements, the captain-inventor rushed to the assault on the Winter Palace, where the emperor sat emperor. Prince Lvov through the mediation of the Minister of War Lebedenco arranged for an audience with the king. Nicholas II was thrilled! He liked everything: the wooden version of the "King-tank" with a description of its huge size and unprecedented for the time performance characteristics, and the eloquence of the inventor, with the experienced advertiser categorically saying that with this kind of armored car "in one night will be broken all German front, and Russia will win the war ... ".

"King" - to be melted
I must say that the engineering thought Captain Lebedenco hit the jet: the Russian army was necessary first of all position the tank, terrifying the enemy, sweeping away everything in its power defenses and for greater frighten postrelivat cannon and machine guns. "Tsar Tank", like, was capable of it, so in the woods near Dmitrov, near the village of Orudevo was urgently equipped with the first Russian tank range. high earthen wall, a wooden stockade and soldiers-hour provided Lebedenco and his team mode complete secrecy. Just secretly brought to the landfill separate sections "Tsar Tank" cast and riveted in Hamovnikah that subsequently they were bolted together into a coherent whole frightening proportions. The assembly took place in a fairly short period of time - all about all it took less than a month. And in August 1915, local villagers began earnestly to be baptized, seeing towering above the trees turret with two targeted seemingly straight at them 37-millimeter cannon and two machine guns Maxima 7.62. Just the fear of God, not a machine! So at first thought, and all the military gathered at the sea trials "Tsar Tank" or "Bat" as it was written all over his armor. Sasha Mikulin took the place of the driver, Boris Stechkin started the engines, and tank engines ryknuv trophy "Maybach", removed from the downed German airship, a slight movement broke just two birch. In response, applause thundered generals. Lebedenco satisfied smile, but then log deck on which was mounted a tank over, and nine-meter wheels touched the Russian soil. But she bronegiganta categorically not taken: the third, rear wheel immediately got bogged down in the soil, and the tank elementary stalled, unable to budge their 45 tons. Vain straining engines, their power was not enough to "Tsar Tank" in all its glory has demonstrated its indestructibility. His weight exceeded the estimated one and a half times as in the production was used thicker metal. Tank tests failed. The generals had given up on the captain and his brainchild hand and left back home, the soldiers were on duty, received the order to take care of "Tsar Tank", as the apple of your own eye, and Lebedenco went to St. Petersburg to beat the new provision for the establishment of more powerful engines.

Superheavy landfill
And what Porokhovshchikov inventor and his "SUV"? He also did not get to the front and at the enemy volleys not scorched, because I was completely rejected by the Office of Lieutenant-General Mileant, despite the fact that the sea trials in December 1916, not stalled, and even has a top speed of 40 miles per hour, so fast Do not move a single tank of the First World War.Porokhovshchikov tried to knock the money for "SUV-2" already armored and armed with four machine guns, but the examination of the Main Military-technical management lasted until October 1917. And already there is a revolution broke out, and all was not up to the tanks.Incidentally, in 1911, the son of a prominent Russian chemist Mendeleyev Vasily elaborated a revolutionary at the time the project is a super-heavy tracked tank. He had to weigh a little more than 170 tons and with speeds of up to 25 km / h. The tank was supposed to equip a 120-mm naval gun, and installed on the roof of the machine-gun turret can rotate at Z60 °, climbed out and fell into a pneumatic actuator. And turn the gun was provided by an electric servo feed ammunition to the gun by means of a trolley with pneumatic lift and pneumatic servo same transmission units. Now the word "servo" and "air" sound quite ordinary, but then it was a real technical breakthrough. Unfortunately, in Russia such equipment was not in the case of the production of all the tank would have to buy abroad. Very expensive would have made a tank, too expensive!Therefore, a project Basil Mendeleev Russian Defense Ministry did not even have considered. In 1915, inventor Alexander Vasilyev offered to put on a crawler body heavy armored vehicles. But he was denied because of "non-applicability of the proposed Mr. Vasiliev tools (crawlers) to the War Department." In the morning, September 15, 1916 on the Somme first British tanks, diamond-shaped armored box on tracks, rammed the German defenses and routed the brave raked guys! Then Vasiliev write the Minister of War: "... please investigate this matter, please invention Russian remains without results, and exactly, foreigners, a sensation." As for the "Tsar Tank" Captain Lebedenco, then he, too, was English counterpart. In January 1915 the British Admiralty received a draft of a "land cruiser" Major Hetherington: weight 300 tons, length 30 meters, height - 14, wheel diameter - 12 meters! And if the "Tsar Tank" managed to at least build and test, the British did not even had the courage to materialize its mega-project. Anyway superheavy tanks at all times, never (!) in actual combat did not participate, while remaining a kind Engineering and design a training ground for future developments of the lighter cars.Majewski German magazine "Airport" # 7 (36) September 2007

EVOLUTION OF AMMUNITION AND WEAPONS OF THE BRITISH SOLDIER

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Mon, 22 Sep 2014 05:25:00 +0000

A small selection of photographs showing the "development" of equipment of the British infantry from 1066 to 2014 AD.

Huskerl, 1066.
Knight Crusader 1244.
Archer, 1415.
Yorkshire Warrior 1485.
Musketeer, 1645.
Private 1709.
Corporal 1815.
Soldier, 1916.
Lance Corporal 1944.
Soldier, 2014.

LARGE CALIBER RIFLE SR20

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Sun, 21 Sep 2014 05:24:00 +0000

Desire to improve the characteristics of weapons (primarily refers to the so-called antimaterial rifles) sometimes leads to a completely unexpected and even curious results. In the early nineties, the South African company Truvelo Manufacturers launched a new family of sniper rifles for various applications, designed for the use of different weapons. "Junior" model family Truvelo SR (Sniper Rifles - «Sneyperskie rifle") was a rifle chambered for 7.62x51mm created mm NATO. Later there was a weapon cartridges .338 Lapua, 12,7h99 mm BMG and even 14,5h114 mm. However, the designers of South Africa did not stop there and created a rifle called SR20. As the name implies, this weapon had a barrel of 20 mm caliber.

Should make an important reservation. Receiver system 20 mm caliber and above is traditionally regarded as a small-caliber artillery. Nevertheless, there are a few samples of 20-mm weapons, which in its architecture and function are large-caliber sniper rifles. For this reason, the South African sample Truvelo SR20 can be considered as a small-caliber gun, and sniper rifle.For convenience, in what follows, we only pay attention to the proposed strategic role of these weapons and so let us call it a rifle.

As a munition designed to provide a unique high performance rifle, the designers of Truvelo Manufacturers chose 20h82 mm projectile, created in the late thirties for the German aircraft cannon MG 151/20. Probably gunsmiths staged characteristics of ammunition, as well as greater flexibility of application, as in the days of the Third Reich were created 20-mm shells five types of armor-piercing high-explosive to burst. Thus, the sniper could use ammunition that is most appropriate for a particular task. Furthermore, an advantage of the shot 20h82 mm can be considered a relatively small mass (no more than 115 g) and the relatively low initial rate (700-800 m / s) of the projectile. Due to this recoil impulse, despite the large caliber could be maintained within acceptable limits.

SR20 rifle had a barrel length of 830 mm to 173 mm two-chamber muzzle brake. Barrel 20 mm caliber breech had an outer diameter of 56 mm and a muzzle diameter of 35 mm. Rifling in increments of 560 mm were carried out on the technology developed by the company Truvelo. According to some reports, the barrel and chamber are in the form of individual parts.They suggested that you make out of steel of the same grade, but to quench on different technologies, so that the chamber had to have high hardness (about 40 HRC 26-33 HRC against the trunk). breech and chamber are firmly fixed in the receiver made from aircraft-grade aluminum . The latter is located inside the bolt and trigger mechanism. The receiver was mounted on a cast aluminum box.

To simplify the design and reduce the cost of production of a sniper rifle SR20 has not received any automatic mechanisms. It was decided to use a manually operated by means of the sliding bolt. Bolt action rifle is a cylindrical piece with a distinctive spiral cut on the side intended to facilitate the construction and removal of contaminants in order to avoid disruption of the mechanisms. To facilitate the weapons in the arm gate there were several round holes. The rest of the bolt action rifle SR20 was no different from other similar units sniper systems. In cup shutter were provided extractor and reflector. The striker was made adjustable. Before firing the shutter by turning the lock barrel on the two lugs. trigger mechanism of the rifle was the trigger pull adjustment system, as well as non-automatic fuse. Lever fuse is located inside the trigger guard in front of the trigger. For convenience, the SR20 rifle got an adjustable pistol grip. If necessary, the shooter could move it to the desired distance from the trigger setting in the most comfortable position. Immediately prior to the trigger guard magazine release is located. Food weapons made from detachable double-row box magazine for five rounds. Selected ammunition provided a lower return when compared to other 20-mm projectiles, but its power was still too large for convenient use of weapons. In connection with this rifle SR20 received double chamber muzzle brake, the assurance of the developer gasivshy up to 60% of the recoil momentum. For high efficiency had to pay dimensions: on the trunk of the designers have established a large muzzle brake length 173, width 82 and height of 42 mm. Holes in the partitions muzzle brakes were a little more caliber bullets and had a diameter of 22 mm. On the top surface of the receiver has been provided Picatinny rail is designed to install any compatible optical sight. To design weapons had the required rigidity, and the sight is not got lost after a few shots, the bar is made in one piece to the receiver. The rifle has not received any proprietary sights like the open sight.

The back of the aluminum box was made in the form of the butt frame structure with a frame length of 170 mm. Shoulder rest butt equipped with rubber shock absorber and cushion-length adjustment mechanism. Shooter could lengthen the butt by 60 mm. Furthermore, the focus can move vertically within 40 mm from the neutral position. At the top of the butt cheek there was plastic, but as far as we know, its height does not allow you to conveniently riflescope. In front of the frame was a retractable butt additional support with up to 60 mm. At the front of the box rifle was jack is provided for the installation of a special pin. It using a clamp was installed bipod. This adaptation was performed stepwise folding and allowed to adjust the height of the line of fire. Several design features primarily associated with munitions used, impact on the dimensions and weight of the weapon. The total length of the rifle SR20 reached 1.8 meters. Weight with an eye - up to 25 kg. It is not difficult to guess how difficult could be the exploitation of these weapons. Larger dimensions and weight sniper rifle were to be a modest fee for its characteristics of fire. It has been argued that the SR20 provides an initial velocity of the projectile at the level of 710-950 m / s and can engage in effective fire at ranges up to 1500 m, and the wide range of available ammunition allows the shooter to perform many different tasks. The maximum range of 20-millimitrovoy "bullet" states at the level of 5000 m. Promotional materials stated that the rifle is capable of shooting with accuracy of fire to 1 MOA. This means that when shooting from a distance of 500 meters Rockets had to go in a circle with a diameter of not more than 145-150 mm. Several years ago, the magazine "Kalashnikov" (11/2008) published a very interesting information about the actual characteristics of the rifle SR20. Author of '"Gulliver" sniper weapon "pointed out that the examination of the rifle has a number of design flaws, as well as signs of a manufacturing defect. For example, the design and location of the fuse failed, and incorrectly drilled hole in the pin for mounting a bipod is not allowed without further adjustment to install weapons as follows.

Not the best performance and were weapons. During a demonstration of fire after the fifth shot has broken hammer. In this demonstration with an optical sight Nightforce NXS 5 / 5-22 × 56 in Japan, mounted on the rifle using the fastening rings.Impact appeared to be too strong for such fixtures, because of what they are for broken after three dozen shots. Finally, the poor were precision and accuracy of fire. Despite the declared parameters, while firing at 500 meters gunslinger "barely missed the 500 mm." article in the journal "Kalashnikov" completing the expected conclusion: SR20 sniper rifle at the time was "raw" and required further refinement. Since then the company Truvelo Manufacturers repeatedly participated in various exhibitions, and showed his sniper rifle. However, any new information about the "rifle-gun» SR20 missing. Probably specialists estimate developer needs the weapons market, identified the prospects of its large-caliber rifles and decided that further improvements are simply impractical. As far as we know, Truvelo SR20 rifles were produced small party and used only within the test. Any information on the supply of weapons to this model series to customers or the negotiation of the possible contracts available. based on site:

http://militaryfactory.com/

DAY OF THE NAVY - 2014 SEBASTOPOL. RUSSIA

noreply@blogger.com (Malik Imran Awan) — Thu, 18 Sep 2014 05:21:00 +0000

It has become a tradition, which I adhere to eight years - to meet the Day of the Navy, where he really celebrate. This time - in Sevastopol, the first day of the Navy in the Russian Crimea. The result was the fifth my trip to Sebastopol this year. By choosing a place persuaded that the program, compared with the previous parades "Ukrainian" era, was markedly different in entertainment and saturation for the better, ask for permits and approvals "to shoot" is no longer needed. Vopchem, so it was - although announced yet coming to the parade of ships from other fleets, and shooting with the TFR "inquisitive", but neither with the one nor the other did not work. Sevastopol has spent almost a week, and filmed regular rehearsals, and general and he hits. And that's what came out of it. 2. It all starts :) The boat departs from the commander of the Count's pier and starts bypassing damaged ships.

3 Beauty TFR "inquisitive" .... 4. ... And his crew, lined up on the poop. 5. Large anti-submarine ship "Kerch" etc.. 1134B, the only remaining "Berkut". Him - you can see the "Moscow". 6. Commander of the Guards missile cruiser "Moskva", Captain 1st Rank Tronev Sergei Ivanovich. 7. We pass by the second line of ships. It RCA "Ivanovec" MRC "Mirage", PSKR "Ruby", another scout "Equator" (overlapping "Ruby", this frame is not visible). 8. And on the drums in front of the hospital costs BSF legendary "Commune". 9. Here's another "Ivanovec" across the front looks good. 10. A guard of honor after his meeting with the outgoing commander plavprichala. Soon there will begin military action :) 11. Begins the most spectacular part of the parade passing ships with a demonstration of the elements of their "work as intended." Open action RKVP "Bora" (carries the flag of the Russian Federation and the State flag of St. Andrew) ... 12. and RKVP "Simoom" (the one where three weeks ago out on the missile firing ). On it - flags of Sevastopol and the Crimean Republic. 13. Beautifully put missile interference. 14.The two vessels together in one frame, at the exit from the bay. 15. And then comes the most spectacular part, what parades in Sevastopol was not the last fifteen years - shooting. Sea mine "Kovrovets" shooting from the RBU-1200M. Down the course of action will be more thicker and more interesting :) 16. Out on the bay with a beautiful white smoke :) 17.Vengeance flying aircraft. Su-24 naval aviation of the Black Sea Fleet. 18. And anti-Be-12. 19. Flew anti-submarine helicopters, looking for "the enemy submarine." Naturally found :) 20. She Khan :) IPC "Alexandrovets" let torpedo. 21. And to secure the therapeutic effect - unload RBU. Shooting are "Alexandrovets" and "Suzdalets." 22. Artillery battle with the "pirate ship." 23. It was attended by missile boats P-109 (left side 952) and P-239 (on the right side, 953). 24. P-109 on its way out of the bay, on the background of the Konstantinovsky Ravelin. Please note - on the left of Ravelin hid some wheeled vehicles :) 25. This "city". Checked out to the pier and ochchen spectacular unloaded at sea all their ammunition. 26. But the most spectacular part is still ahead. Appears missile boat P-71, is to withdraw from the bay ... 27. Volley! "Termite" went! Let one after another two pieces. 28. Develops the success of the offensive the Marines. 29. APCs were unloaded from a large landing ship "Yamal", 30. Also landing and support fire comes with a high-speed motor boats, 31. .... That by doing their job, nice retired. 32. On plavprichale in the stands - demonstrations Marines. 33. When you have finished them, the Marines march pass by plavprichalu the applause of the public. 34. A BDK "Yamal" shoots from the heart "Castle-M." 35. Fire extravaganza! :) 36. At the end of a more peaceful part of the action. In the bay there is a VM-154. He seemed to be in distress. Crew signaled SOS ... 37. ... And in a hurry leaves the ship. 38. But they were not left in the lurch! Top to throw a life raft, 39. Hovered over the place of disaster search and rescue helicopter, boats and sailed all safely rescued. 40. Fire boats BSF give "water fountains", 41. Plavprichal ... and on down from the sky jumpers. 42. And in the evening over the Sevastopol bay were fireworks. 's it. Be sure to show you a separate what I love - a little more beautiful shots with the ships. They have :) Original taken from dobriy_vasya in Day of the Navy - 2014 Sebastopol. Russia.