tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23573165144363691052024-03-11T15:40:39.757+00:00Theoretical Structural ArchaeologyStructural archaeologist Geoff Carter's radical view of building in the ancient world, especially the archaeology of the lost timber built environment of Southern England. It is new research into of prehistory of architecture, available in a series of articles that are designed to be read in order, and to be accessible to the non-specialist - and there is even some humourGeoff Carterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01111820035762957610noreply@blogger.comBlogger16117tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2357316514436369105.post-61246993940786865442024-02-05T07:11:00.001+00:002024-02-05T07:11:58.214+00:002023 - I am still alive & these are My Top 30 International Discoveries <p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Update: 5th </b></span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>February</b></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b> 2023</b></span></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></b></p><blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Following The Death of my Mother, and having observed a suitable period of mourning, I am now free to finish my business with the grifters in the Academic system and Media infotainment outfits peddling their racist tropes</b></blockquote></blockquote><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Despite millions in public funds - no university has achieved what a dyslexic archaeologist with cancer has done free. </b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #85200c; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">5/2/2023 Victim impact statement</span></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Loss of my career</b></li><li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Lost my Life Savings</b></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Knowing your ideas can’t be accepted while you are alive</b></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>A decade of Depression - mental illness Suicidal Deression </b></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>5 years of ill health Loss of kidney / bladder / prostate cancer</b></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>A life of poverty, deprivation, embarrassment & shame</b></span></li></ul><br /><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">I did not go through all of this only to be ripped off by a gang of masonic, science denying mountebanks.</b><p></p><p><b id="docs-internal-guid-55ec8366-7fff-1058-707e-c2dff4ee2e11" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Introduction </span></p></li></ol><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1.1 What I study </span></h1><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">I reverse engineer archaeological buildings & structures from posthole evidence.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Using traditional architectural technical drawing, CAD, and deductive reasoning to build functionally accurate models.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Working with the complete scaled dataset to identify basic structural components.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">I started in 1990</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">& published online since 2008.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Postholes are the most numerous archaeological features on certain types of sites.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Thus, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Theoretical Structural Archaeology</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> represents a set of analytical techniques for understanding certain archaeological data sets.</span></p></li></ul><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1.2 What qualifies as a discovery </span></h1><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Insights & discoveries of potential national or international importance.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Completely original & not copied from other scholars or site reports. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Outside of my primary work as a professional archaeologist. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Work done in my own time.</span></p></li></ul><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1.3 Wider context of </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Theoretical Structural Archaeology</span></h1><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">My basic methodology has been peer reviewed in the USA.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Theoretical Structural Archaeolog</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">y is maths & science based where possible. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Models are refined by looking for errors, inconsistency and poor mathematical fit.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">To the best of my knowledge I am the only UK archaeologist working on the interpretation of timber built environments. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><h1 dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">This was the basis of a PhD at Newcastle, but evidence based archaeology and science proved incompatible with image based post-processualism subjectivism.</span></h1></li></ul><span id="docs-internal-guid-bb07e960-7fff-fcec-2d6b-b91b50051a8d"><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Reverse Assembly Truss</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Offset Tie</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The relationship between postholes & trees</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The relationship between trees & buildings</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Systematic Irregularity</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> in Prehistoric culture</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Foundation design and four post structures</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Mathematical analysis of roundhouse geometry and foundation design</span></p></li></ol><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Structural Modelling</span></p><ol start="8" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">An LBK Longhouse structural model</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The use of geometry in LBK Longhouses</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Structural analysis of Class E</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">i</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> buildings</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Interlace theory - how post rings work</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">An Interlace model of Woodhenge</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The use of the Rhombus in the architecture of Woodhenge</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The relationship between geometry and Class E</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">i</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> buildings</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">An Interlace model of Stonehenge {II}</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Late Bronze Age Timber Fort at Springfield Lyons</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The use of Imperial metrics in Prehistory </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The identification of stairs in roundhouses & other buildings</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Modelling roundhouses using offset truss & interlace post ring </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The use of load bearing walls in late Iron Age buildings</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Other forms of circular timber timber towers & buildings </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> A temporary “flex structure” similar to a tent near Stonehenge </span></p></li></ol><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Hadrian’s Wall</span></p><ol start="23" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The identification of initial timber phase of Hadrian’s Wall</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The scientific deconstruction of a Wall built of turf.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The identification of</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> The Vallum</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> as a foundation trench for an unfinished road</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">A coherent structural sequence for the development of Hadrian’s Wall</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">A strategic model for the garrisoning layout of the Wall </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Logistical models for the construction of the Wall </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">A North-South road leading to a crossing of the Tyne at Wallsend.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Roman diversion of the River Tyne at Chesters during bridge building.</span></p></li></ol><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. Basic structural modelling </span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2.1 The Reverse Assembly Truss</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The most important concept and the basis of any understanding of post built buildings is the difference between normal and reverse assembly. {sectional view}</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 588px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="588" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/_PvFBxe2L7RVXcwnAdTJJZd4iMSMJ1X0mWcGLNwR85vZSrMoAp74L6QDaS6RVSykplktbaKQzkY2YO0i65iOJsNEjKUNR8lBxGBgAor-aAkRMHA1_7URQa8wv4FTAftHTAplEFJw4uMXG5YZoIcwYw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">A </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Truss</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> is composed of a </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">rafter pair</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> with a horizontal </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Tie</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> across the bottom.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">This triangle is the basis of the roof as understood; a </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">building </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">is a roofed structure.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Assembly </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">is the detailed order in which the structural components are put together; i.e. foundations first to thatch last. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Normal Assembly;</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> in a building with load bearing walls, the load of the roof is supported on a solid wall or timber frame, the roof truss and its tie sit on top.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Reversed Assembly;</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> in a building where the mass of the roof is supported on posts, it is practical to place the posts directly under the ties.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">This arrangement allows for;</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Lightweight wall construction</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Still present in Far Eastern tradition, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">{due to performance in earthquakes}</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Offset posts which simplified jointing</span></p></li></ul><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2.2 The Offset Tie</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Apparent irregularity in the layout of post hole foundations can be explained as a product of offset jointing, which simplifies construction and allows the rafter pair to be at right angles to the roof plate & ridge. </span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 448px; overflow: hidden; width: 460px;"><img height="448" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/mIzqInAKME1ctqSt559GGRxYWba_ZVPwYPHRMlV-7MUYJhnz7atEmOSdLQenrPvsMHgfhX2k0zJR-S0akII-Kma-eitVEbuI66-X8X9FpEStMTo82LDdY6wbH1n84PYsEGcWq6jXiBrNils3Tl9Nxw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="460" /></span></span></h1><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">This single observation explains the ground plan of reverse assembly structures.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">It probably originates in PPNA as it is present at Göbekli Tepe, it comes to NW Europe with the architecture of the Neolithic LBK {</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Linearbandkeramik</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">} farmers {c. 5500–4500 BC}.</span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 266px; overflow: hidden; width: 567px;"><img height="266" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/skylUjrC1K4Ap_TbcqR0qUyJDVbIZUumEbnSBJKrR1SUmn5hfkzdRFkWwll8b_MOgpBqOsBp1QQf7o_otaQa9yoCIQ9wA4S2jMDI7kJ3BurjdBCRQq7BnG0noP33yyOJTs94ixxLhJw6AhuMNAKoYQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="567" /></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">It is present in LBK Longhouses, other prehistoric rectilinear buildings, roundhouses, larger circular buildings {Class E</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">i</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">}</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> and their derivatives.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The offset ties themselves can support “ queen” and “king” posts, which can in turn support other horizontal elements in the roof structure.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">To ensure rigidity in rectilinear structures, “</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">braces”</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> are required to create triangles in all planes; this prevents racking, and is sometimes known as </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">weather bracing</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">“</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Static</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">” loading is created directly by the mass of the building, whereas “ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">dynamic”</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> loading is created by environmental agencies such as wind, rain and snow acting on the structure.</span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> 2.7 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Foundation design and 4 post structures</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">By considering the load bearing characteristics of a foundation it is possible to calculate the sort of safe load it could carry. Using a simple model it is possible to estimate the capacity of an Iron Age Grannary.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 276px; overflow: hidden; width: 361px;"><img height="276" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/-dmNvGQGeg3WvmTk0Pf2TTR_lVLROn_XaK3u-fRaVKT6OiQb6y5eBAFC8fQjYK8rPnEsirK07aEUlpavooEcF4Q8cFfScmmpskHH0LI-1kW5XjSYDoG4K5rdQ5UgEiHpz5QodOCoLZoJDsEsjt9icg" style="margin-left: -0.690769px; margin-top: 0px;" width="362.3815388761622" /></span></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Understanding foundation design</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Post Hole depth is significant in establishing relationships</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Importance of local site geology / pedology in comparative foundation design</span></p></li></ul><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2.3 Relationship between post holes & trees</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">A long tradition of forestry and woodland management has developed a detailed understanding of trees which can be directly related to the remains of archaeological timber structures. That woodland management was part of the LBK Neolithic package is evident from the consistency of post hole size and surviving coppiced timbers.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 604px; overflow: hidden; width: 568px;"><img height="604" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/K2egYEVFmDLFazpo0eizRwdl-7iuH1mx5SfEKs1FoM7mUc84K1WYok7rQlpxSTJUSmT0_96cqWkhspv8mu29uJ9Fh6N0xVCFLd_-vIXuqOHWBxwNcMHOT3oFEhtzDa1SjXFpIBZQs4eytvHv9oyzkg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="568" /></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 102px; overflow: hidden; width: 95px;"><img height="102" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/GKZ68e4tNGHJu3PespViJ1w53hTaVoFtF9B_X0F7X6jYnu3OjJWB2GK6SKiizwlA8JINS8jJM2YA2QTMFtGwmHw_Urjh1BIPiVOT7v_7bzfewFoPQd2pzPGnXBgktvbHz53W_k--8G_Gb-1iyYaqmw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="95" /></span></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">DBH</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> is diameter at breast height {4’}, is good approximation for size of the post pipe</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The key metric is the height of crown formation {</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">c.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">⅔ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">top height }</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Larger trunks can be box sectioned by splitting.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Coppice is method of growing multiple stem on single root system, {above right}</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Yield tables can form the basis of modelling</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The general parameters of buildings and structures are in part a product of the local availability of timber .</span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">`</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2.4 Relationship between trees & buildings</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In addition to the inherent mechanical properties of timber, the feasibility of providing structural timber is also limited by the growth patterns of suitable trees. This imposes limitations on the size of structures, although it is difficult to be precise because of the presence of ancient forests with exceptional trees. More generally, vernacular architecture is ideally based on a consistent local supply of timber as is evident in the Mediaeval period.</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In general 50’ is a good length for an oak timber</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">60 - 70’ timbers can be inferred from building plans </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Some longer timbers may be spit from larger stems</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">20’ unsupported span </span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 676px; overflow: hidden; width: 662px;"><img height="676" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/XBvlf3bblcMhmhVfPxAId9vIVCcPnwBJh7xDtJL5uWv1nNp-jJqgG9P2SrXaYinkVpzIad_jjyWNXVE56SDcKFTAZZ8PzUgyrISeMaS9_RFmfN5kWUg2kLYGcQ6Aped-7Jrhab-y_kdBQGx7rvCuHA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="662" /></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2.5 Relationship between trees, ties & building proportions</span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In a reverse assembly offset truss the lowest horizontal timbers are ties which run across the width of the structure. In the larger Class Ei structures, where the pattern is evident, the posts supporting these ties decrease in diameter towards the centre of the structure. </span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 230px; overflow: hidden; width: 264px;"><img height="230" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/_ptDtM3nP5Uh2VU9Nr7cStHROCCVDJkjgYx4ztj63dksg1QBm9w0xPoAjZeQDXR2-6x03VzQmA1lvvRyRM6gEWOgJFlTY8Eiolsnuwle23toxlK37e2b3jvZZo9Yy0kqg8CGBemXZaz2T-FWEjyW2g" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="264" /></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In general 50’ is a good length for an oak timber</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">60 - 70’ timbers can be inferred from building plans </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Some longer timbers may be spit from larger stems</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">20’ unsupported span </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">`</span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 483px; overflow: hidden; width: 658px;"><img height="483" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/00EHhi7lYHu-1z2BBypaLZkXhSpCbGXHep8pRVWdFzELQKDQ4Yotz0WtvmUJjINiBBuAf53k9GLj-5QJCea9yLOG5Wtv-FpfqkhwNXOTUig5_jgCYhNm4WL7lLqiDYiNalZDABrQu-ptFXKXO_v0kg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="658" /></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 666px; overflow: hidden; width: 702px;"><img height="666" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/4ES8BvA7Gim1_f9UK5ziLchp1cXfUF56mBsI11PIqxL2s0BG6suXHaUruBCynKQ0Ep3Lh8Z4O0BIs1BhltNzbiFRZB9qvkx6RSz46y_r6qmRTH64Je1URLP04vMobft2PZH0_-nYS9v81ysXu5JvPA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="702" /></span></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></h1><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2.6 Systematic irregularity </span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">When measuring and analysing all sizes of Iron Age engineered structures, it became apparent that symmetrical structures with opposing right angles were avoided. Notwithstanding a clear structural rationale {as above}, this appears to be a taboo in living spaces. It is self-evident the geometry of all forms of art.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">This I named this phenomenon as” Systematic irregularity” </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 370px; overflow: hidden; width: 559px;"><img height="370" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/W6m80OCwHqgAMHe8FcNYssiWvBY0M1c5rzBRji3cFVsJPw_JwFIpCmYPpcsSheMGMcnvj8y-E1KoU-ChLlADhYs3bl8XiZcEBYttMe9pKU0KxkwVeOy22DWr9nuaHpbUDyv2POSg0cJ6Ukrjp-vhkQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="559" /></span></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Four-post structures [Granaries] are not in detail square</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Romano Celtic Temples, are nearly square</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The Severan Roman built round houses at Vindolanda are for hostages Hostages</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 364px; overflow: hidden; width: 449px;"><img height="364" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/odD2P5a0_DBbhKkvc49FH8_qeN81irJeSjzvaiLXooGC0bMXyej9qikK6tJYkJa79Kz2u_mcpROJAj_Ed7en9cjN1hX4dF74RMBfQVus3J3UwJkQvOpSzrELJDSqFuZmqZ6zHRsv_H9G-GHu-YB5zw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="449" /></span></span></p></li></ul><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></h1><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2.8 Roundhouse maths</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Both in theory & practise the roofs of roundhouses reflect the geometry of a cone, in particular the relationship between roof mass & diameter [Notwithstanding the influence of timber supplies]</span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">There is a relationship between number of posts and area of roof indicating an architectural system.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Late Iron Age buildings have load bearing Walls</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Over design </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 343px; overflow: hidden; width: 659px;"><img height="343" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/VaknPNYCf8XE7LeymTXNX6TLmcMds7Jb7OcvGl9YiwvizTuAu6oczGduQfHt6gzfc_de_Nrz55UTNgyUNJNSjVdoFf_KD-L3wXi4ewKJ-eRPkShaVhloMESaDi-kiOSmSImQvNa7x0fZqh2ScOtWrQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="659" /></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Advanced Structural Models & Case Studies </span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="313" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/IPMBWNGPA8caNg9582i4YuJOJPDNfcvICOYeP7j-VEsHHskqjOKPhgAsLFw_61-DjTJjvDQHH4ZpcoPAotaOYp18Ji5x-rz2MPkKFhOaWnU33NEfKahi2GLa5tAX73ieZoyMv1JtOQ5Ju6tQ71_99kE" style="font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" />3.1 Longhouse</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">On the basis of a reversed assembly with a simplified truss it is possible to build a general model of this type of structure </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Entrance at the front with stairs</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Two story with roof space </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Stock enter from side </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">5[?] unit building with upstairs accommodation</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Roof assembled from a ridge downwards.</span></p></li></ul><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 325px; overflow: hidden; width: 575px;"><img height="325" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/s5Mzz9yEpvR0U_GmwBoACCKju9p372RZ9UyQfmApFFVwO1ePx6NE45eT-5SmMu4WxMgLwDqp6Iru7ntnf_GcKuiqrZcefz4S129JNRU5gL-D3hcPihWATu05HCsjbhMMxZFUAwGdPMDjKhrdhlj3bA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="575" /></span></span></h1><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></h1><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.2 Longhouse Geometry</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Once allowance has been made for offset ties, it is clear that buildings are more accurately laid out that would first appear, with both 45 & 60 triangles evident. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">I refer to this as “internal Geometry” . It is an essential component of any engineered building and reflects the way the structure was laid out on the ground. </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> This indicated the presence of bracing </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Anti-racking bracing is a characteristic of mediaeval buildings</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Not present in Far eastern Timber architecture {dougong}[]</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Also required for the “valleys” at the intersection between a gable or window parallel to the ridge of the main roof.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Emphasises the need for over design {& not simplicity/ primitive} </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 709px; overflow: hidden; width: 521px;"><img height="709" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/V7seOCmJW7VTiR08j-18qjwbB9PjOGMhYt7OfSsqc0hvxezhWhUHg0JZcUHob4tJbLQPxdubvoBx3YFDNYNrQ8fyufFcSFW2BDbP9i6K-OjW5nlCfHUWJsx406IZXDSOA26SKBk7jMdWv1Y_GW1yOA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="521" /></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.3 Class Ei Buildings</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">My initial idea about the limitations of a conical roof were severely challenged by class Ei buildings, [] which after some initial modelling over 5 years demonstrated it was a building. It was clear how the outer roof worked, understanding how the </span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 507px; overflow: hidden; width: 659px;"><img height="507" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/4MPN5aNbrgiNfT0dg739Q_xufwlXGn_XkfintrJMQEFCSwUC5G63-J-4BHi3fTa87yKY5ZJ_heGbZ0YV24khW0T2Rzi2JNPR23-tWWFtHDsVvF5xSxtIr4XYlZw2Itia6p7ydUYRl2cGEDv7r4mqjA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="659" /></span></span></h1><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></h1><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.4 Interlace theory </span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Interlace theory is the structural solution to creating a multi-span roof to continuously cover a circular area far larger than is possible with a single roof. Complex solution created by rotating existing rectilinear forms. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Based on: </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Offset radial ties for the base annular roof.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Parallel radial ties to provide{Tangential} gables for lighting chords.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Height is created by the use of horizontal structural nodes for queen & king posts.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Multiple horizontal “elements” linking posts at different heights. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">To avoid spacial conflict & facilitate construction a spiral assembly is necessitated </span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Widely applicabl</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">e basis of Class Ei</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Related to earlier forms</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Inherently complex</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Bespoke high status architecture</span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.5 Interlace Models Stonehenge</span></h1><p><span><span id="docs-internal-guid-b62f6d11-7fff-732b-5705-47ca17e0a986"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 861px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="861" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Cuk0AbRTdLe4Z9MAY7fU1f-zu2VzmypYAnlP96HBD3K4QMaJV0L5rBBRBXTsX9CDNN8oxikZI3Vt4yGtZpBWBIaH_W6yp4rN1kdEW8TahVXy-NvJqiTUHNHCrkzW6XiZJ6h7daIHnJ8FEWtp_TRzCl4" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.6 Interlace Models Woodhenge</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Interlace theory is a structural solution which accounts for use of post rings as the basis of roofing, which allows for the construction of accurate models of these buildings</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Assembly</span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 447px; overflow: hidden; width: 547px;"><img height="447" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/a0bY2_QL_AyDb4UjfygqSbgfhILJqQkIyiFgSEvVys_b8S5_5GTjZBZj_lxsfSsVaY9TQ4BxgmcE0ZuvbyFwr3g5TP3AbmxX6l-n0DjPdmU2UGo9vqQw5auY_aIXXG3IoOHuhK8UMQ_YE9uilIArwQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="547" /></span></span></h1><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></h1><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.8 Woodhenge Geometry </span></h1><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Woodhenge is unique in being based on a rhombus rather than a circle. The significance of this variety of materials lies in the use of the Rhombus, a symbol in a variety of other materials.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="852" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/SLRm4TMHliJKNS2hNbreCOBX3O1vgURpkypm6YZT6myP8Z4odBTHyVvlGbMJLSZVrLXHNlT0iLXjW08ToTOhC8bIfn_U_T8yy3c9heOZx9sRZHrMw5od5X6nbtwUwvNChYrlUbkLfwbFx-hGqw9bq6Q" style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Connection to Bush Barrow /Culture</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Significant Level of architectural competence</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Woodhenge was a palace </span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.7 Class E Geometry </span></h1><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></h1><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.9 Springfiled Lyons timber fort</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Part of a multi-phase complex, the Late Bronze Age fort at Springfield Lyons, Essex, is a timber structure with box rampart with a series of integrated specialist military buildings. The site produced more military metalworking debris in very large amounts.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 524px; overflow: hidden; width: 659px;"><img height="524" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/fBQzt4EZe5Yd5rOAmq7cDKJnXkYXv3JwBSEUe8aabpxBNfSMpHFnJpa_DYvE-EnlF8A1zp-eJ0zqUMwZnaxaYypJn8xeryZJIRfkIgf3URoeuvxurycU4C_l1JzriDpv8vkVFxkK_RIInEGzg9BXNA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="659" /></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">A series of rectilinear buildings laid out around a central roundhouse</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The buildings appear integrated into the fortifications</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">One building has a smoke bay & is presumably a forge {Casting Pits}</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Methodology based on looking for regular “structures“ rather than “circles”.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The first use of CAD in archaeology</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">[It is </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">not</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> based on the existing culture of visual imagery of the past, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">reconstructions </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">based on</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> ethnographic parallels</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">/racists tropes, or any of the concepts involving </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">primitive </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">or simplistic structures and peoples central to post-processualism].</span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></h1><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.10 Imperial Metrics</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">From a detailed study of individual engineered structures, if some sense of the layout can be understood, it is clear that traditional “imperial “ feet & inches have been employed in England since the Beaker Period / EBA. This is abundantly clear at Springfield Lyons.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 778px; overflow: hidden; width: 570px;"><img height="778" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/D5zM4poXtUzaQXsS_-KAg1ZfmeEkSgJ5qKb8ewcRk3XAnR0p5JB3z__LHXdrfNKe5WMD_N-oOGlYY-a8GJ7Y1EHYtWh_zm4yl8phzibsACBc9wSs50ZfmDqv1AtS67oTxBny5d3XY_O4s5rHEmZetA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="570" /></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Craft tradition specialist of Architecticts / Engineers {Masons}</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Metrics can be an important cultural indicator</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Using classical style proportions & regular modules</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Bespoke architecture </span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.11 Stairs in Round House</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Two of the most important excavated examples of Iron Age roundhouses, Little Woodbury & Pimperne Down both had 2 phases, which reproduced the internal structure</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">. </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Part of the European tradition of Stock downstairs people upstairs </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Highlights the practice of simplifying the data</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">It is normal practice to remove all data that does not conform to the expected pattern.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Indicates an entrance on the South side in some buildings.</span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><span id="docs-internal-guid-773662a2-7fff-f86f-a09a-d546f257ebca"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 851px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="851" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/GRefnidS8GqLik6t4X7ZwCyawvkx5I-UIDHMeuRxnPBauPd8oz-jx9SwqA5VcSI1j6hpAikioq9xkk78q0ZtX_C_Duf0WovppLj9bCw6yVPr0E-jkQ2OLyRqgOx2p2wjIJYWdixSgUH2fqP3_kej1jo" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.12 Roundhouse models</span></h1><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">A much better fit to the archaeological evidence is achieved if the roof is constructed using offset trusses than a simple wigwam style roof without ties. This combined with interlace theory allows for structural solutions to a two or three story building as development of previous forms.</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Internal geometry suggest the use of offset truss</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Allows for provision of windows</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Allows for a central oven / hearth with chimney </span></p></li></ul><p><span><span id="docs-internal-guid-ee619d2d-7fff-9bc3-48c6-2ad35109aec5"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 351px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="351" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/9DVfn8qOGQI1F3qGStIZhAnAN9aYV4jeZ4SEsBgsWoddSubtwfq4xzwSjh0Ap6JLeqRyE_5-KhjW2TMW8GkLQ7e53KuhzaWMPPu-k65X7WqShST9Y4Kudl9rIqD1vSEL64iz3HMBY4YQC-LQsQGdxNo" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.13 Load bearing timber walls</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">It's clear that by the late iron age that load bearing walls were being used in buildings, e.g. Orset S9 { actually a TowerHouse }</span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 683px; overflow: hidden; width: 659px;"><img height="683" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/R2GtJowCsprQhWLd3MVR9SvrhMpuuG14nF9W0CXMY37mURQSMZ89VZr4vLQaE-H8IiXlb1Zx_uZ2BJuShqdMBOizYFFW0eB0umErROf9MhfhcXjzNM_vsE721qW25nQAqEy209ATuEk2NUBJuQwG1w" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="659" /></span></span></h1><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.15 Timber towers & forts </span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The apparent cultural requirement for circularity in dwelling spaces, together with the varying requirements of both site and function necessarily gives rise to a variety of defensive structures with complex roofs. </span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Gussage All Saints had a high status Late Iron Age, that was not detected because the excavation was implicitly looking for roundhouse structures like those at Little Woodbury. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Bersu’s excavation Isle of Man</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Orsett S9 has a heavy construction & military context.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Can be part of stone structure as might be presumed on the basis of scale at xxxxxxx</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Shortages of suitable timber may in part be responsible for the development of dry stone structures like brochs.</span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.16 Flex structures</span></h1><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Shorter lived, Seasonal or temporary structures can be evidenced not by postholes but by features left by stakes forced rather than dug into the ground. This form of building uses thinner flexible younger stems to form domes and similar that can be covered with thatch or even with fabric or leather as in a tent.</span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Classic</span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Stonehenge example</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 221px; overflow: hidden; width: 450px;"><img height="221" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/W6PL2ep6ZVZTvyQZ_he-hXHTNZkGQ1xFqKx7d3sLEh-vjUqSv30F4Y_ugYawnYb4iPmUIylEY_ABrpkMZmhXeIFSo2hkM99i1AqV6NixqiO_v942qrDZ9KCEg0w8Q2qsfQ40cd6gP4_koKJuAvsYNw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="450" /></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Prevalent in N America</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hadrian’s Wall</span></p></li></ul><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">4.1 Hadrian’s timber Wall</span></h1><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Explains the presence of the berm</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Normal practice of digging in and building temporary timber fortifications used by the Roman army in the field.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Could be rapidly constructed.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Emphasises the military nature of the project as a response to a real threat.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Reproduces the form of the later Wall</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The initial Model predicts the form other ramparts such as Vindolanda </span></p></li></ul><p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;">4.2 Turf Ramparts</span></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In a literary sense, the concept of a Wall of Turf originated with Bede in C8</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">th</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> who identified The Vallum as a “Turf Wall” built by Hadrian prior to construction of the stone Wall by Emperor Sererus. While this was thoroughly disproved by the turn of the 19th Century, a new Turf Rampart running west from Birdoswald Fort was identified. I reanalysed all the scientific data recovered in 2001 and for the following reasons concluded this structure could not scientifically have been constructed from turves. </span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 108pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">There is no soil process that could reduce a 14’ heap of local earth with grass and roots to a 2’ layer of peaty material.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 108pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">There is an absence of mechanical components derived from a soil; locally, sand, grit and stones are characteristic of the natural soil.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 108pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The palynology is dominated by tree species & shrub species, with mixed material above and below. {Predominantly Hazel & Alder}</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 108pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Carbonised plant remains are mainly wood fragments</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 108pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Fruiting bodies of Fire Moss, a fungus that grows on timber, were also numerous in the preserved plant remains.</span></p></li></ol><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">There is no berm in front of the structure & it corresponds in its position to the Timber Wall.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">This is a British literary tradition and not reflective of the Romans’ own accounts which feature exclusively timber ramparts.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Gives rise to an artificial binary choice between Stone or Turf, the presence of the latter being ‘evidenced’ by the absence of the former. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Reference to Antoninus Pius building a second Turf Wall is a circular translation.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Its survival at Appletree is an important indicator of progress at the end of Hadrian’s reign. </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 303px; overflow: hidden; width: 403px;"><img height="303" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/PGuVB0axPsrXzliLDPnSY9Qtv15Kh4gKlbkhgNAAYTZB_ENob-HbTGou4bGUcaFgbdhzM2kJSTmb9UmN26TxCWy_sh4M8LnS7oZHyWvraX93JNEOTS84bUW_uBH6XrfndTQomu_i-301xz8IPKUujQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="403" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 303px; overflow: hidden; width: 403px;"><br /></span></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>4.4 The Vallum</i></span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>existing boundary theory is without merit as it fails to account for any of the features in a coherent way All of the features can be explained as a construction trench for an</i></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><i><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Imperial road, and Square cut profile and spoil </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></i></p><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><i>. . . . . . . .to be continued</i></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i> 4.5 Hadrian’s Wall Structural sequence </i></span></h1><p><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><i>.........</i></b></span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i> 4.6 Th</i></span><i style="color: #660000; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">e Roman Diversion of the Tyne at Chesters </i></h1><p><i><span>........<br /></span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-54e44245-7fff-85e4-1407-4f9cee28a741" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></b></i></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></i></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></i></span></p><p><i><b style="font-weight: normal;"></b></i></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><i><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></i></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-54e44245-7fff-85e4-1407-4f9cee28a741"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></p>Geoff Carterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01111820035762957610noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2357316514436369105.post-19350530941315270742021-04-28T03:23:00.001+01:002021-04-28T17:36:18.999+01:00Reversing Engineering Oxen<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0q4yfIxOt12FCsldFbk31EWyzq431P4U2XxcMD2GTM8w03G0UGrw7HNLtPEfWbPu_UPayqK3ukePsFwLm6FNhLCtLt35VDNCx65Fo15wZfOJ3CGUw_WbSKtuMH9TTgpcUSUUYaXjj9jl/s602/l3163+ox+print.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="471" data-original-width="602" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0q4yfIxOt12FCsldFbk31EWyzq431P4U2XxcMD2GTM8w03G0UGrw7HNLtPEfWbPu_UPayqK3ukePsFwLm6FNhLCtLt35VDNCx65Fo15wZfOJ3CGUw_WbSKtuMH9TTgpcUSUUYaXjj9jl/w242-h189/l3163+ox+print.jpg" width="242" /></a>One Sunday, in hole under a road in Colchester, a lad on<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service" target="_blank"> community service</a> cautiously removed the gravelled surface of a Roman Street, to
reveal a layer of yellow sand. With great care he removed the sand to reveal
a darker layer of mud with wheel ruts and the footprint of an ox. Presumably, the ox was pulling the cart from which the sand was shovelled as the
first stage of surfacing the street, thereby preserving its own imprint in mud.</span></div><p></p><span style="font-family: georgia;">It is probably my favourite piece of archaeology, somehow enhanced by the circumstances. It was the earliest Roman street from the Legionary fortress which we had accessed through a hole dug through the existing road. Normally covered with a steel plate and available only when the road was closed for us on Sundays. </span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">This confirmation of the roman use of oxen pulling carts or wagons, [two and four wheels respectively], is not a surprise. Scholars might ask who paid for them, who owned them, and who was responsible for maintaining the streets. This would initiate a search of pertinent Roman historical material and finds.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr8QjJlkkWc4wk0B2A9xNLIjCFma0PCuZB5HlUnrf-iPDImeo9hpYTV0Wm9BykW2TTYr3990vKLWnyH8-l3e89DpaiIy_gav23NC-611Jj9PcDKcO8NljJwFLHXIU09wtoGjC0m775zJT8/s1153/from+Fronhof%252C+Fuerstbischoefliche+Residenz%252C+Augsburg%252C+Germany.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1153" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr8QjJlkkWc4wk0B2A9xNLIjCFma0PCuZB5HlUnrf-iPDImeo9hpYTV0Wm9BykW2TTYr3990vKLWnyH8-l3e89DpaiIy_gav23NC-611Jj9PcDKcO8NljJwFLHXIU09wtoGjC0m775zJT8/w431-h299/from+Fronhof%252C+Fuerstbischoefliche+Residenz%252C+Augsburg%252C+Germany.jpg" width="431" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">However, archaeologists spend a lot of time looking at building foundations, [often unconsciously], and the presence of oxen has implications for the built environments, in particularly their use in agriculture.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Farm buildings b</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">asics</span></span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Using Oxen as a power source, principally to pull ploughs and wheeled transport, is a key component of traditional agriculture in Eurasia. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">animal's </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">capacity</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> for work of effects the size of fields and farms in general, as well as the geography of the transport network more widely. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Setting aside the domestic requirements of farmers and farm workers, oxen themselves, like most components of a mixed farm require specialist buildings.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkC9FB_jQndbNXaJISiQQD8IQ9ujDu9PJzYsNeBcz1dBY5jr225e3hrT-rXUUlJBx4QBsIjFqG_EpUOG4eC-xy7j8qg4mHQJXtoj01LpuxkKl5Ht86PAG6U_2A1_VvjwYWx6aqGW2VvKW4/s1436/95+iii.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1079" data-original-width="1436" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkC9FB_jQndbNXaJISiQQD8IQ9ujDu9PJzYsNeBcz1dBY5jr225e3hrT-rXUUlJBx4QBsIjFqG_EpUOG4eC-xy7j8qg4mHQJXtoj01LpuxkKl5Ht86PAG6U_2A1_VvjwYWx6aqGW2VvKW4/w493-h370/95+iii.jpg" width="493" /></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">As agriculture spread North and West during the Neolithic, one cultural response to the wetter, colder and shorter growing seasons, was development of built environments. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Temperate climates made it difficult to reliably perform basic processes like drying, threshing, and winnowing crops in the open air, so specialist buildings were required. It is t</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">his interaction of agricultural technology and practice with differing local environments and local resources, that makes "ethnography" largely irrelevant in understanding archaeology.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Farms are the commonest and most fundamental built environments; their buildings are not an optional extras or a product of later discoveries, but are the essential prerequisite for most of the culture from the Neolithic onwards. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">F</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">or every Prehistoric "monument" there must be multiple farms, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">although</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> this is not reflected in the literature or understanding.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"><b> </b></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"><b> B</b></span><b style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;">asic </b><b style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;">Farm Buildings</b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">A farm is an engineered environment of fields, tracks, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">buildings, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">water supply</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> and </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">other resources. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The scale </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">of farm buildings reflects the productive potential of the agricultural unit they service. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The range of building types </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">reflects the productive potential of the agricultural unit it services.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Spaces may retain very specific functions, others may be multi-functional, their use varying with the season.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Farms are working spaces, and their design is the product on generations of ergonomic observations and best practice. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Agricultural built environments closely reflect the nature of local traditions and practice.</span></li></ul></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZeW-IZ0qHgTfiFj2pIwsEo4-P2k9feN7x2KvF7KOm5unDWr2cr-DuU6EoDMf-echa1vSQWroUHN3JOKR0EGsBcg53-8XkkETSXuEck6sP-lGn6vcygq1fOIMw1U9fCvOpEDkUGAjO3YLP/s1096/ox+gg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1096" data-original-width="972" height="572" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZeW-IZ0qHgTfiFj2pIwsEo4-P2k9feN7x2KvF7KOm5unDWr2cr-DuU6EoDMf-echa1vSQWroUHN3JOKR0EGsBcg53-8XkkETSXuEck6sP-lGn6vcygq1fOIMw1U9fCvOpEDkUGAjO3YLP/w508-h572/ox+gg.jpg" width="508" /></a></div></div><div><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Barns [UK]</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Although the word is widely misapplied, strictly speaking a “Barn” is a building used for processing cereals. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">The two main processes being threshing, removing the grain heads from the stalks [straw], and winnowing separating the grain from chaff. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">In it’s traditional form it has a central working space with bays on either side, one for unprocessed cereal and the other for the resultant straw. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The work space is often lofty reflecting the use of flails to thresh grain. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">It also would have doors at both ends so that wind draught could be used to separate [winnow] the lighter chaff from the grain. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The doors should be wide enough to facilitate access by wheeled transport.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"><b>Granaries</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Cereals are the staple carbohydrate for Humans and supplement the diets of domesticated animals. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Grain may require additional drying to prevent sprouting or rotting during storage. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Grains are traditionally stored in granaries, buildings characterised by raised floors and good ventilation. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The local tradition [N England] is to site granaries over the cart shed.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh32JUHGe92lbTUunif_SanDEJB_uWv0A5LKFE63wpxI7y9X1Qp_05dpibwcIvrCp0D67gFL-QSWo4_FYCEPPAXG3mQ-eCXjqGGIru0N4UV8dnamVaZVFDrL1EsHY_LTZblWwrDb467zAxN/s1164/theoretical+model+Orsett+4+post+granary+TSA.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1164" data-original-width="836" height="625" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh32JUHGe92lbTUunif_SanDEJB_uWv0A5LKFE63wpxI7y9X1Qp_05dpibwcIvrCp0D67gFL-QSWo4_FYCEPPAXG3mQ-eCXjqGGIru0N4UV8dnamVaZVFDrL1EsHY_LTZblWwrDb467zAxN/w449-h625/theoretical+model+Orsett+4+post+granary+TSA.jpg" width="449" /></a></div><b style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;">Cart Shed</b></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Wooden carts [2 wheels] and waggons [4 wheels] require special buildings to preserve them when not in use. They are associated with a variety of harness and other tackle made from leather and other materials that equally need protection from the elements. More generally, farms have a Varity of of specialist tools and equipment that will require storage space in building preferably situated close to where they will be used.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"><b>Ox / Cow House</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Working oxen need a building to house them with provision for water, feed and bedding. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Such buildings usually low ceiling sometimes with slightly wider door.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">The oxen are houses in individual stalls, or in exceptional circumstances loose boxes, which are provided with permanent troughs and mangers. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The stalls have bedding of straw to absorb urine and facies, which has to be "mucked out" regularly which in turn requires a muck heap or midden where such organic material is stored.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-weight: bold;">Other Oxen </span><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Engineering</b></span><b> Issues</b></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">If you use wagons, their width and turning circle has to be reflected in the ergonomics of the working spaces and wider infrastructure.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">If used to pull wagons on metalled roads, the Oxen may require shoeing. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Unlike horses, oxen cannot stand on 3 legs, thus, require to be fully supported and restrained while being shod, requiring an engineering solution with foundations, and therefore archaeology.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">There is a tenancy in archaeological practice to see excavation data in terms of what has been fund before, introducing both circularity and selection bias. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Thus, thinking about the archaeology of built environments has not extended beyond the simplistic and fundamentally racist tropes about primitive huts for primitive peoples derived from the sort of ideas about cultural evolution that drove national socialism. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Thus, the engineering required to shoe an ox, or its turning circle is seldom considered by an academic culture steeped in a colonial view of our primitive ancestors and their beliefs.</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Footnote</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">As Theoretical Structural Archaeology is about understanding archaeological buildings and structures I was naturally intrigued by recent set of Roman structures uncovered near Scarborough. My initial reaction, [which invariably proves to be wrong], was it was a signal tower, however, having seen more detailed footage, I would postulate a different interpretation.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6SpFJmskNLqoWxBobn-3wtZeObckymhubcfLf09lRncrJ4sZdWBrALH0hpiX_wrjhvR8JshM0SMJu2ijrED9F7g6PisUXOOaR-aeP56xVtD29tHjvYtVaDz8QZ5NPUxMn0y-zeNCYlf14/s717/ox+gooog.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="717" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6SpFJmskNLqoWxBobn-3wtZeObckymhubcfLf09lRncrJ4sZdWBrALH0hpiX_wrjhvR8JshM0SMJu2ijrED9F7g6PisUXOOaR-aeP56xVtD29tHjvYtVaDz8QZ5NPUxMn0y-zeNCYlf14/w438-h313/ox+gooog.jpg" width="438" /></a></div>The well built structure could be a specialist barn, with an animal powered threshing floor [or mill], something similar to buildings locally known as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_gang">gin gang</a>. The addition of floored granary at the rear of the building completes picture. </div><div>In this particular case, I would expect a central archaeological feature representing the spindle of the system in the centre of a threshing or milling area. In addition, I might just expect wooden floors or hard flooring in the ancillary crop storage buildings, but apart from basic render, I would not expect wall plaster, tesserae, or other high status domestic fixtures and fittings. </div>Geoff Carterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01111820035762957610noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2357316514436369105.post-90981203592330503482021-04-14T22:13:00.000+01:002021-04-14T22:13:25.742+01:00Who Shot British Prehistory in the Head?<p><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjUOvwcW-6xxB1EsscyceFSXKjLFPRqUEBpVBMj934SUaqYiZGPeKFE8EZUnW_s6a4a5LnDBVTNX41DNK3Z5haU-VdsCkFgbgi_HSHaG5NF9Cdo5BzGdOWMZm_xVto3MeEab615TzKUMmt/s741/tag+1990.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="617" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjUOvwcW-6xxB1EsscyceFSXKjLFPRqUEBpVBMj934SUaqYiZGPeKFE8EZUnW_s6a4a5LnDBVTNX41DNK3Z5haU-VdsCkFgbgi_HSHaG5NF9Cdo5BzGdOWMZm_xVto3MeEab615TzKUMmt/w196-h236/tag+1990.jpg" width="196" /></a></b></span></div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>If Academic Archaeology has become a bastion of science denial, who is to blame?</b></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">I realised British Archaeology was unwell, when I attended TAG 90, where the psychosis was already becoming evident. The Theoretical Archaeology Group, ;[or</span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> theoretical archaeologist group</i><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as I would characterise a group of academics temperamentally unsuited to practice archaeology, and for whom knowledge is not constrained by evidence or the English Language]; was a stepping stone for many who have subsequently helped fabricate the mindless melange of the New Post-rational Archaeology.</span></span></p><p><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">When, in 2006, I started my Ph.D. at Newcastle, a University so awful that even the staff had walked out, a small detail curiously omitted from their website, I had little idea how prevalent Science Denial had become. Not only was my engineering science of no interest, I was told to write about how buildings were perceived; in the Iron Age. While being ejected from a building bequeathed to the University by one of most region’s most famous engineering families, I had for a fleeting moment imagined that this bottom feeder of the academic system was just </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">a venally corrupt </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">nadir of mediocracy; but no, it's about par for the course.</span></p><p><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Archaeology is an easy subject to dumb down, helping the University achieve the expected return on it’s property portfolio. Students are churned in their hundreds to find the next generation of credulous youth to maintain the tradition of copying out other peoples work in your best handwriting to obtain "research" funding.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYBTHiuWrU7Jc4_QfNAtnVZvqBfj8rOpmXBTxusAd1vSlaSN3DnluodvkPUgDsVRh8xZsP9Fmqyu21tsmzwGW7VmpWp8uI3hJ0dOMNF8IH6Fz-JXAHnV1FExVZJRIgeTTihBlW7EEfGzWF/s1142/Imaginary+people+imagining+imaginary+After+M+Parker+Pearson+%25281999%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1142" data-original-width="1110" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYBTHiuWrU7Jc4_QfNAtnVZvqBfj8rOpmXBTxusAd1vSlaSN3DnluodvkPUgDsVRh8xZsP9Fmqyu21tsmzwGW7VmpWp8uI3hJ0dOMNF8IH6Fz-JXAHnV1FExVZJRIgeTTihBlW7EEfGzWF/w483-h498/Imaginary+people+imagining+imaginary+After+M+Parker+Pearson+%25281999%2529.jpg" width="483" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">What you learn at University is how to be a lecturer. As a result, the standards in archaeology, as it descends further into mere infotainment, are scandalously poor on many levels, with publicly funded institutions routinely promoting science denial, myth and faith based archaeology.</span><p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">For me, an essential prerequisite of a </span><i style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Theory</i><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is a dataset; but, given their monopoly, many academics have dispensed with the need for evidence and even the constrains of the English Language to revel in tautological self-indulgence and linguistic prestidigitation designed to conceal the nature of their conceits from those students & colleagues easily intimidated by a few polysyllables.</span></span></p><p><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz4w8UPsngSNdBGdeoO3fT6VkptBSQjKNpw7Ya9lmDUZ4AnRysk0lVzDo5GY18ylZHy7K6rmU598VU_C4irWg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></div><p></p><p><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Let's Blame the BBC</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">However, I finally realised British academic archaeology was brain dead, when I chanced upon <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00z0k23" target="_blank">A History of Ancient Britain Series 1 Episode 3 Age of Cosmology</a>. </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)"><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Even the title only makes sense if we completely redefine the Words "History" and "Cosmology" to mean the exact opposite</span> <span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">of what they used to mean. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is knowledge that is neither based on, or limited by, fact or meaningful language.</span> <span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">So I leave you in the capable hands of embryonic national treasure Dr Neil Oliver, as he and the BBC redefine the concepts of History, Cosmology, The Neolithic Revolution and intelligent thought, all in about 60 seconds.</span></span></p>Geoff Carterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01111820035762957610noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2357316514436369105.post-89612217247961757322021-04-13T07:39:00.005+01:002021-04-13T07:40:39.978+01:00The “Turf“ Wall; Science Denial at English Heritage / Historic England – Now It’s Official<p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCsCH5PzyS64a2TcELxu_WC7DeZIpFxNlyGCpXN6LzxSBAV56a26wFKHfHiWmJH2spus3aXGA-qf-AEtAFmJCk7-crFI280h4qRfpZgfEFZZs3kR7JmpObUKug5axhWwt8Fnh_D20J7OvQ/s345/Turf+Wall+at+Appletree+traditional+view%255D+x+tsa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="345" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCsCH5PzyS64a2TcELxu_WC7DeZIpFxNlyGCpXN6LzxSBAV56a26wFKHfHiWmJH2spus3aXGA-qf-AEtAFmJCk7-crFI280h4qRfpZgfEFZZs3kR7JmpObUKug5axhWwt8Fnh_D20J7OvQ/w127-h110/Turf+Wall+at+Appletree+traditional+view%255D+x+tsa.jpg" width="127" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;">To
test the water, and offer English Heritage a chance to consider the
matter I sent an e-mail explaining the Science that proves
Bede, writing in the C8th was wrong to suggest Hadrian built a Wall of turf </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;">aka</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;"> The Turf Wall.</span></p><p></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Twenty
years ago their own excavation Appleby produced unequivocal evidence
that this section of Wall was made of Timber, information they failed
to comprehend at the time.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">[1]</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The
science is simple and irrefutable.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKAOUKZ6FMFlvwCyNYJb4FM858GdBNQnm3AKo5jDrRMMRT-Q5Q-cz9cSbsrqyjyXecH-UqTp95Yk7hefNzqVYJXWJZ97ccAu6-yVpy_2EFT99fQKUxsnXwYRctalR91HJQfmomhxP8c_Aj/s904/The+wall+%252830%2529xx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="904" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKAOUKZ6FMFlvwCyNYJb4FM858GdBNQnm3AKo5jDrRMMRT-Q5Q-cz9cSbsrqyjyXecH-UqTp95Yk7hefNzqVYJXWJZ97ccAu6-yVpy_2EFT99fQKUxsnXwYRctalR91HJQfmomhxP8c_Aj/w488-h184/The+wall+%252830%2529xx.jpg" width="488" /></a></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>1.</b></span><b style="font-size: 14pt;">
Soil science.</b></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;">If
turf is blocks of local soil held together with plant roots, then the composition of the "Turf " Wall deposit at Appletree with its complete absence of mechanical particles other than some sand grains
in what is essentially a peaty deposit indicates that this cannot have derived from a local soil and therefore, can not ever been made of Turves.</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">[<i>QED</i>]</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">[2]</span><p></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;"><b>2.
</b></span><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;">Palynology</b><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;">The
palynology dominated by tree species alder, oak and in particular Hazel, [ a shrub] </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">[3]</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;"><b>3.</b></span><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;">
Palaeobotany</b><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;">The
recovered plant macrofossils were dominated by pieces of carbonised
wood, trunk & branch up 0.01m, and notable remains of <i>Ceratodon
purpureus </i>fruiting bodies.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM55MNQGfRflLmUqXdHHqOnv7aVNKLIiyU9TJ2A3qVMqBIjjXhnfO5GSHPUSXV666X5twKDP9e_RZnvewKr7p8auwNroyn7gQWjBaxG1GldVNRQSKDkjCRjm69eOgqVcec1Yyi5AgForMr/s1532/Theoretical+structural+archaeology+Appletree+turf+wall++polllen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1532" data-original-width="1216" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM55MNQGfRflLmUqXdHHqOnv7aVNKLIiyU9TJ2A3qVMqBIjjXhnfO5GSHPUSXV666X5twKDP9e_RZnvewKr7p8auwNroyn7gQWjBaxG1GldVNRQSKDkjCRjm69eOgqVcec1Yyi5AgForMr/w235-h295/Theoretical+structural+archaeology+Appletree+turf+wall++polllen.jpg" width="235" /></a></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">
[4]</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #660000;">Conclusions.</span></b><br /><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"></p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;"><b>4.</b>
All the scientific evidence, indicate the use of timber to construct
this rampart, a conclusion which is also confirmed by the Roman’s
own accounts of their engineering.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">[5]</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt;"><b>5.</b>
It is fair to conclude that the concept of a “Turf Wall” is a
native literary tradition, now largely driven by nominative
determinism, and the momentum of the inherited orthodoxy in
institutions.</span><br /><p></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">I sent an email outlining the arguments using their data </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[6]</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><i>Hi</i></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><i>I am a structural archaeologist working in the NE of England and I have serious concerns about the denial of Science in favour of faith-based arguments.</i></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><i><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;">20 years ago you produced a report that proved beyond all doubt that the Romans did not build a "Turf" Wall using soil science palynology and palaeobotany; tragically, the report concluded the exact opposite.</span></i></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><i><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;">This prompts serious questions about quality control and competence at the highest level.</span></i></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><i><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;">Thus, my principle question is who takes responsibility for such serious mistakes and the blatant denial of science that ideas like a "Turf Wall" represent?</span></i></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><i><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;">Is anyone at EH prepared to defend this non-scientific stance in public or discuss the issues it raises?</span></i></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Best</span></i></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><i>Geoff Carter</i></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">After the usual robotic exchange of pleasantries, they responded thusly.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;">Dear Geoff,</i></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><i>Thank you for your email. It is always interesting to hear alternative interpretations. However, it remains our view based on the evidence recovered from a number of excavations and associated analyses that the wall is constructed of turves in the widest sense with Appletree as the classic example.</i></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><i>A consideration of turves in the archaeological record is laid out in Hall, A R 2003 Recognition and Characterisation of Turves in Archaeological Occupation Deposits by means of Macrofossil Plant Remains. Historic England Research Report 16/2003.</i></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><i>Kind regards,</i></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><i>Rosie Ryder</i></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia;"><i>Historic England Communications Team</i></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">I responded, seeking reassurance they had understood the argument, and further pressing my point, but no further communication was forthcoming.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[8]</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;">" . the wall is constructed of turves in the widest sense with Appletree . . " </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;">is basically a denial of the science, with not enough wiggle room to escape such a charge. </span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoxlD46qtUNgr11gv4mMY0W_yET4_ti1cJ_n95IYqHKXkSTfzToQT8_LAE6C7JSDHKoWV70HrXsZEvl0-1KeUEqXq8K22jw0IfcGuG7r3JJfe7QJ3_lIwKkluq1lyHm3_zoK6tG53RvqJp/s1600/Hadrian%2527s+early++Turf+and+Timber+walls.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="1600" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoxlD46qtUNgr11gv4mMY0W_yET4_ti1cJ_n95IYqHKXkSTfzToQT8_LAE6C7JSDHKoWV70HrXsZEvl0-1KeUEqXq8K22jw0IfcGuG7r3JJfe7QJ3_lIwKkluq1lyHm3_zoK6tG53RvqJp/w400-h160/Hadrian%2527s+early++Turf+and+Timber+walls.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>Observations.</b></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">While as an academic subject, “Research“ is driven by simple reproduction of the existing narrative, since the skills necessary to understand archaeological base-data are often lacking.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;">The reference cited reviews the evidence of “turf” in a variety of contexts, and demonstrated that archaeological expectations are not by and large confirmed by </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;">paleoenvironmental</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;"> data</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;">It highlights a broader lack of basic methodology and the tendency to use of excavations as an opportunity to reinforce or fine tune part of an existing narrative, ignoring or excluding data that does not fit the expected pattern.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;">However, even learning Archaeology out of a book from someone who learned it out of a book, should not preclude a basic understanding of soil science, it is after all, what archaeologists find most of.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;">Institutions, working in monopoly, offering careers for life, and in an environment where their customers, students and the public can be assumed to be wrong, have no market pressures to raise their game above a minimalistic </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;">mediocracy</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;">.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18.6667px;">Archaeology is not mission critical, nobody dies through this sort of science denial, and while disappointing, it’s only our money and their institutional creditability that is being wasting.</span></li></ul><p></p><p></p><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbXGXpCv8WKGdrxCTvzlA_6XvyM5RU82chcoLc0DNdNSddBtg3sYZ11TyXNUmEIZvmLufLZ34wovnuQwrVh7d4RyMHpkHjpdIjwUPjhU2nxaqrjm46ol5jJOYXcmFs9MCQRG-1WAr3sNOt/s646/Hadrian%2527s+Wall+Archaeological+Research+by+English+Heritage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="514" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbXGXpCv8WKGdrxCTvzlA_6XvyM5RU82chcoLc0DNdNSddBtg3sYZ11TyXNUmEIZvmLufLZ34wovnuQwrVh7d4RyMHpkHjpdIjwUPjhU2nxaqrjm46ol5jJOYXcmFs9MCQRG-1WAr3sNOt/w159-h200/Hadrian%2527s+Wall+Archaeological+Research+by+English+Heritage.jpg" width="159" /></a></div><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>Notes </b></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">[1] </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Hadrian’s Wall Archaeological Research by English Heritage 1976–2000</span></p><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">edited by Tony Wilmott<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-1416-1/dissemination/pdf/9781848021587_all.pdf [Accessed 25/12/2014],</span></div><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">[2]</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">op. cit.116 The plant macrofossils, Allan Hall</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">[3]</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">op cit p. 114 the pollen James Wells</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">[4]<i>Ceratodon purpureus,</i> Fire Moss, present in quantity, which as the name suggests is an early coloniser after forest fires, and it commonly grows on is dead wood.</span></p><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">[5] a. C. Julius Caesar, Gallic War <br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001 [Accessed 25/12/2014],<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">b. C. Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Civil War William Duncan, Ed.<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0076 [Accessed 25/12/2014],<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">c. The Military Institutions of the Romans (De Re Militari) by Flavius Vegetius Renatus, Translated from the Latin by Lieutenant John Clarke, translation published in 1767. Etext version by Mads Brevik (2001)<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">http://www.digitalattic.org/home/war/vegetius/ [Accessed 25/12/2014],<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">d. Polybius, Histories </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0234 [Accessed 25/12/2014],</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">[7]</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"> 12 Feb, 09:51</span></div><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">[6] Dear Rosie,<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">Thank you for your prompt reply and the link; this is a very important paper as it it demonstrates my view that the “evidence” is not scientific, but is driven by archaeologists’ expectations. <br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">It confirms that from the plant micro-fossil point of view the case is not proven in any Roman context, and draws attentions to other, more normal processes that can account for these assemblages. [The occasional use of turf as a roofing material and even for small walls in area devoid of other resources is not in dispute].<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">Deposits derived from crop processing, organic flooring such as reeds, charcoal burning,<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">and the decay of building materials such as daub are theoretical sources of plant assemblages, that might be similar to turves.<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">The issue of soil science, in particular the lack of mineral particles in “Peaty” deposits is not discussed; it is one of the deeper issues with archaeological fieldwork being driven by the existing literature. <br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">I have observed that archaeologists when dealing with soil have a culture of “stick in a bag and ask the specialists what it means”. To which the hard-pressed specialist has asked for a specific question about a specific context. The science is being asked the wrong questions; rather than, where did the turves come from?<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">It should be what is the origin of this deposit?<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">It is partly a tradition of the way archaeology funding is granted in terms of objectives, project design and “Answering Questions”.<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">In short, there is nothing in the evidence presented that demonstrates the use of turf in Roman Military contexts, and I would argue that the plant micro-fossil evidence that has been retrieved confirms the use of timber.<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">Further, the soils at Appletree make it impossible; that is not an opinion, it is archaeological soil science 101.*<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">I will look at the data tables in more detail, particularly the mosses, but you do not have any “Science” on your side, only a literary tradition dating back to Bede.<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">Naturally, it is a matter I intend to push you on, can you take this matter any further?</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">Best<br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">Geoff</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">* Being an archaeologist is much more difficult than people imagine, especially if you have actually been trained as an archaeological lecturer by an a university lecturer with no real experience of being an archaeologist or writing up complex excavations.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;">Geoff Carter<br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Structural Archaeologist</span></span></div></div>Geoff Carterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01111820035762957610noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2357316514436369105.post-4969455810405632132021-04-12T04:09:00.001+01:002021-04-12T04:09:31.040+01:00How The Roman Army Bridged The North Tyne At Chesters<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCIsDyERCF4LydwUcdXUQ6XAY2xfsyQctudIUh7lFglWE2dINOzKP08-UZVlUJK7TC7lbROHa2cc6u-R5OuuV-yQ8tyD_9DL3uVuX5KWS_eKtNOMljcPmiK9kzzgV0gh_Xg2W83ArczDio/s477/Roman+bridge+and+channel+chollerford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="477" height="129" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCIsDyERCF4LydwUcdXUQ6XAY2xfsyQctudIUh7lFglWE2dINOzKP08-UZVlUJK7TC7lbROHa2cc6u-R5OuuV-yQ8tyD_9DL3uVuX5KWS_eKtNOMljcPmiK9kzzgV0gh_Xg2W83ArczDio/w145-h129/Roman+bridge+and+channel+chollerford.jpg" width="145" /></a></div><b><span style="color: #990000;">How to build a mortared structure in a stony river bed </span></b><br />1. Dig a diversion Channel</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">2 Dam the river at both ends & Divert the river</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">3 Constructed mortared stone peers in river bed</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">4 Construct bridge</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">5 Remove Dams</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">6 Block diversion channel</span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='456' height='379' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzLTsGEQCwBXFuda8w1VAAxHGvVdz8KNmQeJv1pE78wrGQ-uwAeG6n7biQ50GHpHuLwPIke5bbmwkQ96INUlg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-family: georgia;"><b>Notes</b></span></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">1 The initial Bridge was intended to carry the Wall only.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">2 In theory, second [undetected] Bridge would have carried the Road south of the Wall. this road is evidenced by its construction trench aka<i> The Vallum</i>.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">3 [</span>This itself was have replaced another lost bridge for the Staingate road, although piled timber would be adequate for road bridges]. </li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">4 This first phase of road, like most of the early “Broad Wall” was never completed</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">5 Subsequently, a second wider bridge was constructed to carry the Wall & a roadway now represented by the Military Way towards the end of the century.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicvV5WVa4TCfb0GSGSGwLYwsjtLIsXyR0YeAoi9Tm0SwtnRbUCpMdk6XymMDm9m_gYPXWUcbumoP4XkDjcmRhkDjGdknvrCN2od506iZVvJG9hdqb04PJrzofdt7r7Hd0zS9sUJyljJwhn/s1398/Roman+bridge+and+fort++at+chesters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="963" data-original-width="1398" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicvV5WVa4TCfb0GSGSGwLYwsjtLIsXyR0YeAoi9Tm0SwtnRbUCpMdk6XymMDm9m_gYPXWUcbumoP4XkDjcmRhkDjGdknvrCN2od506iZVvJG9hdqb04PJrzofdt7r7Hd0zS9sUJyljJwhn/w463-h318/Roman+bridge+and+fort++at+chesters.jpg" width="463" /></a></div></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">The Diversion Channel encloses an area almost a large as the fort at Chesters on the opposite bank, one of the original forts presumably designed by Hadrian, who would have almost certainly got involved with bridge design.</p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #660000;">Standard Disclaimer;</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">Not
Available at University</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Academics
just don’t think about these problems, and are content with
reproducing of the ideas previous generations. Thus,
as an evidence based form of archaeology using science and engineering proved incompatible with
the faith based archaeology currently practiced at many Russell Brand
Universities like Newcastle, the last bastions of Science denial.</span></p></div><p></p>Geoff Carterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01111820035762957610noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2357316514436369105.post-38490330599087021772021-03-26T07:29:00.002+00:002021-03-26T07:29:57.041+00:00A Momentary Digression & New Blog <p><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0c2qWAIl5Bxp30IoUPAw1Vccn7Yk5lm6ygwinX9DaCuRvo1Lp_60UBgroSimg7qx5ApxhGb_45t6wUHvOl_DSierL-GbrfrbKLEsghVmQjxmJNY1Zzb7aHpKvholtsdBBNx4tHQ9MjX3_/s662/Bruce+staute+sparks+conroversy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="662" data-original-width="514" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0c2qWAIl5Bxp30IoUPAw1Vccn7Yk5lm6ygwinX9DaCuRvo1Lp_60UBgroSimg7qx5ApxhGb_45t6wUHvOl_DSierL-GbrfrbKLEsghVmQjxmJNY1Zzb7aHpKvholtsdBBNx4tHQ9MjX3_/w152-h196/Bruce+staute+sparks+conroversy.jpg" width="152" /></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"><b> Found Down The Back of a Digital Sofa. </b></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Just to avoid confusion and to let off steam under the pressure of lock down I have created a new blog as repository for Non Archaeological satire, art, cartoons and photography.</span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">It is called: <a href="https://tsaart.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Found down the back of a Digital Sofa</a>, and represents a few persistent stains on the fabric of time that have proved difficult to remove. The sort of thing found in my <a href="https://twitter.com/GeoffStructural" target="_blank">twitter feed.</a> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">When you work is not good enough for sector of Higher Education increasing reliant on Science denial and academics purporting the views and perception of our ancient dead - you are driven to a satirical view of the world. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: center;">The current post concerns a traditional North East </span><span style="text-align: center;">Digital Arts Festival of Vegetable Baiting, thus, given the obscurity and specialist nature of my subject matter, the constant need to contextualise and explain the jokes or humour rather precludes its designation as the latter; similarly, some passing familiarity with the subject matter might be considered a not unreasonable prerequisite for satire; </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: center;">you have been warned.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxd8JG9DRwaXdm5bpcKq_bCkNdw3iCq33KPuaOZy2y8KLsqpz4Ow_s-JSKi4AYh3lO-4_uvbH1FNHUvUaPmpglTzo9T9Qb7e1M6ZEp-UfzXTY4I4ANKCMdpfUW77dt5KNf95vRHFRNQj3T/s2288/TIME+Excavated+the+disaster+TSA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2288" data-original-width="1800" height="683" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxd8JG9DRwaXdm5bpcKq_bCkNdw3iCq33KPuaOZy2y8KLsqpz4Ow_s-JSKi4AYh3lO-4_uvbH1FNHUvUaPmpglTzo9T9Qb7e1M6ZEp-UfzXTY4I4ANKCMdpfUW77dt5KNf95vRHFRNQj3T/w538-h683/TIME+Excavated+the+disaster+TSA.jpg" width="538" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">This is all undoubtedly of no interest and represents the dark side of a warren of rabbit holes so obscure that <i>no reasonable man could be expected to believe that any of it was real.</i></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Geoff Carterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01111820035762957610noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2357316514436369105.post-42732340295316673492021-02-22T08:14:00.003+00:002021-04-17T06:58:20.818+01:00Reverse Engineering Roman Cavalry<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVlFbg1IhL0_ZjTByCzWhADzeop96eDe6o6keCvjc9VPru03AMXcKcWzqj5kKMiGWGeB-vXFNc_3umqVYqSSSUTyf5IlOBHi3wh_vE4hAWPvAO1GvJQHiEZoDtP4uKGYpKp_38txqvBh7w/s714/Longinus+Sdapeze+-+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="714" data-original-width="638" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVlFbg1IhL0_ZjTByCzWhADzeop96eDe6o6keCvjc9VPru03AMXcKcWzqj5kKMiGWGeB-vXFNc_3umqVYqSSSUTyf5IlOBHi3wh_vE4hAWPvAO1GvJQHiEZoDtP4uKGYpKp_38txqvBh7w/s320/Longinus+Sdapeze+-+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" /></a></div><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;">1. Context.</span></b></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">In the precious post
I was quite hard, if not downright disrespectful about some of
strange conceptions about how cavalry horses might be stabled. So it’s time to
put some cards on the table, and explain how horses and built
environments are meant to interact – from a more traditional
perspective, after all, cavalry barracks have existed and continue to
exist since ancient times, and horse care in a variety of contexts is
hardly a forgotten art.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">My work for Philip
Crummy in Colchester on Britain's first legionary fortress taught me
to respect the accuracy of Roman Military surveyors. An important
point also was apparent; Romans favoured stone foundations, but
significant parts of the superstructure were built from timber for
ease and speed of construction. In terms of
Hadrian’s Wall, we have very poor data sets, but the Roman army was
very systematic in its architecture, so the Fort chosen is North of
the Wall at Birrens in South West Scotland.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Theoretical modelling is a way of testing and refining ideas about how buildings and built environment might work. In this context, given the number of unknowns, modelling can only give you a range of answers and help delineate the problem. Having tried out various options against the available data, what is presented is a best fit model, directed to a specific aspect of a problem, in this case how many horses can you house in a cavalry stable, and what does this tell us about the size of cavalry units.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">There is certain fetish about deploying Latin vocabulary which is not always helpful, however, I have to confess a prejudice to the use of Cohort sized units [600] and centuries [100]. There are a variety of terms deployed notably, <i>equase, decurion, turma, ala, quingenaria, </i><i>and </i><i>Milliaria. </i>While the primary objective is to develop a model of a cavalry barrack, and from this delaminate the scale of units, relating this to Latin vocabulary would be seen as an academic objective<i>. </i></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;">2. Roman Forts Basics</span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">It is generally
understood that the layout of camps mirrors the layout of the Roman
marching camp, which in turn reflects the structure of the army, with
individual 8 men tents <i>[contubernium</i>] formed up in centuries, and
cohorts. The disposition of cavalry may reflect picket lines of
horses, which have to laid out with same aims in mind, namely keeping
them securely organised for ease of care, deployment and preventing
them from kicking each other. </span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In the Roman Army
class is important in the distribution of Space, notable for the
space allocated to the Roman commanders house & bathing. Forts are similar in plan being built up from the similar components, principally, a single Headquarters building, Commanders house [+bath], Hospital, and varied numbers of; Infantry barracks, Workshops / Stores , Granaries, and Stables. </span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkseQSjkMGvJ98EWVChYqyLJEiVJjSLDdlnRyYer510QgvltPAJSppLOeaR39Cqud9Q9A9uS_tdaciq2BTZeUmlOwwQydr5rtchimwu5lTT7GdbvKk9uqQeuaT9ScqWbqYztdbgEuF6svO/s2048/Theoretical+model+base+plane+for+birrens+roman+fort.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkseQSjkMGvJ98EWVChYqyLJEiVJjSLDdlnRyYer510QgvltPAJSppLOeaR39Cqud9Q9A9uS_tdaciq2BTZeUmlOwwQydr5rtchimwu5lTT7GdbvKk9uqQeuaT9ScqWbqYztdbgEuF6svO/w563-h422/Theoretical+model+base+plane+for+birrens+roman+fort.jpg" width="563" /></span></a></div><b><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"> 3. Hadrian's Wall & Birrens</span></b><p></p><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">This exercise is try
get a sense of Hadrian’s design for his Wall in terms of cavalry,
principally because they represent be an ideal supervised the
emperor, which is a great context for archaeology. In reality, the
evidence from this Broad Wall phase is fragmentary, and most of the
forts were built or rebuilt after the initial phase. The best
preserved cavalry fort in the North is at Birrens, part of the
Antonine Frontier built after Hadrian’s Wall was initially
abandoned.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Much of the Plan was recovered, but has a few problems, particularly the lack of a commanders house, some ambiguity about building A2, and a sense that the fort is a bit light on storage / workshops. There is an annex to the East which probably accounts for this. The site appears to have been tarted up at some stage with rebuilding or refacing the gable ends of buildings.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"><b> 4. Cavalry; Human Consideration & assumptions</b></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
As I understand it, in this period Auxiliary Cavalrymen were high status non-Roman
troops from horse owning elites elsewhere in the empire. It is not
known whether the status of cavalry was reflected in their
accommodation. They were an expensive resource intensive asset, and
presumably would be equipped the best horses available in the area
where the unit was raised.
</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOjhDz0pUTEAF7mqSGxjPCphsTDvsthJzwve7Uzvc91JRRPiOUwuhGdkjctfbzIoT9x0NSseCeUlGs2HiNc815fIraNxdjrF3o0rgp3Kbof6V5VRt_kXy4lJGfgluCP6PuMOQLZmglXK7Y/s1854/Roman+Cavalry+flavius+genialis+flavius+insus+son+of+vodullus+TSA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="898" data-original-width="1854" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOjhDz0pUTEAF7mqSGxjPCphsTDvsthJzwve7Uzvc91JRRPiOUwuhGdkjctfbzIoT9x0NSseCeUlGs2HiNc815fIraNxdjrF3o0rgp3Kbof6V5VRt_kXy4lJGfgluCP6PuMOQLZmglXK7Y/w473-h229/Roman+Cavalry+flavius+genialis+flavius+insus+son+of+vodullus+TSA.jpg" width="473" /></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">My guess /
assumption is that there is a 1:1 ratio of support troops to cavalry
troopers. Apart from
Historical best practice; the following considerations may apply:</span><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Need to deploy the
whole unit en masse and quickly.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Armoured men with
weapons are not suited to the preparation or care of horses.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Cavalry extends
fort’s curtain wall which requires additional troops to defend.
</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: georgia;">Cavalry have to be
part of a predominantly infantry unit.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></b></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #660000;"><b>5. Horses General Consideration & assumption</b></span>
<span></span></span><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Keeping large
numbers of horses undercover in a compact area on a long term basis
requires a specially adapted built environment. Horses prefer high
airy spaces, with underlying floor surfaces that are dry, firm, but
not too hard, and graded for drainage.
</span></p><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Stables </b>
</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">A building with
access to water supply and suitably drained, with individual Space
for each horse, allowing for;
Feeding, Watering, Mucking Out, Grooming and Tacking up.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Storage for tack and
other kit.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Wider and taller
entrances. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Space for mounting and forming up.</span></li></ul><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;">Other buildings;</span></b></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Sheds or lofts for
Forage / Hay / Bedding
</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Granaries for Barley
& Oats</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Buildings for:
Blacksmith / Farrier; Equine vet; Sadler</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ideally, a covered
space for training, assembly and practice. </span></li></ul><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCrWQNc0H11pg0TTPf0uNa56lOQN7fwZQBjx5GxhrmRwj-O_5hpmRXKM5KKRl9zloPjkIzH-qMVH8cJ3dpW201pjqo0oEMbaZQPyJAcPFZIFFBLuNIWIOC-bu-Mu1QjWCRFhKsWlVTToEO/s2048/Birrens+roman+fort+model+layout+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1605" data-original-width="2048" height="445" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCrWQNc0H11pg0TTPf0uNa56lOQN7fwZQBjx5GxhrmRwj-O_5hpmRXKM5KKRl9zloPjkIzH-qMVH8cJ3dpW201pjqo0oEMbaZQPyJAcPFZIFFBLuNIWIOC-bu-Mu1QjWCRFhKsWlVTToEO/w566-h445/Birrens+roman+fort+model+layout+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" width="566" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"> 6. General model; The Roman fort at Birrens</span></b><p></p><div>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The model includes a
consideration the whole fort as a context for the cavalry stables.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> The fort is
regularly laid out in Roman feet shown at @0.296m; however, it is not
necessary to best guess precisely what is going on in the minds of
the surveyors and builders, for the following reasons:</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">I do not wish to
push the accuracy planning historical and modern.
</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Precisely what is
being measured, including the thickness of the component is not
clear.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The dataset is for
the measurements of foundations not roofs</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Allocation of
external spaces like roadways is not implicit in the design of
individual buildings
</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">It is only relevant
to the number of bays in the stables and their capacity. </span></li></ul><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhneB2-B-I-1dtfLHhgFHE48BHTiTAWHbyYjcmL5fNNXymb_dk-54m53yCZodrIxQyd7rnKbgMfRgTpaKbryPfyxSCtes0aF6szbQQnue1X-FLCGRnMIfq1wUPPfClch0vrJ9ZlmJDUBEk/s2048/Birrens+roman+fort+model+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1605" data-original-width="2048" height="471" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhneB2-B-I-1dtfLHhgFHE48BHTiTAWHbyYjcmL5fNNXymb_dk-54m53yCZodrIxQyd7rnKbgMfRgTpaKbryPfyxSCtes0aF6szbQQnue1X-FLCGRnMIfq1wUPPfClch0vrJ9ZlmJDUBEk/w600-h471/Birrens+roman+fort+model+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" width="600" /></a></div>Looked at as a whole the fort is a nominal 600 x 400 ' centred on the HQ building, each set of stables occupies a plot about 150' square, roughly the same as the 6 double infantry blocks.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Including Granaries G3 & G4, and building A3, the stables account for 40% of the forts area.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">The use of standard measurements and components greatly simplifies construction and is evidenced by the uniformity of the building types. The use of standard roof trusses, which in turn is reflected in
standard bays, is most clear on the buttressed buildings.</span></div><div><p></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWgRv1GirfRZzP0me5l2wJ0-ahK5Jk0qtwCAJEhbFtAmEvbF9nlzEtJzXBA6-G8LCBn72zgFiH3vSRxIgxhe-jG9mX6lcf9OYnpIiNXWRBKS9rwxEqjkPOYE73WUwpCC9POjatRBJteEmk/s2048/Birrens+bay+size+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1310" data-original-width="2048" height="411" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWgRv1GirfRZzP0me5l2wJ0-ahK5Jk0qtwCAJEhbFtAmEvbF9nlzEtJzXBA6-G8LCBn72zgFiH3vSRxIgxhe-jG9mX6lcf9OYnpIiNXWRBKS9rwxEqjkPOYE73WUwpCC9POjatRBJteEmk/w642-h411/Birrens+bay+size+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" width="642" /></a></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The 150’ long
barracks are presumably about 10 – 12 bays long, [11 being not
uncommon on the Wall]. Some produced evidence for partitions,
perhaps at 60, 120, feet, while others produced no evidence. It
cannot be cannot presumed there is only one type of barrack
represented.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The end on nature of the Stables allows them to be packed closer together than side on buildings like the barracks. Double Walled barracks show the dedication to the single truss and the avoidance of valleys. Built back to back they can make use of the terraced sloping sites to improve drainage.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">It is worth noting that between Granary G1 and building A1 there appears to be a corn dryer, which suggest that crop processing is taking place. In which case A1 may be a barn for processing and storage of harvested grain, indicating some degree of local arable production by the garrison. For a cavalry fort the need for meadow and grazing, and more specialised grains implies a more complex agricultural hinterland.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ud0PYpkkFECDz5yD6SKcvMtJb1xXShxTvrLuhqrSTKqCkaO9tNu5M6P8OxgskFBPY6o1KbAcjLY9EwQ-3AINVD75uUv_1tXM5Aw13N7zy97QM5aO6Dv5SxZDLF8GJ9hmRffomHAcqEc5/s2048/Birrens+buttress+truss+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1164" data-original-width="2048" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ud0PYpkkFECDz5yD6SKcvMtJb1xXShxTvrLuhqrSTKqCkaO9tNu5M6P8OxgskFBPY6o1KbAcjLY9EwQ-3AINVD75uUv_1tXM5Aw13N7zy97QM5aO6Dv5SxZDLF8GJ9hmRffomHAcqEc5/w604-h344/Birrens+buttress+truss+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" width="604" /></a></div><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span>
<span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"><b>7. Roman Stable theoretical model</b></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Based on the
buildings at Birrens, the model has two sets of stalls with a central
passage, and serviced by feeding passages. There is a loft for hay
or bedding overhead.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7yBuQrKY1JYkg85u77ja34iBIEvrdqB0WVIAKGBnQwJISGnr5fgc3jh6BkumdIwEuuk8oZqYYff9LDyRP8wdoXGDpJ3moOWlSHnApi-qDYQSSjxGi40FU0IlOYYM12NU1GQZnJ-7Gf9De/s1940/Roman+model+stable+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1940" data-original-width="1652" height="661" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7yBuQrKY1JYkg85u77ja34iBIEvrdqB0WVIAKGBnQwJISGnr5fgc3jh6BkumdIwEuuk8oZqYYff9LDyRP8wdoXGDpJ3moOWlSHnApi-qDYQSSjxGi40FU0IlOYYM12NU1GQZnJ-7Gf9De/w561-h661/Roman+model+stable+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" width="561" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">The capacity of
buildings are dependent</span><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The choice of bay
size
</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The number of
occupied bays.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The number of horses
per bay</span></li></ul><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The model assumes 4
horses per bay, utilising 10 - 13 bays per building as shown in the
table below. [2] </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The buildings are
150’ long; allow for the thickness of partitions, 10 – 12 bays at
15 – 12.5 foot intervals work well, which offers a range of values
for the number of horses of 30 – 50.</span></p><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Once the models
covered central passage is accepted, it is simply a matter of how
many horses can fit on the two rows to either side. In this respect
a five foot stall is probably too narrow, and 6 foot stall generous.
Assumptions also have to be made about the provision for spare horses
and even whether officers had more stable space.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;">8]. Conclusions</span></b></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Within the parameters set out the model stable has a capacity between 30 – 50 horses or 180 – 300 horses for the whole fort / unit. Offering three probable scenarios for the six buildings </span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">A]. 2 x 100 man units</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">B]. 3 x 100 man units</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">C]. 2 or 3 x units of intermediate strength. </span></li></ul><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Solution A; 200 horses</b></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Each stable would hold the horses of a troupe of 30 + 3 officers, a century being 3 such troupes; </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">90 troopers + officers. The six blocks are a nominal 200 horses for 200 cavalry men. </span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Two units fits with the 2 Extra Granaries for feed,{G3/4} each with six bays, which together the 2 Cohort Granaries, {G1/2} and the axial symmetry of the fort layout, all suggesting we are have two units. </span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">At Birrens there is potentially 16 spaces, representing a surfeit of potential infantry barracks with room for 1200 in the 6 double blocks alone, with another 4 blocks spare; two are in prime position next the central area with access from both sides. Various combinations seem possible, based on 2 cohorts +/- cavalry.</span></p><p style="line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">One way of accounting for this space is to assume the cavalry have more generous quarters, perhaps 3 blocks per unit mirroring the layout of the stables. Giving 6 blocks for cavalrymen, 2 for support troops, and 6 for an infantry cohort, making 14 units in total. Thus, detailed understanding of the garrison is dependent on assumptions about the ratio of horses to cavalrymen and support troops, as well as how their status might be reflected in the allocation of living space.</span></p><p style="line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The minimum view is that we have two centuries, comprising 200 horses, with 200 cavalrymen & 200 support troops. With the addition of an infantry Cohort of 600 this would create a garrison / unit size of 1000.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;">Solution B 300 horses & </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Solution C 200 -300 horses.</span></b></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">To get 50 or more horses per stable would require narrow stalls and leave little options for spare horses. It seems too much of a push to get to 300 horses comfortably onto the site. However, within the modelling it is possible to conceive of an understrength 300 man unit.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Thus, all the above does not preclude a unit comprising any vaguely sensible number between 200 – 300; a unit of 240 horse could be 3 units of 80 would fit, and make supporters of the 80 man century very happy. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimX11wdnrgQ4_0HrBoZJyJYHNtoTqai0xTsFLCS3UdFr5s-CNrpI8HYl52W2e2RE1UOrgBjR28pEWcRUdO1IJSY7-3oe9APJp2S9PvOju6U09AFS-es1yE2djbe2hBPQOb7ErqG5PuNsjb/s2048/Birrens+rib+I+2110+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1122" data-original-width="2048" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimX11wdnrgQ4_0HrBoZJyJYHNtoTqai0xTsFLCS3UdFr5s-CNrpI8HYl52W2e2RE1UOrgBjR28pEWcRUdO1IJSY7-3oe9APJp2S9PvOju6U09AFS-es1yE2djbe2hBPQOb7ErqG5PuNsjb/w533-h292/Birrens+rib+I+2110+theoretical+structural+archaeology.jpg" width="533" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>After </b></span><b style="font-size: small;">Inscription from Birrens </b><b style="font-size: small;"> dedicated by II cohort of Tungrians {Rib I 2110} [3]</b></span></p></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">The modelling pushes an engineering perspective, which has its own logic and drive for uniformity, which in the context of the Roman Army is not inappropriate. Notwithstanding the issues of how cavalrymen were accommodated, the ratio of support troops and infantry to horses, the model helps delimit the scale of cavalry units, particularly emphasising the space required compared with regular infantry units.</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Happily, historically it is thought that the fort was occupied by II cohort of Tungrians a 1000 strong unit mixed unit.</span><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-family: georgia;"> Notes.</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> [1] Traditionally, the front ranks of a nominal army line is formed
from the younger fitter soldiers, with the more senior and more
experienced towards the back. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Support troops are
the more senior soldiers who are not as physically fit, but are
highly trained and well motivated. They represent the specialist in
medicine, leather work, armourers and administrators, who do not
routinely leave the fort; on campaign they travel with the baggage. </span><span>The eight men
leather tents which each unit used, formed the basis of the layout of
the camp, but would require a mule to carry, and a second to carry
the collective equipment of the unit. The baggage is the most
valuable part of the army group in the field</span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">[2] The table below
is based on the following</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">.Bay width / stall
width in Roman foot of 0.296m</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"> Stall is the
Stall width – 0.5‘</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"> Assumes 4 horses
per bay</span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"> Assumes two bays
not in use or spare</span></li></ol><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHMytTq7humAoCKxV4xIrIwyKUJFwLoq6seSVJaBWKxq4JguM5HqeCJKInlSyijN_n7tk1kg29jxZxEIzVnIKVn6WP_3pm1NhJbHeUzfSIO3PAyPzdmbBk70Ds44v2bbuZVIvtANVTnBez/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="753" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHMytTq7humAoCKxV4xIrIwyKUJFwLoq6seSVJaBWKxq4JguM5HqeCJKInlSyijN_n7tk1kg29jxZxEIzVnIKVn6WP_3pm1NhJbHeUzfSIO3PAyPzdmbBk70Ds44v2bbuZVIvtANVTnBez/w547-h121/image.png" width="547" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: #212529;"><span>[3] </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #212529;">For
the Emperor <i>Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius,
pontifex maximus</i>, in the twenty-first year of tribunician power, four
times consul, the Second Cohort of <i>Tungrians</i>, a thousand strong,
part-mounted, publicly praised, (set this up) under<i> Julius Verus</i>,
emperor’s propraetorian legate.</span></span></p><div><p></p>
</div><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p></div>Geoff Carterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01111820035762957610noreply@blogger.com3