Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be manufactured from wood, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings, valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field of piping design. Piping systems are documented in Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams. If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube cleaning process.

Plumbing is a piping system that most people are familiar with, as it constitutes the form of fluid transportation that is used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes and business. Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the form of sewage, and allow venting of sewage gases to the outdoors. Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may transport potable or nonpotable water, or other fire-suppression fluids.

Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semi-processed fluids for refining into more useful products. Some of the more exotic materials of construction are titanium, chrome-moly and various other steel alloys.

-Crude oil: the term for “unprocessed” oil, the stuff that comes out of the ground. It is also known as petroleum. Crude oil is a fossil fuel, meaning that it was made naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of years ago anywhere you find crude oil was once a sea bed. Crude oils vary in color, from clear to tar-black, and in viscosity, from water to almost solid.
-Crude oils are such a useful starting point for so many different substances because they contain hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain hydrogen and carbon and come in various lengths and structures, from straight chains to branching chains to rings.
-There are two things that make hydrocarbons exciting to chemists:

a.Hydrocarbons contain a lot of energy.
b.Hydrocarbons can take on many different forms.

b1.The smallest hydrocarbon is methane (CH4), which is a gas that is a lighter than air
b2.Longer chains with 5 or more carbons are liquids
b3.Very long chains are solids like wax or tar
b4.By chemically cross-linking hydrocarbon chains you can get everything from synthetic rubber to nylon to the plastic in tupperware

-The problem with crude oil is that it contains hundreds of different types of hydrocarbons all mixed together. You have to separate the different types of hydrocarbons to have anything useful. Fortunately there is an easy way to separate things, and this is what oil refining is all about.
-Different hydrocarbon chain lengths all have progressively higher boiling points, so they can all be separated by distillation. This is what happens in an oil refinery – in one part of the process, crude oil is heated and the different chains are pulled out by their vaporization temperatures. Each different chain length has a different property that makes it useful in a different way.

2. Process Units

-Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)
-Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (RFCC)
-LPG Merox
-Propylene Recovery Unit (PRU)
-InAlk Unit
-Distillate Unionfining Process (DHDS)
-Amine Regeneration Unit (ARU)
-Sour Water Stripper Unit (SWS)
-Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU)
-Tail gas Treating Unit (TGU)
-Sulfur Granulation and Packaging Unit (SGPU)
-Hydrogen Generation Unit (HGU)

3. Refinery Final Products

-Excess Off Gas
-Fuel Gas
-Propylene
-LPG
-Straight Run Naphtha
-Sulfur
-Regular Gasoline (RON 90)
-Premium Gasoline (RON95)
-FCC Gasoline
-Aviation Fuel or Jet Fuel
-Gas Oil
-Fuel Oil

1. You heat the mixture of two or more substances (liquids) with different boiling points to a high temperature. Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius.

2. The mixture boils, forming vapor (gases); most substances go into the vapor phase.

3. The vapor enters the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates.

-The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a loosened cap on a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through.
-The trays increase the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column.
-The trays help to collect liquids that form at various heights in the column.
-There is a temperature difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top).
-Fractional Distillation: Process in the CDU and HVU, based on the difference in boiling point of the liquids in the mixture that are to be separated. Successive vaporisation and condensation over trays (bubble cap, sieve tray, etc.) in a fractionating column permits the different components to exit the column at different heights. Distillation is carried out in such a way as to avoid any cracking

4. The vapor rises in the column.

5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, it cools.

6. When a substance in the vapor reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substance’s boiling point, it will condense to form a liquid. (The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column; substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column).

7. The trays collect the various liquid fractions.

8. The collected liquid fractions may:

-Pass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks
-Go to other areas for further chemical processing