Only-VLSI

Synchronous Reset VS Asynchronous Reset

2009-05-31T07:09:00.000-07:00

Why Reset? A Reset is required to initialize a hardware design for system operation and to force an ASIC into a known state for simulation. A reset simply changes the state of the device/design/ASIC to a user/designer defined state. There are two types of reset, what are they? As you can guess them, they are Synchronous reset and Asynchronous reset. Synchronous Reset A synchronous reset...

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VLSI Interview Questions with Answers - 1

2009-05-25T09:31:00.000-07:00

1. Why does the present VLSI circuits use MOSFETs instead of BJTs? Answer Compared to BJTs, MOSFETs can be made very small as they occupy very small silicon area on IC chip and are relatively simple in terms of manufacturing. Moreover digital and memory ICs can be implemented with circuits that use only MOSFETs i.e. no resistors, diodes, etc. 2. What are the various regions of operation of...

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Type-3: Give Verilog/VHDL code ...

2009-02-20T06:20:00.000-08:00

Most Common Interview Questions: Type-3: Give Verilog/VHDL code ... The prime intention of the interviewer in asking this question is to see the hands-on experience you have. If you have mentioned that you are familiar with Verilog/VHDL in your resume and attending an ASIC engineer post, then you can expect this question. This question usually comes after asking Type-1 and/or Type-2 questions...

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Type-2: Tell us about a design/project you worked on

2009-02-11T01:19:00.000-08:00

Most Common Interview Questions: Type-2: Tell us about a design/project you worked on Prepare for answering this question in any interview you attend, its kind of inevitable. Usually our resumes will be flooded with some projects. So an interviewer, instead of asking about one of those projects, he simply hits the ball into your court by asking this question. In general, interviewers ask to talk...

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Type-1: Design a ...

2009-02-05T01:45:00.000-08:00

Most Common Interview Questions: Type-1: Design a ... This is the most common question one will face in his/her interview, probably the first question which starts testing your knowledge. (I mean this comes after introduction and "Tell us about yourself"). This is a lethal weapon used by the interviewer to test one's abilities: both weak and strong points. The concepts required for solving the...

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First Things First -- Preparing a Good Resume

2009-01-26T02:22:00.000-08:00

As the title says first things first, it’s very important to have good and attractive resume to get an interview call or to get shortlisted. It is always advised to start writing your own resume from scratch instead of copying/following someone else's content or template. So here are some points you should keep in mind before start writing your resume. Most of the times your resume will be first...

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Digital Design Interview Questions - All in 1

2009-01-20T06:01:00.000-08:00

1. How do you convert a XOR gate into a buffer and a inverter (Use only one XOR gate for each)? Answer 2. Implement an 2-input AND gate using a 2x1 mux. Answer 3. What is a multiplexer? Answer A multiplexer is a combinational circuit which selects one of many input signals and directs to the only output. 4. What is a ring counter? Answer A ring counter is a type of counter composed of a...

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Digital Design Interview Questions - 6

2009-01-05T10:21:00.000-08:00

1. What is DeMorgan's theorem? Answer For N variables, DeMorgan’s theorems are expressed in the following formulas: (ABC..N)' = A' + B' + C' + ... + N' -- The complement of the product is equivalent to the sum of the complements. (A + B + C + ... + N)' = A'B'C'...N' -- The complement of the sum is equivalent to the product of the complements. This relationship so induced is called DeMorgan's...

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Boolean Expression Simplification

2009-01-04T04:18:00.000-08:00

The k-map Method The "Karnaugh Map Method", also known as k-map method, is popularly used to simplify Boolean expressions. The map method is first proposed by Veitch and then modified by Karnaugh, hence it is also known as "Veitch Diagram". The map is a diagram made up of squares (equal to 2 power number of inputs/variables). Each square represents a minterm, hence any Boolean expression can be...

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Finite State Machine

2008-06-10T06:57:00.000-07:00

Definition A machine consisting of a set of states, a start state, an input, and a transition function that maps input and current states to a next state. Machine begins in the start state with an input. It changes to new states depending on the transition function. The transition function depends on current states and inputs. The output of the machine depends on input and/or current...

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One-hot Encoding

2008-06-09T03:29:00.000-07:00

Designing a FSM is the most common and challenging task for every digital logic designer. One of the key factors for optimizing a FSM design is the choice of state coding, which influences the complexity of the logic functions, the hardware costs of the circuits, timing issues, power usage, etc. There are several options like binary encoding, gray encoding, one-hot encoding, etc. The choice of...

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Microprocessor Interview Questions - 5

2008-06-03T09:52:00.000-07:00

1. Why are program counter and stack pointer 16-bit registers? Answer Program Counter (PC) and Stack Pointer (SP) are basically used to hold 16-bit memory addresses.PC stores the 16-bit memory address of the next instruction to be fetched. SP stores address of stack's starting block. 2. What happens during DMA transfer? Answer During DMA transfers DMA controller takes control of the data...

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SoC : System-On-a-Chip

2008-05-28T09:23:00.000-07:00

System-on-a-chip (SoC) refers to integrating all components of an electronic system into a single integrated circuit (chip). A SoC can include the integration of: Ready made sub-circuits (IP)One or more microcontroller, microprocessor or DSP core(s)Memory componentsSensorsDigital, Analog, or Mixed signal componentsTiming sources, like oscillators and phase-locked loopsVoltage regulators and power...

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VLSI Interview Questions - 6

2008-05-25T07:55:00.000-07:00

1. Why is NAND gate preferred over NOR gate for fabrication? Answer NAND is a better gate for design than NOR because at the transistor level the mobility of electrons of NAND is normally three times that of holes compared to NOR and thus the NAND is a faster gate. The gate-leakage in NAND structures is much lower. If you consider t_phl and t_plh delays you will find that it is more symmetric in...

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Complex Programmable Logic Device

2008-05-20T07:21:00.000-07:00

A complex programmable logic device (CPLD) is a semiconductor device containing programmable blocks called macro cell, which contains logic implementing disjunctive normal form expressions and more specialized logic operations. CPLD has complexity between that of PALs and FPGAs. It can has up to about 10,000 gates. CPLDs offer very predictable timing characteristics and are therefore ideal for...

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Introduction to Digital Logic Design

2008-05-19T04:08:00.000-07:00

>> Introduction >> Binary Number System >> Complements >> 2's Complement vs 1's Complement >> Binary Logic >> Logic Gates Introduction The fundamental idea of digital systems is to represent data in discrete form (Binary: ones and zeros) and processing that information. Digital systems have led to many scientific and technological advancements. Calculators,...

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Microprocessor Interview Questions - 4

2008-05-18T05:05:00.000-07:00

1. What is the size of flag register of 8086 processor? Answer 16-bit. 2. How many pin IC 8086 is? Answer 40 pin dual in-line package. 3. What is the Maximum clock frequency of 8086? Answer 5 Mhz is the Maximum clock frequency of 8086. 4. What is meant by instruction cycle? Answer An instruction cycle also known as fetch-and-execute cycle and fetch-decode-execute cycle, is the time...

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Microprocessor Interview Questions - 3

2008-05-17T06:40:00.000-07:00

1. How many bits processor is 8086? Answer 16-bit processor. 2. What are the sizes of data bus and address bus in 8086? Answer 16-bit data bus, and 20-bit address bus. 3. What is the maximum addressable memory of 8086? Answer 1MByte, because 20-bit address bus. 4. How are 32-bit addresses stored in 8086? Answer 32-bit addresses are stored in "SEGMENT:OFFSET" format. SEGMENT and OFFSET...

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Digital Design Interview Questions - 5

2008-05-15T05:36:00.000-07:00

1. Expand the following: PLA, PAL, CPLD, FPGA. Answer PLA - Programmable Logic Array PAL - Programmable Array Logic CPLD - Complex Programmable Logic Device FPGA - Field-Programmable Gate Array 2. Implement the functions: X = A'BC + ABC + A'B'C' and Y = ABC + AB'C using a PLA. Answer 3. What are PLA and PAL? Give the differences between them. Answer Programmable...

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Programmable Logic Array

2008-05-13T06:31:00.000-07:00

In Digital design, we often use a device to perform multiple applications. The device configuration is changed (reconfigured) by programming it. Such devices are known as programmable devices. It is used to build reconfigurable digital circuits. The following are the popular programmable device PLA - Programmable Logic ArrayPAL - Programmable Array Logic CPLD - Complex Programmable Logic Device...

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FPGA vs ASIC

2008-05-07T07:22:00.000-07:00

Definitions FPGA: A Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a semiconductor device containing programmable logic components called "logic blocks", and programmable interconnects. Logic blocks can be programmed to perform the function of basic logic gates such as AND, and XOR, or more complex combinational functions such as decoders or mathematical functions. For complete details click...

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Field-Programmable Gate Array

2008-05-01T06:18:00.000-07:00

A Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a semiconductor device containing programmable logic components called "logic blocks", and programmable interconnects. Logic blocks can be programmed to perform the function of basic logic gates such as AND, and XOR, or more complex combinational functions such as decoders or mathematical functions. In most FPGAs, the logic blocks also include memory...

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Random Access Memory

2008-04-15T07:49:00.000-07:00

Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of computer data storage. Its mainly used as main memory of a computer. RAM allows to access the data in any order, i.e random. The word random thus refers to the fact that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data. You can access any memory cell...

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Direct Memory Access

2008-04-14T07:22:00.000-07:00

Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of modern computers that allows certain hardware subsystems within the computer to access system memory for reading and/or writing independently of the central processing unit. Computers that have DMA channels can transfer data to and from devices with much less CPU overhead than computers without a DMA channel. Principle of DMA DMA is an essential...

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2008-04-09T22:50:00.000-07:00

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