Nabble - Chemistry Discussion

Re: Amali Kimia: Determination Of Melting And Freezing Points Of Acetamide

pahaikan — Mon, 13 Feb 2012 19:48:01 PST

Kalau di tengok dari eksperimen, garam biasa berupaya menyerap haba yang menyebabkan takat didih air bertambah. Tapi tidak banyak. Anggaran sekitar 2-4 darjah celcius sahaja. Kalau betul garam dapur boleh mempercepatkan proses me"nyahbeku"kan ayam, ini satu petua yang bagus... Tahniah...

Posted in Eksperimen Kimia

Re: Amali Kimia: Determination Of Melting And Freezing Points Of Acetamide

Wan — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 15:54:44 PST

terima kasih untuk jawapan,

Takat beku dan takat lebur adalah sama sekiranya bahan tersebut tulen tanpa bendasing!
jadi saya bayangkan dalam graf pemanasan dan penyejukan
ada satu gerisan melintang dalam satu tempoh masa pada suhu yang sama,
suhu ni dipanggil takat beku/lebur utk bahan tanpa bendasing.

Seterusnya, saya baca nota daripada link. Untuk bahan tak tulen,
takat beku dan takat lebur berubah seperti air ditambah garam. (kegunaan untuk elak jalan membeku)

Saya baru keluarkan ayam dari peti beku,
hajatnya nak masak kari ayam, tapi ayam ni masih beku..(susah nak potong)
jadinya, saya taburkan ayam ni dengan garam utk cepat cair dan senang dipotong.

Posted in Eksperimen Kimia

Re: Amali Kimia: Determination Of Melting And Freezing Points Of Acetamide

pahaikan — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 11:38:42 PST

Hi Wan...

Takat beku (freezing) dan takat lebur (melting) adalah angka yang sama, sekiranya bahan tersebut adalah tulen tanpa sebarang benda asing. Contohnya, untuk asetamida (acetamide) takat lebur dan takat bekunya adalah pada 78 darjah Celcius. Bezanya cuma dalam graf, iaitu dalam graf pemanasan, grafnya menaik manakala dalam graf penyejukan, grafnya menurun tetapi garisan melintang akan terbentuk pada nilai darjah celsius yang sama. Graf ini juga mempunyai kaitan dengan tenaga haba yang diserap dan tenaga haba yang dibebaskan.

Perlu dingatkan bahawa pada masa proses pembekuan dan peleburan berlaku, keadaan cecair dan keadaan pepejal wujud serentak. Oleh itu, bolehlah dikatakan bahawa "Suhu dimana cecair dan pepejal wujud dalam keseimbangan pada suatu tekanan tertentu (tetap) dipanggil takat beku atau takat lebur".

Di harap agar penjelasan saya ini telahpun membantu....

Boleh dapatkan maklumat lanjut melalui nota ini: http://www.enotes.com/freezing-melting-reference/freezing-melting

Terima kasih...

Posted in Eksperimen Kimia

Re: Amali Kimia: Determination Of Melting And Freezing Points Of Acetamide

Wan — Wed, 25 Jan 2012 23:08:48 PST

pahaikan,

terdapat tiga bentuk jisim, pepejal, cecair, gas. (solid, liquid, gas)
pertukaran pepejal ke cecair dipanggil cair. (melting)
pertukaran cecair ke pepejal dipanggil beku. (freezing)
adakah suhu cair dan suhu beku utk Acetamide berlainan?

Posted in Eksperimen Kimia

Re: Acid & Bases: Neutralisation Reaction Using Titration Method

farah — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 11:52:50 PST

ok..doumo arigatou gosaimashita.

Posted in Eksperimen Kimia

Re: Acid & Bases: Neutralisation Reaction Using Titration Method

pahaikan — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 22:40:21 PST

hi Farah,

Sorry la lambat respond...

1. Teknik dalam titration? Cuba tengok sini: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/titration.html

2. A standard solution is prepared by dissolving an accurately weighed quantity of a highly pure material and diluting to an accurately known volume of volumetric flask is called primary standard. A solution standardized by titrating a primary standard itself a secondary standard. It will be less accurate than a primary standard due to the error of titration.

A primary standard should fulfill these requirement;

1. It should be 100% pure, although 0.01 to 0.02% impurity is tolerable if it is accurately known.
2. it should be stable to drying temperature, and it should be stable indefinitely at room temperature. The primary standard is always dried before weighing.*
3. It should be readily available and fairly inexpensive.
4. Although not necessary, it should have a high formula weight. This is so that relatively large amount of it will have to be weighed to get enough to titrate. The relative error in weighing a greater amount of material will be smaller than that for a small amount.
5. If it is to be used in titration, it should possess the properties required for a titration listed above. in particular, the equilibrium of the reaction should be far to the right so that a very sharp end point will be obtained.

Source(s): pg 159,Gary D. Christian,6th Edition,Analytical Chemistry, Wiley International Edition,2003

Primary Standards

A primary standard is a reagent that is extremely pure, stable, has no waters of hydration, and has a high molecular weight. Some primary standards for titration of acids:

sodium carbonate: Na2CO3, mol wt. = 105.99 g/mol
tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS or THAM): (CH2OH)3CNH2, mol wt. = 121.14 g/mol

Some primary standards for titration of bases:

potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP): KHC8H4O4, mol wt. = 204.23 g/mol
potassium hydrogen iodate: KH(IO3)2, mol wt. = 389.92 g/mol

Some primary standards for redox titrations:

potassium dichromate: K2Cr2O7, mol wt. = 294.19 g/mol

Posted in Eksperimen Kimia

Re: CHEMISTRY

pahaikan — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 22:23:27 PST

hi Isuru,

Water with calcium and magnesium ions are well known as hard water. Soap can not perform their cleansing ability in this kind of water. Hmm.. That is not the point right,.. Well.. To determine the percentage of calcium in well waters, you might want to use Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) method using samples and standard (Please refer the FAAS manual). You can adjust the reading between w/w or v/v in ppm but I think v/v will be the best for liquid samples.

I don't have a specific description for this experiment but you might get an idea from this articles:
http://www.lmaleidykla.lt/publ/0235-7216/2007/4/34-37.pdf
http://www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/smprimer/aa/aa.html
http://www.hard-water-well-water.com/calcium_in_well_water.htm

Well, thanks for sharing your concern...

Posted in Komen, Cadangan Dan Pertanyaan

CHEMISTRY

ISURU — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 18:26:22 PST

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT,PERSANTAGE OF CALCIUM IN THE WELL WATER

Posted in Komen, Cadangan Dan Pertanyaan

Re: Acid & Bases: Neutralisation Reaction Using Titration Method

farah — Thu, 29 Dec 2011 19:05:51 PST

Q1: salam,blh tlg senaraikn teknik2 yg digunakan dlm titration nie??
atau (eng) name all the techniques that u encounter in this experiment?

Q2: list the properties of primary and secondary standards.Give specific examples.

please...hope dpt tolong..

Posted in Eksperimen Kimia

Re: Tips Kimia SPM 2011

pahaikan — Tue, 06 Dec 2011 18:47:07 PST

"Mahal"?.... erkkk!!

Posted in Tips Untuk Pelajar

Re: Tips Kimia SPM 2011

muazfaris.com — Wed, 30 Nov 2011 16:32:18 PST

thanks sbb buat rujukan blog kat forum "mahal" ni kalo nak banding dengan blog simple saya..

Posted in Tips Untuk Pelajar

Re: calculation of rmm

pahaikan — Mon, 28 Nov 2011 22:17:18 PST

Hi hiyafisya,

Soalan berbelit-belit tidak menjadi masalah. Yang penting, maklumat yang diberikan cukup. Sebagai contoh, pengiraan RMM untuk suatu sebatian yang diberikan dengan simbol, XO. Sekiranya maklumat seperti [Jisim atom relatif: X, 24 ; O, 16] diberikan. Teruskan mengira seperti biasa.

Tetapi sekiranya pengiraan itu adalah seperti ini:

Pastikan hiyafisya faham bahawa dalam sebatian ini terdapat 1 atom Pb, 2 atom Nitrogen dan 6 atom Oksigen.

RMM sebatian = 1(207) + 2(14) + 6(16)
= 331

Pengiraan RMM untuk sebatian yang lebih rumit tetap menggunakan konsep yang sama.

Terima kasih...

Posted in Komen, Cadangan Dan Pertanyaan

Re: calculation of rmm

hiyafisya — Sun, 27 Nov 2011 22:01:41 PST

macam mana nak kira rmm kalau soalan tu berbelit sikit,,

Posted in Komen, Cadangan Dan Pertanyaan

Re: calculation of rmm

pahaikan — Sun, 27 Nov 2011 14:06:06 PST

hi norhuzmin,

a bit late in replying this thread i guess, but the RMM formulae is easy to use. We will come across this kind of calculation in few topics in SPM syllabus such as Formulae & Equation, Acid & Base, Thermochemisrty and more. One thing to remember is that, RMM means relative molecular mass that refers to the total mass of a molecule. Relative in RMM refers to the given relative mass of element that can be found in the Periodic Table.

For example, a Carbon dioxide molecule, CO2

To calculate the RMM for this particular molecule, you have to know the relative atomic mass of each element in CO2. Based on the Periodic Table, the relative atomic mass of a carbon is 12 and oxygen is 16.

In this compound, there are 1 atom of carbon and 2 atoms of oxygen. Therefore,

= 1(12) + 2(16)
= 12 + 32
= 44

Remember, the unit for RMM is g/mol or g mol-1. So, it should be written like this,

44 g/mol

Thank you for asking...

Posted in Komen, Cadangan Dan Pertanyaan

calculation of rmm

norhuzmin masni — Wed, 23 Nov 2011 14:40:58 PST

how to use a RMM formule?

Posted in Komen, Cadangan Dan Pertanyaan

Tips Kimia SPM 2011

pahaikan — Sat, 12 Nov 2011 07:38:12 PST

Pahaikan.com belum ada tips untuk Kimia SPM tahun 2011... Tapi website lain ada.. Sila cek di sini:

1. http://cikguadura.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/spm-chemistry-tips-and-prediction-2011.pdf

2. http://www.muazfaris.com/2011/10/soalan-ramalan-kimia-spm-2011-kena.html

Dan untuk makluman para pelajar, soalan percubaan MARA 2011 telahpun di upload di website mereka di sini: http://www.mara.gov.my/web/guest/percubaan_spm. Download dan cuba dulu... Cuba selaraskan dengan tips Kimia SPM tahun ini. Maksudnya, jawab soalan-soalan yg disasarkan (target). Kalau boleh download semua soalan TRIAL NEGERI 2011 atau yang sebelumnya dan jawab mengikut topik yang disasarkan.

Semoga berjaya...

Catatan: Terima kasih kepada mereka yang menyediakan tips-tips pada tahun ini...

Posted in Tips Untuk Pelajar

Re: Kuiz Kimia Kebangsaan 2011

pahaikan — Tue, 27 Sep 2011 00:46:53 PDT

Hi Ruth,

Kuiz Kimia Kebangsaan Malaysia (K3M) is a national level competition. It is organized annually by Institut Kimia Malaysia (IKM) with the collaboration of the Malaysian Ministry of Education (MOE). Many school throughout Malaysia have been participating in this quiz since 200x. (I only join this competition in 2006).

But, many school did not recognise the certificate from this competition as co-curriculum activities but IKM has been proactive to accompany the Entry Form with a letter from MOE (Refer here: http://www.ikm.org.my/images/stories/moe.pdf). Any adjustments on how to conduct this particular quiz has to refer to this letter.

If you are interested, please click here for next year competition: http://www.ikm.org.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=99&Itemid=109.

Thanks for your concern.

Posted in Komen, Cadangan Dan Pertanyaan

Kuiz Kimia Kebangsaan 2011

Ruth Wong — Mon, 19 Sep 2011 23:43:37 PDT

Please define Kuiz Kimia Kebangsaan - whether it is a national level or school level participation. Thanks

Posted in Komen, Cadangan Dan Pertanyaan

Another Good Websites For Chemistry SPM Preparations..

pahaikan — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 21:54:07 PDT

Rasanya sudah lama saya tidak post sebarang maklumat dalam Pahaikan.com Chemistry Discussion ni.. Apa pun, sebagai persediaan terakhir... Para pelajar bolehlah melayari dua website dibawah dan menggunakan segala tips dan latihan yang disediakan untuk mengukuhkan persediaan untuk menghadapi kertas Kimia SPM 2011...

http://cikguadura.wordpress.com/

http://i-lovechemistry.blogspot.com/

Kedua-dua website saling berkaitan tetapi masing-masing mempunyai keistimewaan tersendiri... Sila klik dan anda pasti tidak kecewa..

Tahniah kepada pemilik website-website ini yang berusaha bersungguh-sungguh untuk membantu pelajar untuk mempersiapkan diri sebelum SPM..

Posted in Tips Untuk Pelajar

Uses Of Natural Rubber

pahaikan — Mon, 05 Sep 2011 00:29:26 PDT

Because of its elasticity, resilience, and toughness, natural rubber (NR) is the basic constituent of many products used in the transportation, industrial, consumer, hygienic and medical sectors.

Of these major end-use markets for rubber, transportation is by far the largest single sector, with tyres and tyre products accounting alone for over 50% of NR consumption. Truck and bus tires would represent the largest single outlet for NR, followed by automobile tires.

General rubber goods for commercial and industrial use account for the balance. These non-tyre rubber items include industrial products (for example, transmission and elevator belts, hoses and tubes, industrial lining, and bridge bearings); consumer products (like golf or football balls and other recreational and sports goods, erasers, footwear and other apparel); and articles for use in the medical and health sector (notably, condoms, catheters and surgical gloves) as well as seismic materials (for instance, over 500 and 2,500 buildings are respectively fitted with seismic rubber bearings in China and Japan). Latex articles (typically condoms, gloves, threads, adhesives, and moulded foams) could be included in different categories in terms of end-use.

NR major end uses

Source: UNCTAD secretariat

Growth in demand for certain end products conventionally using rubber does not necessarily translates into growth of NR consumption, owing to competition from synthetic rubber (SR) and new materials.

NR and SR in tires

Despite the competition of synthetic compounds, natural rubber continues to hold an important place in tire consumption. In particular, its superior tear strength and excellent resistance to heat up makes it better suited for high-performance tires used on racing cars, trucks and buses, and aircraft. In these applications, the potential for switching from natural to synthetic rubber is quite limited, given the clear-cut technological advantages to natural rubber.

Rubber tires are of two types: solid (or cushion) tires, in which the rubber portion functions to carry the load and absorb shocks; and pneumatic tires, with compressed air that fills the tire. The former are used on industrial machinery and on military vehicles; pneumatic tires are used for almost all free-moving vehicles (i.e., other than railroad cars). Pneumatic tires include tires for automobiles, trucks and buses, (motor) bicycles and airplanes and "off-the-road" tyres for special vehicles (such as construction vehicles and agricultural machinery). The distribution channel for pneumatic and solid tyres is two-tired, consisting of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and the replacement market.

Breakdown by major sectors (NR and SR)

Source: UNCTAD secretariat (Data: International Rubber Study Group, Statistical Bulletin)

Separate rubber compounds are used for different parts of the tire (on the weighted distribution of the various components of a passenger tires, please refer to this section of Michelin's corporate site; also, the table below).

Generally, the larger the tire the greater the share of natural rubber. The table below refers to relatively small-size truck tires.

Typical tire composition by weight
Passenger tire Average weight: New 25 lbs, Scrap 20 lbs.

Natural rubber 14 %

Synthetic rubber
27%
Carbon black 28%
Steel 14 - 15%
Fabric, fillers, accelerators, antiozonants, etc. 16 - 17%
Truck Tire

Average weight: New 120 lbs., Scrap 100 lbs.
Natural rubber 27 %
Synthetic rubber 14%
Carbon black 28%
Steel 14 - 15%
Fabric, fillers, accelerators, antiozonants, etc. 16 - 17%

Source: Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA)

Latex products

As for high-performance tires, technical factors (performance needs of the products and process technology) also constrain the ease of substituting SR for NR in the latex product market. For example, because it is waterproof (whereas some synthetics absorb water), NR latex is best suited for use in surgical and medical examination gloves and in condoms. NR latex is possibly the best protection against pathogens such as HIV. Latex products include, inter alia, condoms, gloves, threads, adhesives, and moulded foams. They found applications, including specialty applications, in different sectors, among which is the medical and hygiene sector.

Overall, the competitive relation between natural and synthetic rubbers hinges upon a variety of related factors, which include technical factors (technical properties of the rubber, performance needs of the product, process technology), economic factors (relative input prices and processing costs), and relative efficiency of marketing channels. As in the case of contraceptives and high-performance tires, the extent to which substitution from NR to SR may take place on the basis of price is limited. It is mostly dependent on technical factors, which also determine the category and grade of elastomers used.

NR is processed in different types and grade with characteristic applications. For example, latex concentrate is the basic constituent of contraceptives, surgical dipped goods, and rubber threads. Ribbed smoked sheets are used in the industrial sector when extra tough rubber is needed (for example, for tank liners). Pale Crepe is valuable for medical sundries, footwear, cements and adhesives.

Rubber producers increasingly custom-make a wide range of special rubbers that meet customers' specifications. These rubbers are often made by means of compounding natural rubber and synthetics, which also tends to complicate the distinction between NR and SR.

http://unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/rubber/uses.htm

Posted in Bincang-bincang Kimia..

Keputusan Subjek KIMIA EXCEL 2011 SM Teknik Tawau

pahaikan — Sun, 28 Aug 2011 17:51:14 PDT

Keputusan Subjek KIMIA EXCEL 2011, SM Teknik Tawau ternyata sangat kurang memuaskan dengan catatan 29.73% lulus dengan min gred 8.91. Sasaran 4.67 pastinya sangat jauh untuk dicapai...

Apa pun, kita masih mempunyai masa untuk memperbaiki keadaan. Kita kena berusaha..!!!

Posted in Pengumuman

10 Benefits of Honey!

pahaikan — Tue, 23 Aug 2011 22:24:11 PDT

Honey has been in use for more than 10,000 years for its natural sweet taste. But many people do not know about the health benefits of this natural product made by bees. Here I have listed few benefits of honey.

1. Sore Throats – honey is really good for sore throat and helps in soothing your throat. It gently coats your throat and works as a natural antibiotic for your body. It helps in fighting against the various infections responsible for sore throats. For best results one should gargle honey along with some warm water and for more instant results you can add a pinch of salt and one teaspoon of lemon. This will work as a wonderful cure for your throat and you will be able to see the results instantly.

2. Burns and Cuts – honey has got wonderful antibiotic properties. This natural sweet stuff can be used as a thick paste for minor wounds, cuts or injuries. One must be wondering, how is that possible? This is done by natural release of hydrogen peroxide by honey and ultimately helps in disinfecting wounds. Also remember that it is just a home remedy for small cuts and wounds and should not be used for any major injury. In case you get any injury, it is advised that you visit the doctor as soon as possible.

3. Hangover – are you one of the people who get drunk too much in the night and then suffer from hangover the next morning? If your answer is yes the honey will become your life savior. After the hangover just try a tablespoon of honey and notice the miracle happening. The sugars present in the honey speed up the oxidation process of the alcohol present in your liver. For best results take warm honey along with a glass of juice. No more problems of hangovers.

4. Cure For Ulcers – you would be surprised to know that honey has a natural ability to soak water from its surrounding environment. It means when present in your stomach it denies the permission to take fluid to the bacteria which are responsible for ulcers. And thus, honey is a natural cure for ulcers and easily kills the bacteria without any chemicals.

5. Losing Weight – this is another hidden quality of honey. Many people do not know that honey can reduce your bulge to a great extent. It should be taken along with a glass of warm water or juice and this will help in digesting the stored fats in your body and thus reducing weight. For more instant results, you can take a spoonful of honey along with lemon juice in warm water early in the morning. This will help you in reducing fat on your stomach and remember to take it empty stomach for best effects. One should not overdo it as you would know that honey contains more calories than sugar.

6. Energy Booster – feeling a little lazy this morning? Here is your little booster, honey. It works as a fantastic energy booster whether it is after a long day, some game or jogging. It is an excellent source of energy for your body. A tablespoon of honey contains 64 calories which is a huge amount. You need not fill up your belly for the extra energy rather just have some teaspoonful of honey and you are done for the day. You will realize that you are much more active and vigorous in your day to day activities.

7. Toothache Cure – suffering from pain because of some stupid sore tooth? Here is the magical honey for your rescue. For good results, mix five tablespoons of honey along with one teaspoon of powdered cinnamon and apply the mixture on your sore tooth. It has instant results and the pain will slowly go away in about 10 to 20 minutes after the application of mixture on sore tooth. Try this amazing remedy and you will enjoy good results.

8. Acne Problem – application of thin layer of honey on acne and pimples can get you rid of them in just couple of weeks. For better results you can mix a pinch of cinnamon powder and a teaspoon of lemon in it. Also, if you have sensitive skin then do not make use of lemon as it will irritate the skin more. Honey has natural antibiotic properties which help in keeping the skin clean and clear. It clears out the bacteria from the root and destroys them completely. And when no bacteria will be there then no blemishes will be there and you will be able to enjoy a clear and fair skin tone.

9. Sleeping Problem – are you having trouble in having good night sleep? Honey can help you in this case; it has amino acids which will get you a good night sleep easily. Minerals and vitamins present in honey work as natural sedatives and can help you in solving out your insomniac problem. It will show the best results if it is mixed with glass of warm milk. Try it out and then tell us how good your sleep was.

10. Indigestion Problem – honey can cure your indigestion problem easily. You just need to mix a teaspoon of warm honey along with some apple cider vinegar and your food will be digested quickly. It increases your metabolism rate and reducing your indigestion problem. The smell of vinegar is a bit strong and if you are unable to take it then just cut it with little bit of warm water and smell will be bearable after that.

These are the top ten qualities of natural sweeter called honey. There are a lot more hidden talents of honey. It can cure many diseases and you do not have to indulge your body into chemicals, it is perfectly natural and healthy for every individual. So, from today onwards only, make honey an essential part of your diet and start enjoying its benefits.

Credit: http://www.articlesadda.com/health/271-10-benefits-of-honey.html

Posted in Bincang-bincang Kimia..

Re: Acid & Bases: Neutralisation Reaction Using Titration Method

pahaikan — Tue, 23 Aug 2011 22:21:49 PDT

Directly... No. But with a precise equipment.. Yes.

But, you may use the dilution method to do the titration. When we refer on the dilution formula, the mole of the solution does not change and it can be compared to the original volume using simple calculation...

Posted in Eksperimen Kimia

Re: Acid & Bases: Neutralisation Reaction Using Titration Method

LEBO — Mon, 22 Aug 2011 18:19:38 PDT

is it possible to use 8ml of HCL 0.1N on a titration with 0.1N NaOH?

Posted in Eksperimen Kimia

Top 10 Products You Didn’t Know Are Used in Cosmetics

pahaikan — Wed, 17 Aug 2011 07:15:34 PDT

Make-up and common cosmetics have been around for centuries. In the olden days cosmetics were at times, very dangerous, and could be fatal. Egyptian women would use kohl as a method to line and darken the eyes.

Women throughout the 19th century would often use lead oxide and carbonate as a way to create whiter skin. Others used belladonna in their eyes in order to create a sparkle.

While cosmetics are meant to enhance beauty and make one prettier, the ingredients used aren’t always the prettiest. Some of these are very common while others are used far and between. However, it’s safe to say that these ingredients aren’t ones you’d probably think are in your cosmetics bag.

10. Waste cooking oil
Scientists and cosmetic lines have found out that by using waste cooking oil, a certain type of surfactant is created which is then put into cosmetics. So what’s it do to make you a little bit prettier? Supposedly, the surfactant helps to regenerate damaged skin. Many of these companies will get the waste oil from fast food restaurants and cafés. A little gross but if you can put something to good use, do it!

9. Oleoresin Capsicum
If you’re a police officer or someone who requires some painful self-defense, you may know what Oleoresin Capsicum is. Better known as “OC spray” or just “pepper spray,” this substance is widely used in sprays by police men, law enforcement, and often hikers who may encounter dangerous animals. It’s definitely known for being painful, and even able to cause temporary blindness when it makes contact with the eye. However, the substance, usually extracted as capsaicin from chilies, is also used in cosmetics. If you’ve ever used a lipstick or lipgloss, or some other cosmetic that has a “tingly” feel to it, you can rest assured that it’s the oleoresin capsicum giving you that feeling. And no, shoving your lipstick in the eye of your ex boyfriend won’t keep him away.

8. Chicken bone marrow
Chicken bone marrow is just one of the many animal parts used in the making of cosmetics. It is said that chicken bone marrow is full of glucosamine, which is great to use on the skin as it promotes new healthy growth for a youthful look. Chicken bone marrow is also considered to be an anti-inflammatory. You’d more than likely find this product in moisturizers as well as face creams.

7. Fish scales
Ever used any type of cosmetic that had a shimmer to it? Maybe lotion, nail polish, or lipstick? If you have, that lovely shimmer you wore more than likely came from the use of fish scales. Pearlescence, as it’s called, is the silver shiny substance found in fish scales that is often used in cosmetics to give them that glow and shimmer. Herring is mainly used to obtain the pearlescence and today it is one of the most supplemented fish by-products in the world.

6. Cochineal dye
While you’re not likely to find cochineal dye listed as an ingredient in your cosmetics, you just may find carmine, cochineal, or carminic acid. If you find any of these ingredients listed, you probably are using a cosmetic that has some sort of red hue to it, such as lipstick. Though it seems pretty harmless, this dye used in a lot of cosmetics comes from cochineal beetles. The bugs are drowned in hot water, dried, and then ground to a fine powder. The crimson red dye is then extracted and used in whatever beauty product you can imagine. It’s also used in food products as well, such as gelatins, juices, and even candy.

5. Bull semen
As surprising as it seems, using semen in cosmetics didn’t just start. It’s been a long-time tradition to use cod sperm in lotions as it provides a quality that binds water. However, most recently, some companies and salons have begun to use nothing other than bull semen. According to a U.K. salon, bull semen provides any type of hair with a brilliant sheen that no other substance can match. The salon, known as Hari’s Salon, uses bull semen mixed with katria root, to neutralize the odor, and viola, shiny hair. If you’re up for some semen in your hair, take a trip to the U.K. with $90 in hand. Maybe the cowboys know something we don’t.

4. Human foreskin
Looking for the fountain of youth? Look no further than foreskin. It probably sounds a little bit gross, and probably a little bit unethical to some, but human foreskin is actually used by numerous cosmetic companies around the world. In the medical field, human foreskin has been used for years as a method to cultivate new skin growth, instead of performing skin graphs on burn patients. It’s been proven to work much more effectively. The same method is also used in the cosmetics world. Companies, the most notable being SkinMedica, use foreskin fibroblasts in cosmetic creams and collagens, especially those made to reduce wrinkles. It is said that one piece of foreskin from a baby boy can be used to create about 4 acres of new skin.

3. Ambergris
Ambergris; sounds like something nice, maybe pretty, however, it’s everything but that. It’s actually a gray or black substance that is found in the digestive system of sperm whales, we’ll just call it bile, or “whale by-product,” both work. Despite its dark color and waxy texture, ambergris is said to have a very earthy and sweet smell to it. The substance was widely used in cosmetics, especially perfumes because of its smell. However, not many companies use it today as synthetic scents have become much more popular. Whoever decided to smell this definitely has some guts!

2. Urea
Who knew urine contained something cosmetic companies would flip over? Urea, a chief waste product of our body as well as from animals, is used in antiperspirants, moisturizers, mouthwashes, deodorants, and shampoos. That’s right; you’re getting all beautified with the help of an organic compound in urine! Urea is used because it is known to absorb, attract and retain water, and contains vitamins A, D, E, and K. Not only does it work wonders on sweat and moisturizing, it is also a great anti-inflammatory as well as a sun protection. Thankfully, most companies now use synthetic urea instead of extracting it from a horse.

1. Human placenta
If you’re Tom Cruise, a mom, or a father brave enough to stay in the delivery room, you probably know what a placenta is, and I doubt it’s something you want to remember knowing about or even seeing. Despite how disgusting they look, some people have actually found a new use for them: cosmetics. The company Plazan has created and manufactured an entire line of cosmetics made with human placenta. Why placenta? Apparently cosmetics that use hormones extracted from the placenta, such as Hyaluronic Acid and Protein Hydrolysate, help to promote tissue growth, which is very effective in removing wrinkles. As if it’s any better, our bodies don’t become reliant upon products with human placenta because it’s made with our biological structure, both those products that use animal placenta are another story.

CREDIT TO: http://www.articlesadda.com/beauty-tips/266-top-10-products-you-didnt-know-are-used-in-cosmetics.html

Posted in Bincang-bincang Kimia..

Re: matematik tambahan

zam naim — Thu, 04 Aug 2011 09:12:32 PDT

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Saya menawarkan khidmat home tuition kepada anda yang memerlukan..
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saya sendiri berasal dari kategori 'pelajar biasa' kepada kategori 'pelajar cemerlang' dengan bantuan home tutor suatu ketika dulu..

jangan risau.. saya yakin anda boleh dengan syarat anda mendapat bimbingan yang betul....

Lokasi: Putrajaya, Bangi, Serdang, Kajang and nearby
Subjek: Matematik Tambahan & Matematik SPM
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Bilangan pelajar satu sesi: maksimum 3orang
Cara mengajar: saya ada modul saya tersendiri yang dipanggil "magic modul 10+10=A+" , di mana saya akan gunakan bilangan sesi yang sedikit untuk perubahan yang besar kepada anda.
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jika jarak kita jauh, jangan risau, anda boleh berhubung dengan saya secara online, insyallah saya cuba bagi tips untuk fahami add math ni.. jika jarak kita dekat, better one to one.. saya tak perlukan kelas tuition yang banyak macam sekolah/tuition centre..yg saya perlukan beberapa sesi sahaja untuk kenal pasti dan bagi anda jalan yang lurus untuk mampu belajar subjek ni sendirian..berdikari..

Posted in Komen, Cadangan Dan Pertanyaan

Alternative Uses Of Beer

pahaikan — Wed, 03 Aug 2011 12:33:46 PDT

While we don't need scientists to tell us that drinking beer is good for your health, they still do. It cuts your risk of having strokes, heart disease, increases HDL (good cholesterol) and anti-oxidants.

It's also good for your blood - it reduces blood clots, and contains Vintamin B6 needed to make haemoglobin. You can also ease out kidney stones with beer and clean your stomach with the fiber content of malted barley - as much as 60% of daily recommended fiber in one liter. It even detoxes your liver, expanding your liver's small blood vessels and speeds up metabolism of toxins.

Heck, it even fights cancer - xanthohumol, found in beer hops helps your body break down carcinogens (chemicals that cause cancer)

However, for optimum beer nutrition, drink dark beer which has more flavanoids (natural oxidants that fight disease)

But apart from being accessory to a good a time, beer has a lot of other uses.

There's This dude in Quqiao village (in China), who even built solar-powered water heater out of old bottles, warming enough bathwater for his family of free.

Setting Lotion for Hair

Before hitting the shower, mix 3 tablespoons beer in 1/2 cup warm water. Rub this into your hair after you shampoo and rinse it off to get volume, shine and some awesome waves.

Or, you can soak your hair in beer and then soak some sunrays for all-natural highlights in your hair.

Bubble Bath

Pour in into your tub for a bubble bath that's good for your skin and hair.

Tenderize Meat

Beer's slightly acidic pH level lets you enjoy lean meat without ripping and gnawing - it can tenderize the meat.

It's also better than wine- and vinegar-based marinades in not imparting too much flavor to the meat.

Insomnia

Another slightly obvious use of beer - beer's Lactoflavin and Nicotinic Acid content promote sleep. Hops too are a natural sedative.

Stomach Ache

Beer's fizz (carbonation) can sooth an upset stomach, and it's also a mild sedative when the pain is too much to bear (and you don't have a painkiller lying around)

Credit to: http://www.articlesadda.com/health/262-alternative-uses-of-beer.html

Posted in Bincang-bincang Kimia..

HESS LAW dalam Thermochemistry

pahaikan — Tue, 26 Jul 2011 01:12:17 PDT

HESS LAW sangat penting dalam Termokimia tapi tidak ditekankan dalam silibus SPM. HESS LAW atau Hukum Hess menyatakan bahawa dalam satu tindak balas kimia, perubahan haba, (ΔH) yang berlaku adalah malar, sama ada tindak balas itu berlaku satu langkah atau melalui beberapa langkah tindak balas. Dalam kata lain, cuma keadaan awal dan keadaan akhir yang penting, dan jalan di antaranya tidak.

Jadi untuk menyelesaikan suatu masalah berkaitan Hukum Hess, beberapa siri persamaan kimia perlu diwujudkan untuk mendapatkan hasil akhir.

Dan hasil akhir yang dimaksudkan ialah:

Perubahan Entalpi = Entalpi Hasil - Entalpi Bahan Tindakbalas

Contoh penyelesaian adalah seperti berkut: Penentuan Haba Pembentukan Benzena.

Maklumat yang diberikan:

C6H6 + 15/2 O2 --> 12CO2 + 6H2O ΔH Combustion of benzene = -3271 kJ mol-1

C + O2 --> CO2 ΔH Combustion of Carbon = -394 kJ mol-1

2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O ΔH Combustion of Hydrogen = -286 kJ mol-1

6C+ 3H2 --> C6H6 ΔH Formation of benzene = x kJ mol-1

Ubahsuai persamaan untuk mendapatkan:

C6H6 + 15/2 O2 --> 6CO2 + 3H2O ΔH Combustion of benzene = -3271 kJ mol-1

6CO2 + 3H2O --> C6H6 + 15/2 O2 ΔH1 = + 3271 kJ mol-1

C + O2 --> CO2 ΔH Combustion of Carbon = -394 kJ mol-1
6[C + O2 --> CO2] ΔH2 = 6(-394 kJ mol-1)
6C + 6O2 --> 6CO2 ΔH2 = - 2364 kJ mol-1

2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O ΔH Combustion of Hydrogen = - 286 kJ mol-1
3/2 (2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O) ΔH3 = 3/2 (- 286 kJ mol-1)
3H2 + 3/2 O2 --> 3H2O ΔH3 = - 429 kJ mol-1

6CO2 + 3H2O --> C6H6 + 15/2 O2 ΔH1 = + 3271 kJ mol-1
6C + 6O2 --> 6CO2 ΔH2 = - 2364 kJ mol-1
3H2 + 3/2 O2 --> 3H2O ΔH3 = - 429 kJ mol-1
6C+ 3H2 --> C6H6 ΔHFormation of benzene = x kJ mol-1

According to Hess Law, ΔHFormation of benzene = ΔHproduct – ΔHreactant, so:

ΔHFormation of benzene = ΔHproduct – ΔHreactant
= ΔH1 – (ΔH2 + ΔH3)
= + 3271 kJ mol-1 – [-2364 kJ mol-1+ (-429 kJ mol-1)]
= + 3271 kJ mol-1 + 2793 kJ mol-1
= + 6064 kJ mol-1

Posted in Bincang-bincang Kimia..

Re: Kuiz Kimia Malaysia K3M 2011

jaclyn — Tue, 19 Jul 2011 16:43:19 PDT

cikgu,tolong nyatakan skop tentang apa yang perlu bibaca dalam kuiz kimia tersebut?

Posted in Pengumuman

Re: Jawapan K3M 2009 - Pahaikan.com

MyNameIsYou — Wed, 13 Jul 2011 22:27:25 PDT

Please upload it fast.
I'm on my way revision for Kuiz Kimia.

Posted in Bincang-bincang Kimia..

Re: Can TOC analyzers stand strong acid solutions?

pahaikan — Wed, 15 Jun 2011 02:42:05 PDT

My experience with TOC was way 12 years ago but I think this might help... :)

"Concentrated sulfuric acid protonates all organic compounds that contain oxygen and/or nitrogen, as well as alkenes and a few aromatic hydrocarbons. These protonated organic compounds exist as ionic salts in sulfuric acid. Because sulfuric acid is a highly polar liquid, it dissolves the protonated compounds. The dissolution of compounds in H2SO4 may also produce large amounts of heat and/or a change in the color of the solution.

All organic compounds that contain nitrogen or oxygen are weak bases. In aqueous mineral acid solutions of moderate concentration, the conjugate acids of these compounds are present in
modest amounts. In concentrated sulfuric acid, however, these conjugate acids are often stable enough to be present in significant concentrations." http://bcs.whfreeman.com/mohrig2e/content/cat_010/techniques.pdf

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis is an attempt to measure carbon contained in organic molecules and report results as a single value. The value obtained is dependent upon the oxidation technique and no single oxidation technique is adequate for every purpose. While high temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) seems better, the smaller sample volumes introduce sampling error. The slightly lower oxidation efficiency of chemical methods is offset by the ability to digest fairly large sample volumes. Thus, when HTCO and chemical oxidation results are compared, even though HTCO results trend higher than chemical oxidation the results always seem to lie within each others experimental error. The optimum choice of analyzer should always be made based upon intended application and required sensitivity levels. For lower detections a method utilizing larger sample volumes (chemical oxidation) should be chosen. For carbon levels above 1 - 2 ppm, the choice of oxidation technique is not so clear cut.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/1155673

Posted in Komen, Cadangan Dan Pertanyaan

Can TOC analyzers stand strong acid solutions ?

Markku — Wed, 15 Jun 2011 00:11:10 PDT

Does anybody have experience of analysing TOC content of very strong H2SO4 solution.

I need to know TOC content (0.1 to 50) ppm of watyersolution with about 17 % H2SO4.

Markku

Posted in Komen, Cadangan Dan Pertanyaan

Re: Jawapan K3M 2009 - Pahaikan.com

pahaikan — Fri, 10 Jun 2011 13:19:57 PDT

No one actually ask except you.. Well... I'll try to get it uploaded soon.. Got so much things to be work out this weekend..

Posted in Bincang-bincang Kimia..

Re: Jawapan K3M 2009 - Pahaikan.com

SY — Wed, 08 Jun 2011 15:34:20 PDT

so have you uploaded the answers?

Posted in Bincang-bincang Kimia..

Re: Kuiz Kimia Malaysia K3M 2011

pahaikan — Fri, 20 May 2011 10:23:57 PDT

YA betul... biasanya soalan dihantar sebulan sebelum pertandingan... dan mana-mana sekolah yang belum mendapat soalan dalam tempoh tersebut bolehlah menghubungi IKM untuk mendapatkan soalan...

Posted in Pengumuman