Basic Mathematics

Puzzle: JUZZ up

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 19 Apr 2009 12:40:00 +0000

You have two bottles of orange juice mixed with lemonade, of two different strengths. The first one contains 3 litres of lemonade and 1 liter of orange juice (25% concentration). The second one contains 2 litres of lemonade and 2 litres of orange juice (50% concentration). You take 1 liter from the 1st bottle and pour it into the 2nd bottle and mix. Then you take 1 liter of the 2nd, and pour it into the 1st. Now both bottle contain the same amount of liquid as they did at the start. What are the new concentrations?

Answer: Bottle 1: 30% orange juice, 70% lemonade

Bottle 2: 45% orange juice and 55% lemonade.

BRAIN TEASER

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 19 Apr 2009 00:43:00 +0000

On the planet Zogx, there are only four alphabets: Z,O,G and X. Luckily, almost every string formed by those letter is a word, for example XOGZX. Every word has at least one letter. No words have more than one Z, one O, or one G. No words have more than two Xs. Words with adjacent X’s are very rude! How many polite words are there on Planet Zogx?

Answer: 121 polite words

MULTIPLICATION BY NINE

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 19 Apr 2009 00:42:00 +0000

1.Subtract the right –hand figure of the long number from ten. This gives the right-hand figure of the answer.

2. Taking each of the following figures in turn, up to the last one, subtract it from nine and add the neighbor.

3. At the last step, when you are under the zero in front of the long number, subtract one from the neighbor and use that as the left-hand figure of the answer.

Of course, in all these steps it is understood that is there is a dot ( a carried one), you have to add it in as usual.

Here is an illustration of how it works out:8,769 times 9.

0 8 7 6 9 x 9

7 8 9 2 1

First: Take the 9 of 8,769 from 10, and we have the 1 of the answer.

Second:Take the 6 from 9 (we have 3) and add the neighbor, 9 ; the result is 12, so we write a dot and 2.

Third: 7 from 9 is 2, the neighbor (6) make it 8, and the dot makes it 9.

Fourth: 8 from 9 is 1, and the neighbor makes it 8.

Fifth: This is the last step; we are under the left-hand zero. So we reduce left-hand figure of 8,769 by one, and 7 is the left –hand figure of the answer.

MULTIPLICATION BY FIVE

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 17 Apr 2009 14:08:00 +0000

The rule for multiplying by 5 is like those for 6 and for 7, but simpler. Instead of adding in the “number” as we do for 6, or doubling it as we do for 7, we use the “number” only to look at. We look at it and see whether it is odd or even. It it is odd we add in the 5, as before:

Half the neighbor, plus 5 if the number is odd.

Suppose we wish to multiply 426 by 5:

0 4 2 6 / 0 x 5   look at 6, it is even; there is no 5 to add;                      there is no neighbor

0 4 2 6 / 30 x 5 look at 2, it is even, use half of 6

0 4 2 6 / 130 x 5 look at 4, it is even; use half of 2

0 4 2 6 / 2130 x 5 look at zero, it is even, use half of 4

Now if we had an odd digit in the multiplicand we would add 5:

0 4 3 6   / 0    x 5   as above

0 4 3 6 /   80 x 5   the 3 is odd; say 5 plus 3

0 4 3 6 / 2180 x 5

This is easy to do. There is very little figuring involved. It seems rather odd at first, though, because of the little mental twist that you have to do: you use the neighbor, rather than the digit at the place where you are working. Actually it is good practice in keeping one’s place. Later on, in multiplying one long number by another long number, we shall find that a certain amount of concentration is needed to remember where we are in the number we are multiplying. This multiplication method for 5 is a little preliminary practice.

What is a tessellation?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 07 Apr 2009 02:21:00 +0000

A tessellation is a repeated arrangement of plane figures, which fit together to fill a space with no overlaps or gaps between them. Another word for tessellation is tiling. The first tilings were made from square tiles. The word “tessellate” is derived from the Ionic version of the Greek word “tesseres”, which in English means “four”. Tessellations frequently appeared in the art of M.C.Escher.

Semi Regular tessellations

Patterns formed using two or more regular polygons are called semi regular tessellations. You can use a variety of regular polygons to make semi-regular tessellations. The beauty of a semi-regular tessellation is the identical arrangement of polygons at every vertex point.

Palindrome syndrome

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 07 Apr 2009 02:21:00 +0000

A number that reads the same when read forwards and backwards is called a palindromic number.

eg: 121 is a palindromic number.

134282431 is a palindromic number.

12436683421 is not a palindromic number.

Single digit numbers i.e., 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 are palindromic.

How may palindromic numbers are there between -

a) 0 and 100? b) 100 and 200 ?

c) 200 and 300 ? c) 0 and 1000?

answers:-

a) 19 b) 10 c) 10 d) 109

Multiplication by seven

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 07 Apr 2009 02:21:00 +0000

The rule for multiplying by seven is very much like that for six:

Double the number and add half the neighbor; add 5 if the number is odd.

Suppose we wish to multiply 4,242 by 7. There are no odd digits in this number, so we shall not need to add the extra 5. For this example, the work goes the same as for six, except that now we double:

First step: 0 4 2 4 2 x 7 = _ _ _ _4 (double the number 2 )

Second step: 0 4 2 4 2 x 7 = _ _9 4 (double 4 plus half the neighbor)

Third step: 0 4 2 4 2 x 7 = _ 6 9 4 (double 2 plus half the neighbor)

Fourth step: 0 4 2 4 2 x 7 = 9 6 9 4

Last step: 0 4 2 4 2 x 7 = 2 9 6 9 4 (doubling zero we still have zero, but add half of neighbor)

Here is an example containing odd digits. The 3 and 1 are both odd:

First step: 0 3 4 1 2 x 7 = _ _ _ _ 4 (double 2; there is no neighbor)

Second step: 0 3 4 1 2 x 7 = _ _ 8 4 (double 1, plus 5 – because 1 is odd –is 7, and add half of 2)

Third step: 0 3 4 1 2 x 7 = _ _8 8 4 (not odd: double 4 and add half of 1)

Fourth step: 0 3 4 1 2 x 7 = _ 3 8 8 4

Last step: 0 3 4 1 2 x 7 = 2 3 8 8 4 (doubling zero is zero, but add half of 3, plus the dot)

The correct mental steps are:

1) Say “1” for the dot, if there is a carried 1.

2) Look at the next number to work on and notice whether it is odd. If it is, add 5 to the carried 1, saying “6”, or say “5” if there was no dot.

3) Looking at the number and doubling it mentally, we say the sum of the 5 and this doubled figure. If the figure is 3, for instance, we say “5”, then we say “11”, because doubling the 3 to get 6 and adding it to the 5 can be done in one step.

4) Looking at the neighbor, say 6 for example, we add half of it to what we have already. We were saying just now that we had 11. If the neighbor is 6, we next say “14”.

Let us take this process a little at a time. The mental training involved in doing this sort of thing is very valuable because it develops the ability to concentrate, and concentration is practically the whole secret of success.

Multiplication by five, by six and by seven

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 04 Apr 2009 16:49:00 +0000

All these multiplications-5,6, and 7-make use of the idea of “half” a digit. We put “half” in quotation marks because it is a simplified half. We take half the easy way, by throwing away fractions if there are any. To take “half” of throwing away fractions if there are any. To take “half” of5, we say 2. It is really 2 1/2, but we won’t use the fractions. So “half” of 3 is 1, and “half” of 1 is zero. Of course “half” of 4 is still 2, and so with all even numbers.

This step is to be done instantly. We do not say to ourselves “half” of 4 is 2 or anything like that. We look at 4 and say 2. Try doing that now, on these digits:

2,6,4,5,8,7,2,9,4,3,0,7,6,8,5,9,3,6,1

The odd digits, 1,3,5,7 and 9, have this special feature of dropping the fractions. The even digits, 0.2.4.6 and 8 give the usual result anyway.

Multiplication by six

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 04 Apr 2009 16:49:00 +0000

Now let us try out this business of “half”. Part of the rule for multiplying by 6 is:

To each number add “half” of the neighbor.

Let us assume for the moment that this is all we need to know about multiplying by 6 and work out this problem:

0 6 2 2 0 8 4 x 6

First step: 4 is the first “number” of the long number, and it has no neighbor so there is nothing to add:

0 6 2 2 0 8 4 x 6 = _ _ _ _ _ _ 4

Second step: the second number is the 8, and its neighbor is the 4, so we take the 8 and add half the 4 (2), and we get 10:

0 6 2 2 0 8 4 x 6 = _ _ _ _ _ 0 4

Third step: the next number is the zero. We add to it half its neighbor, and 8. Zero plus 4 is 4, and add the carry (1):

0 6 2 2 0 8 4 x 6 = _ _ _ _ 5 0 4

Repeat this last step with the 2, the 2, the 6, and the zero, in turn:

0 6 2 2 0 8 4 x 6 = 3 7 3 2 5 0 4

Would you like to see how easy it is ? Try it yourself on these two multiplications:

0 4 4 0 4 x 6

0 2 8 6 8 8 4 2 4 x 6

The answer to the first problem is 26,424. The answer to the second one is 172,130,544.

What we have done gave the correct answer in these problems. However, it was not quite the full rule for multiplying by 6. The full rule is:

To each “number” add half the neighbor; plus 5 if “number” is odd.

“If odd” means if the “number”is odd, it makes no difference whether the “neighbor” is odd. We look at the “number” and see whether is is odd or even. If it is even we merely add to it half of the neighbor. If it is odd, we add 5 to it and “half” of the neighbor, as we did just above. For instance:

0 4 4 3 0 5 2 x 6

The figures 3 and 5 are odd. We see that as soon as we look at the multiplicand. When we come to work on the 3 and the 5 we shall have to add and extra 5, simply because of their oddness. It goes like this:

First step: 0 4 4 3 0 5 2 x 6 = 2 (2 is even and has no neighbor; carry it down)

Second step: 0 4 4 3 0 5 2 x 6 = 1 2 ( Five is odd! 5 plus 5, plus “half” of 2 is 11)

Third step: 0 4 4 3 0 5 2 x 6 = 3 1 2 ( “half” of 5 is 2; then add the carry)

Fourth step:0 4 4 3 0 5 2 x 6 = 8 3 1 2 (3 is odd! 3 plus 5 is 8)

Fifth step: 0 4 4 3 0 5 2 x 6 = 5 8 3 1 2 (4 plus “half” of 3)

Sixth step: 0 4 4 3 0 5 2 x 6 = 6 5 8 3 1 2 (4 plus “half” of 4)

Last step: 0 4 4 3 0 5 2 x 6 = 2 6 5 8 3 1 2 (zero plus “half” of 4)

The answer is 2,658,312. Of course, all this explanation is only for the sake of the greatest possible clarify in showing the method for the first time. In actual practice, it goes fast because the step of adding half the neighbor is a very simple one. With only a reasonable amount of practice it becomes more automatic than conscious.

You will see this more clearly, perhaps, if you go through these two for yourself:

0 8 2 3 4 x 6

0 6 2 5 0 1 8 8 x 6

The answer to the first problem is 49,404. The answer to the second one is 37,501,128.

MULTIPLICATION BY TWELVE

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 01 Apr 2009 13:11:00 +0000

To multiply any number by 12, you do this:

Double each number in turn and add its neighbor.

This is the same as multiplying by 11 except that now we double the “NUMBER” before we add its “neighbor”. If we wish to multiply 413 by 12, it goes like this:

First step: 0 4 1 3 x 1 2 = _ _ _ 6 double the right-hand figure and carry it down (there is no neighbor)

Second step: 0 4 1 3 x 1 2 = _ _ 56 double the 1 and add 3

Third step: 0 4 1 3 x 1 2 = _ 956 double the 4, add the 1

Last step: 0 4 1 3 x 1 2 = 4956 zero doubled is zero; add the 4

The answer is 4,956. If you go through it yourself you will find that the calculation goes very fast and is very easy.

Try one yourself:63,247 times 12. Write it out with the figures spaced apart, and put each figure of the answer directly under the figure of the 63,247 that it came from. This is not only a good habit because of neatness, it also is worth its weight in gold as a protection against errors. In the particular case of speed system of multiplication, we mention it because it will identify the “number” and the “neighbor”. The next blank space in the answer, where the next figure of the answer will go, is directly below the “number” (in this example the figure that you must double). The figure to its right is the “neighbor” that must be added. The example works out in this way:

0 6 3 2 4 7 x 1 2 = _ _ _ _ _ 4 double 7, 14; carry 1

0 6 3 2 4 7 x 1 2 = _ _ _ _ 6 4 double 4, plus 7, plus 1 is 16, carry 1

0 6 3 2 4 7 x 1 2 = _ _ _ 9 6 4 double 2, plus 4, plus 1 is 9

until you end up with: 0 6 3 2 4 7 x 1 2 = 7 5 8 9 6 4

BASIC MULTIPLICATION

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 27 Mar 2009 02:30:00 +0000

The first item on the agenda is a new way to do basic multiplication: we shall multiply without using any memorized multiplication tables. Does this sound impossible? It is not only possible, it is easy.

A word of explanation, though: we are not saying that we disapprove of using tables. Most people know the tables pretty well;; in fact, perfectly, except for a few doubtful spots. Eight times seven, or six times nine are a little uncertain to many of us, but the smaller numbers like four times five are at the command of everyone> We approve of using this hard – won knowledge. What we intend to do now is consolidate it. Later in this chapter we shall come back to this point. Now we wish to do some multiplying with out using the multiplication tables.

Let us look at the case of multiplying by eleven. For the sake of convenience in explaining it, we first state the method in the form of rules:

MULTIPLICATION BY ELEVEN:

a)The last number of the multiplicand ( number multiplied) is put down as the right-hand figure of the answer.

b) Each successive number of the multiplicand is added to its neighbor at the right.

c) The first number of the multiplicand becomes the left-hand number of the answer. This is the last step.

In the Trachtenberg system you put down the answer one figure at a time, right to left, just as you do in the system you now use. Take an easy example, 633 times 11:

6 3 3 x 1 1 = The answer will appear under the 633,

one figure at a time, from right to left, as we apply the rules. This will be our form for setting up the work from now on. The asterisks above the multiplicand of our example will quickly identify the numbers being used in the each step of our calculation. Let us apply the rules:

First Rule : Put down the last figure of 633 as the right-hand figure of the answer: 6 3 3 x 1 1 = _ _ _ 3

Second Rule: Each successive figure of 633 is added to its right-hand neighbor.3 plus 3 is 6: 6 3 3 x 1 1 = _ _ _ 63

Apply the rule again, 6 plus 3 is 9: : 6 3 3 x 1 1 = _ _ _ 963

Third Rule: The first figure of 633, the 6, becomes the left-hand figure of the answer : 6 3 3 x 1 1 = _ __ 6963

The answer is : 6,963.

Multiplication Of Eleven With Longer Numbers

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 27 Mar 2009 02:19:00 +0000

Longer numbers are handled in the same way. The second rule, “ each successive number of the multiplicand is added to its neighbor at the right,” was used twice in the example above; in longer numbers it may be used many times. Take the case of 721,324 times 11:     7 2 1 3 2 4   x   1 1

First Rule: The last figure of 721,324 is put down as the right-hand figure of the answer:

7 2 1 3 2 4 x 1 1= _ _ _ _ _ 4

Second Rule: Each successive figure of 721,324 is added to its right hand neighbor: 7 2 1 3 2 4 x 1 1 =_ _ _ _ _ 64

                                                                                                                            7 2 1 3 2 4 x 1 1 = _ _ _ _ _564

                                                                                                                            7 2 1 3 2 4 x 1 1 = _ _ _ _4564

                                                                                                                            7 2 1 3 2 4 x 1 1 = _ _ _34564

                                                                                                                            7 2 1 3 2 4 x 1 1 = _ _ _934564

Third Rule: The first figure of 721,324 becomes the left-hand figure of the answer: 7 2 1 3 2 4 x 1 1=_ _ _7834564

The answer is:7,934,564.

Try one yourself: 441,362 times 11.

When is ∏ day celebrated and why?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 06:32:00 +0000

∏ day is celebrated on 14th March every year. In the American format, when the date is written, the month is written first followed by the date. For example 10th March will be written as 3/10. So in the American format, 14th March is 3/14 which is the value of ∏ corrected to two decimal places. Also 22nd July is celebrated as ∏ - approximation day as 22/7 is an approximate value of pi which we use in our calculations.

Value of ∏ then?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 06:31:00 +0000

In the earlier days, the approximate value was used. The Indian text “Shatapatha Brahmana” gives the value of ∏ as 339/108 = 3.139. It was Archimedes who worked rigorously in estimating the value of pi. He made an estimate that ∏ = 3.1419. Later Liu Hui developed a quicker method to estimate the value of ∏ and gave the estimate as 3.1416. Many researchers are working on estimating the value of ∏. The current estimate of ∏ runs to 1,351,100,000,000 decimal places. This work was done by a famous Japanese mathematician, Yasumasa Kanada and his team. It is important to mention that Srinivasa Ramanujan in the year 1910, f found a method to compute the value of ∏, which could give its value up to 8 decimal places. This method was used as the base by Yasumasa Kanada to develop the quickest algorithm that computes the value of ∏. The value of ∏ is 3.14159265 correct to 8 decimal places.

Get to know Mathematics (Pi)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 06:29:00 +0000

MEANING OF THE WORD Pi?

The word pi is derived from the Greek word for perimeter. It was coined by William Jones in 1707 and was popularized by Leonhard Euler in 1737.It is also known as circular constant, Archimedes constant or Ludolph’s number.

Techniques To Boost Your Brain Power

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 05:40:00 +0000

1. Practice pranayama and meditation

2. Develop positive mental attitude

3. Be with happy frame of mind

4. Feed your brain with negative ions spent most of your time in parka and open space

5. Eat a high protein and low calorie diet

6. Alcohol is an enemy of your brain

7. Drink more than your usual amount of water

8. Learn to alternate left and right brain dominance through nostril breathing

9. Silence saves your energy and increases brainpower

10. Brain gets stimulated in deep concentration

Principles Of Effective Learning

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 05:38:00 +0000

1. Concentration sustained attention-effective learning is by bringing our mind back every time it wanders over things.

2. Resolution learning takes place only when a person makes up his mind very firmly to learn.

3. Habit-concentration is a habit and habits are perfected by practice.

4. Interest-to create interest affirmation techniques will help.

5. Relaxation-concentration occurs most naturally when body and mind are relaxed.

6. Repetition learning takes place very effectively when it is repeated over many times.

7. The law of Spaced Learning – the materials to be learnt should be spaced over several days. This will be better remembered than materials learnt by practicing on one day. Daily practice should be a rule, either learning or acquiring a skill.

8. The law of over learning – read the material over and again to yourself silently and aloud you can repeat it several times without making a mistake.

9. The law of Whole learning – material should be studied as a whole rather than bit-by-bit.

10. The law of confidence – repeat the statement to yourself, Day by Day in every way I remember better and better

Main Aim To Develop memory And Concentration

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 05:36:00 +0000

1. I strongly believe that I have the potential for creative genius.

2. I firmly believe that the only competition worthy of me is with myself, no one is superior to me, no one is inferior to me, I am what I am.

3. My time is the precious currency of my life, which I utilize most productively and creatively.

4. I shall seal the dead past not to worry about the unborn future but live and enjoy the realistic present.

5. I strongly endorse the view that success is not just money or position in essence it is the total fulfillment of our innate potential.

6. I shall become so engrossed in a project that I simply cannot allow myself to become ill or indisposed.

7. I shall reach and maintain alpha waves of mental state and thereby generate creative ideas most of the time.

8. I shall cherish an ideal-and devote myself for its realization.

9. I shall enjoy whatever I do not finish any project within the stipulated time frame.

10. I am the maker of my own destiny and always try to be happy and cheerful.

About Basic Maths

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 02:49:00 +0000

Learn simple easy methods to perform complicated multiplications and divisions with our easy tips taught in here.The best method for high-speed multiplication,division,addition,subtraction and square root-without a calculator. Keep checking us daily as new content is being added.