check this out .. Making Kinect work with PS3 .

 He explains all the technical details on is blog and he has even open sourced the code under GNU GPL v2 license. Now, if you want, you can achieve this feat yourself.

Go ahead. Enjoy Kinect with PS3.

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My friend questioned the existence of current TV technology in future as he thinks that Google TV is coming in as a killer for TV technologies.

I feel that Google TV might seem to be promising as a technological advancement for the TV software industry but it is still far fetched from the content distribution model.

To remind you, Google TV is just one of a software solution and it does not act as a content aggregator & distribution agent.

Even if you have a Google TV / STB at home, it does not mean that you’ll be able to watch live TV unless all the actors including content owners, content providers & content distributors reach a consensus and agree to a common content distribution standard like DVB being supported on to Google TV. The broadcasting industry is a tough nut to crack as they cannot afford to deviate from standards.

Developing Google TV in labs is one task but deploying in already existing market is another mammoth task.

1) Broadcasters cannot force users to change/upgrade Set Top Boxes/TV sets, So, for deployment, they’ll ask for backward compatibility, which Google TV cannot provide as they do not adhere to any kind of metadata/content distribution standards. This is needed as non compliance to standards means Broadcasters have to change headend systems resulting in multi million dollar investments sending the industry into a nascent stage again.

2) With opening the world of Apps on TV, Google might get into issues of security. Please note that the whole broadcasting industry is based on conditional access, be it, Satellite, Cable or IP TV. This conditional access protects the interests of broadcasters and enable them to make money by letting them control the content on user’s box. I could not find any strategy of this sort being announced with Google TV.

3) Watching TV and browsing simultaneously is definitely a good idea and developers/techies including myself love this but remember that, majority of the TV viewing eyeballs wish to watch TV in peace without interruptions of internet world. TV is a mass medium of communication so, the solution should appeal to the people living till the last mile.

4) Google TV technology is there but broadcasters is still far away from embracing it. I know the trials are on, and Sony has announced the Google TV production but then, I still did not find a business model where people can buy and still have a seamless TV viewing experience with their existing broadcaster.

5) The most important thing is that this is all about TV & broadcasting business which is a ground of traditional businesses and not of Internet. The last thing you want is that the world comes to know “what do you watch on TV after midnight” and Google just apologizes for mistakenly capturing the data in Google servers like their StreetView solution.

In short, I am not against Google TV or any other new digital TV technology. In fact, i am eagerly waiting to Google TV happen as a game changer, the only thing thing is I am still being skeptical given the way the whole Digital TV industry runs. and also, keeping the mind that the traditional digital TV solution providers have already internet enabled TV/STB running in market.

Google TV might not be a threat or a killer but definitely, is something worth to watch out for in future.

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Internet Explorer 9 Beta launch was announced a few days ago by Microsoft to compete in the browser market. HTML5 is becoming big and getting popular as the days pass. Both Chrome and Firefox are keeping up with the pace of HTML5 where as Microsoft was reeling way behind in this development. With the launch of IE9 beta, Microsoft made an entry into HTML5 browser market to compete with Chrome & Firefox. But seems like Google is getting impatient and wants to take an edge in browser market.

This is the first time, browser adverts has spilled outside the internet and reached the mass medium. This will definitely fuel the browser war and Microsoft won’t stay behind to wait and loose it. It seems to be a new era of browser war on the technical grounds of HTML5. And this time, it is spreading into non-internet zone of mass medium of print media. soon, it might be visible on Television or you might hear an advert on Radio. The browser discussions might be moving out of technical meeting rooms to drawing rooms.

Soon, you’ll find everyone, from your grandfather to your maid, discussing the hotting up browser war and taking sides of either Google Chrome or Microsoft Internet Explorer 9.

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With the advent of Digital Television, Set Top Box (STB) has become the buzzword. The transmission of television signals has gone digital whereas most of the TV’s at home are still analog. So, an STB converts the digital signal to analog signal so as to enable a viewer to watch content on television. An STB is not merely a digital to analog signal convertor, but, it provides a host of services to enhance television viewing experience. For example, it provides an Electronic Program Guide to keep track all the content or a viewer can record/rewind/pause a program as per his needs.

In this article, Let us dive deep into the Set Top Box Hardware architecture.

Figure 1: various hardware components inside an STB

The STB consists, mainly of, following components.

• Antenna: The antenna is not essentially a part of a Set Top Box as it resides outside an STB, generally, outside the house of the television viewer. The antenna contains Low Noise Blocks (LNB) which receives the signal from the satellite with a frequency of approximately 12 GHz and performs a down conversion to a frequency range of 950 – 1450 Mhz. Then, the signal is passed on to the ‘Front End’ inside the set top box.
• Power Supply: Similar to every other device, even an STB needs a power supply to run itself. The power supply provides the voltage to run various peripherals inside an STB. In some cases, this power supply can be used to give power to mechanized antennas to align themselves in various directions to receive different signals.
• Front Panel: A front panel is a small micro controller based hardware peripheral inside the Set Top box which takes of the user input and interacts directly with the main CPU control (processor). It contains an IR receiver to listen to Remote Control input. Also, it is directly linked to some input buttons or keys visible on the outside frame of an STB.
• Front End: It is also known as NIM (Network Interface Module). Front End is the peripheral device which interacts with the antenna to receive the down converted signal and give it to “digital decoder” in the form of a Transport Stream. Basically, Front End contains two major components, namely, a Tuner and a Demodulator. The Tuner listens to the signal from the antenna and passes it on to demodulator for getting the Transport stream. Among the different types of NIMs are Satellite QPSK, Cable QAM, Terrestrial COFDM and 8-VSB, and telco ADSL.
• Digital Decoder: A Digital decoder receives the Transport Stream given by the demodulator inside the Front End and then, demultiplexes & decompresses the requested video by the user. It then, converts the digital stream to analog signal to be given to RF port. The task of the demultiplxer or a demux is to separate all the data streams packaged together by the HeadEnd in the specified format. The data contains audio, video and DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) specified data like SI/PSI tables. After the demuxing, decompression is done by the specified decoder in specified formats like MPEG-2 or MPEG-4. The specific data or information is given to CPU for processing for advanced features and memory storage and to be used in graphics.
• CPU (Processor): Just as in a regular PC, The processor inside the CPU takes care of interactions of all the hardware peripherals and software modules inside a Set Top Box. The processor takes care of managing the RTOS (Real Time Operating System). The processor also takes of the memory devices and other forms of digital Storage like hard disks or flash drives.
• Digital Storage: Digital Storage is another optional component inside a Set Top Box. It is needed for persistent storage for any kind of data including audio/video. It communicates with the processor and is controlled by the STB software modules and storage drivers. Genreally, it is a hard disk which acts as a digital storage media inside an STB.
• CA Module: The CA (Conditional Access) module can be called as the most important component of a Set Top Box. This module virtually forms the lifeline of all the leading Set Top Box solution providers. This peripheral called ICAM(Integrated Conditional Access Module) is placed before the Demultiplexer and is used for descrambling the encrypted signal and also, provides a smart card interface for various security features.
• Return Path: This is an optional component in an STB. A return path is used by an STB to communicate back with the HeadEnd and send data packets. The return path can be present in various forms like a PSTN line connection, a cable modem in case of Cable STBs or an Ethernet jack in IP Set Top box using ADSL broadband modems. For Example: A return path becomes a necessary component if a user needs to purchase PPV (Pay per view) events directly from the set top box using credit cards.
• Other Peripherals: There are other various optional peripherals present inside a Set Top Box. For example: an RS-232 port, a USB port, Wi-Fi enablers, Bluetooth devices. These peripherals are used inside a Set Top box for enhanced interactivity with the consumer and provide better user experience. Basically, These components or peripherals can be used for creating advanced features like File sharing and plugging in external devices.

Figure 2: An Example of a Set Top Box Hardware

As you must have understood the roles and responsibilities of various hardware modules inside an STB, Let’s move on to the next level, where we’ll go through the flow of data between these various hardware devices resulting in tuning to a particular channel.

Figure 3: Flow control between various STB hardware components

Basically, the tuner receives the modulated digital transmission from the antenna and passes it on to the demodulator. This demodulator takes into account the type of demodulation (For example: QPSK ) and FEC (Forward Error Correction), in turn, giving out a Transport Stream. A Transport Stream is a digital stream of bytes known as data packets. According to DVB standards, a Transport Stream is of the size of 188 bytes. This Transport Stream goes to the demux to separate out the content in the form of Audio / Video PES (Packetized Elementary Stream) and Data Packets known as Sections as per DVB standards. PES. PES is a mechanism to carry A/V elementary streams in packet format inside an MPEG-2 transport stream. Sections are the data packets containing information regarding the A/V content and other metadata. Once the Demux does its job, A/V is given to MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoder which gives the output to the RF port to display the video on television. The data packets are given to the processor used by the STB software to enable the viewing experience. This data can be persistent or kept in RAM as per needs and performance reasons. Any kind of user request, be it tuning or a purchase goes through CPU. In between, the most important functionality of descrambling is performed by a descrambler embedded inside the ICAM part of the chipset. In some variants of an STB, a descrambler can be a part of a decoder or it can exist independently. The descrambler takes care of decrypting the encrypted Transport Stream using the Control Word technique. Generally, these descramblers and Control Word algorithms are closely guarded secrets with CA solution providers to prevent the hackers from decrypting the signal. These are developed in conjunction with chipset vendors in a very secured environment.

Moving on further, let’s discuss some of the memory types used inside a Set Top Box. Set Top Box contains various memory types for different role plays.

• DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) is used to store all the software needs and volatile working area like static variables.
• Video DRAM is used in an STB for storing the decoded video image that is being output to television or video recorder.
• NVRAM (Non Volatile Random Access Memory) is needed for persistent memory needs for the Set Top Box. Generally, STB configurations are written into NVRAM to keep the settings persistent during power cycles and provide consistent user experience. There are two types of NVRAMs used inside a Set Top Box, namely, EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Progammable Read Only Memory) and FLASH. EEPROM is phasing out slowly as it is very expensive to perform frequent read and writes where as FLASH uses batch mode for read & write enhancing the life of NVRAM. Also, Flash can be used for storing parts of code segment for software performance reasons.
• ROM / OTP (Read only Memory / One Time Programmable): As the name suggests, this is the memory which is written on to once in a lifetime of Set Top Box. Basically, it contains some crucial software pieces like Boot Loader and other security related code. The boot loader enables the Set Top Box to check the integrity of the software and let the STB work only if it contains authentic software. This is one of the key memory areas which protect the STB from hackers to write illegal software into the box.

As mentioned earlier, the most important part in a Set Top Box design is ICAM or conditional access module. Basically, this module is responsible for viewer’s access to content available on air. It maintains all the transactions and performs validations to check the entitlement of the viewer to selected programme. ICAM module consists of ECM (Entitlement Control Message)& EMM(Entitlement management message) acquisition and management, descrambler and smart card interface. ECM & EMM’s are the way of communication used by broadcaster to an STB. Smart card Interface provides access to secured information like passwords, Parental Lock information, Purchase Information and all other kinds of transactional details. The most important part is the descrambler which uses the secure ‘Control Word (CW)’ to descramble the video. CW is the key to enable the video to be decoded. The input Transport Stream is given to Descrambler as an input which has a specific parity. Depending on this parity, a respective Control Word is generated and used to descramble the video. The descrambling is done in hardware due to performance and security reasons. Doing it in hardware does not expose the CW beyond the silicon and it does it much faster without even stopping the input Transport Stream.

In a nutshell, Set Top Box hardware architecture is very similar to architectures of any recorders and replay devices like DVD players. But the significance lies in its security model and the enhanced interactivity of the viewer enabling him to perform various actions during live video and also, pay only for the content he/she watches.

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With this article, one can definitely learn that even the simplest of mistakes can be the cause of whole company crumbling down. Although, Twitter does not seem to get affected much on the business side but yes, it definitely puts a question mark on Twitter’s Security Policy.

Twitter is a micro blogging service and is hugely popular, so much so, that almost all the celebrities, From Barack Obama to Indian Movie Stars are hooked on to it. Everyone is typing out 140 characters of their personal or official information on twitter and is providing links to websites containing information.

The Hacker collected all the confidential information of twitter including project plans, financial projections, credit card information, call logs of twitter employees, people appearing for interviews et cetera. Now, this information is a like a gold mine for anyone.

The best part is that this attack on twitter has put even well established services like GMail, Hotmail, iTunes, AT & T softwares also in the line of fire. The twitter attack took place only after this hacker hacked the gmail account of one of twitter’s employee using “forgot password” option.

After reading this article, everyone should again think about password recovery policies, password formations and repeatitions, question the so called “secret question” for password recovery. This attack signifies that every piece of software/application/web service is vulnerable if the security aspect of itself is not in place.

This attack definitely started with Identity theft. and this leaves a lot more gap between the study and implementation of Identity Management concepts.

Read this article here The Anatomy Of The Twitter Attack

…

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Television is not a new concept. We are watching television for more than three decades. But, as everyone knows, technology is ever evolving which is leading towards the exponential changes in the world of television. With the advent of Digital TV, people got more choices to select the medium of their television viewing experience. Every one is going beyond terrestrial broadcast to get the best quality and enhanced television viewing experience.

There are three kinds of digital television broadcast systems existing today including Satellite TV, Digital Cable TV and IP TV (Internet Protocol Television) being the latest entrant in the world of television content broadcasting.

Internet Protocol Television (known widely as IP TV), being the newest arrival on the block, threatens the other two mediums by promising to give a tough competition. IP TV is a mechanism of viewing the regular television channels over IP. Similar to Satellite TV and Cable TV, the signal is encrypted using vendor specific security mechanisms and can only be decrypted by a receiver (STB). The video is sent in the form of IP packets over the existing broadband infrastructure and is assembled at the viewers’ end with the help of a Set Top Box. This becomes advantageous as existing broadband distribution infrastructure can be used to deliver television signals enabling the user to enjoy television over the same broadband connection used for surfing the internet. This is beneficial for broadcasters as they can offer “Triple Play” service of voice, data and television over the same network using the same infrastructure. “Triple Play” service refers to three different services of VoIP, Internet and IP-TV bundled together and offered over the same network. With IP TV, one can be assured of better video quality and stereophonic sound much like in case of DTH & Digital Cable TV. Even the customer specific services of Video on Demand (VOD) become a reality. Also, this enables broadcasters to have two way communications with the viewers as opposed to in case of DTH and Cable TV. IP –TV, still being in its stage of infancy, is not very stable. Due to high bandwidth requirement (approximately 5 Gbps, even ADSL2+ technology can support only up to 25 Mbps), hundreds of channels cannot be broadcasted simultaneously. Every channel change request by the user goes to the content server resulting in a delay for changing a channel. Currently, IP-TV is in roll out phase with broadcasters being BSNL, MTNL, Airtel and Reliance only in selected cities of India.

IP – TV has it own advantages but now, lets move on to Satellite TV (popularly known as DTH). In DTH, signal is received using a dish antenna installed at the user premises. The specifications of dish antenna may vary for each broadcaster with some broadcaster using bigger dish or varying the number of LNBs(Low Noise Blocks). This dish antenna receives the signal in encrypted form from the satellite and is installed with in direct line of sight of the satellite. Also, a Set Top Box (STB) is placed inside the viewer’s home. From this antenna, RG-6 coaxial cable connects the STB for signal transmission. This STB works only after a particular signal quality & strength is achieved which is fine tuned by using signal meter while installing the dish antenna. As in the case of Cable TV, STB receiver is used to decrypt the signal and enable the viewer to watch TV. In case of DTH, the content is direct controlled by the broadcaster and enables the viewer to pay and view the channels/bouquets as per his requirements. Similarly, the advantages of DVD quality signal and stereo sound are implicitly available to the viewer. The major advantage comes in the form of signal being available 24/7 as there is no intermediate operator between the broadcaster and the viewer unlike IP TV or Digital Cable TV. Various DTH broadcasters in India are Tata Sky, Bharti Airel, Sun Direct, DD Direct, Reliance Big TV, and Dish TV.

Satellite TV or DTH seems very promising and is quite a but successful in getting hold of market share but Cable TV is still on top claiming the highest numbers of subscribers to itself. Cable TV was one of the very early systems deployed worldwide against the traditional terrestrial system. It started with the analog systems in place. The signals from the various satellites were received at the Multi System Operator (MSO) end with the use of multiple high end dish antennas. These signals were then multiplexed at MSO end and then, transmitted to homes using coaxial cables. These signals were amplified by placing signal amplifiers at strategic points in the cable network. The whole network was managed by distributors authorized by MSO according to the area divisions. But as the signals were analog and were transmitted in a clear format, a lot of noise used to get added over the network before it reached the end user. Also, Signals were stolen by placing hooks on the wire adding to a lot of noise. This made life miserable for those who paid these MSO’s on a regular basis for the services. Now, that the Digital Cable TV is in place with broadcasters, Cable TV viewing experience is much different from what it used to be in case of Analog Cable TV as mentioned earlier. With Digital Cable TV, the user needs to install a Set Top Box (STB) at home and has a luxury of choosing channels/bouquets as per his requirements. The major advantage comes in the form of crystal clear Video and stereo audio. The signal distribution model still remains the same. But the signal is now encrypted and can only be decrypted by STB. So, even if someone tries to form a signal leakage point, it is of no use as the signal is nothing but a noise without subscription from MSO. The leading Cable TV broadcasters in India are Den Networks, Hathway & DigiCable.

As we discussed about the three different mediums of Television viewing, the major difference lies in the broadcast medium. All the three mediums need altogether different kinds of headend systems. These headend systems ensure that the signal is encrypted correctly and control the complete broadcast. These headend systems track the users for their viewing needs. The architecture of these headends varies completely from each other and the implementation is very much specific to technology solution providers like NDS & Nagravision.

As a viewer, we need to keep the following points in mind before subscribing to one particular medium of television viewing.

Uninterrupted Signal : This is first and foremost need for television viewing. Every system is useless if we do not have continuous signal available. The signal availability depends on the medium of broadcast. Generally, the least signal interruption occurs in case of Satellite TV as the signal is received directly from the Satellite to the viewer’s home. Where as in case of Cable TV, the intermediate area operators’ set up faults or failures can cause disruption in signals which is quite possible given the power supply scenario is most parts of India. IP TV network also suffers due to ongoing construction works in the neighborhoods resulting in coaxial cable disruptions and thus, switching off the whole Triple Play Network. But in case of Satellite TV signal, nature plays an important role. Signal outage occurs in case of DTH due to heavy rains, storms etc. So, If you live in an area prone to heavy rainfalls or storms, Satellite TV is not for you.

Customer Service: One major deciding factor should be the customer service provided by the broadcaster. As we need to use different services, easy access to these services is a must.

STB Software reliability: As everyone is aware, all the receivers (STBs) work using a software, this software needs to be reliable. Make sure that you have done enough review of a product before subscribing to it.

Signal Quality: As the three broadcast mediums are different, Signal quality also might vary. Although, the quality of audio/video does not differ drastically, but still the noise can get added to Cable and IP TV broadcast mediums in particular areas making signals problematic.

Network Infrastructure: As I mentioned earlier, this is most important consideration for IP TV requirements. Technically, IP TV requires a huge bandwidth to make TV viewing experience seamless which is still a deterrent in India. This will deteriorate more once the HDTV channels come into focus. Although broadcasters are claiming to offer high speed internet services, it is still seen that required speed is not available in most parts of India.

Services Offered: All the three broadcast mediums being different, the services offered by the broadcasters vary very widely. IP TV is much more suitable to the needs if you require Video on Demand much frequently. Also, Electronic Program Guides (EPGs) flexibilities and accuracy should be a consideration.

Cost: In the end, cost will definitely be a deciding factor. All the three different mediums cause the cost to vary to extremes. Cable TV is still the cheapest option as the existing network infrastructure is being used to deliver the signals. Satellite TV costs are higher due to installation and packaging of channels varying with each service provider. IP TV seems to be cost effective only if “Triple Play” services to be used.

In a nutshell, the digital television industry is in its nascent stage in India with IP TV just being born. It takes a lot of infrastructure support to provide seamless digital and interactive television experience. Digital Cable TV and DTH have stabilized over a period of time. It will take some more time for IP TV in the coming years to prove its edge over the other two mediums. The Digital Television broadcasting technology is still evolving and it will get complex with the advent of Personal Video Recorders (PVRs) and High Definition content. And as every field of life has it, only the fittest will survive.

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Anyway, So I thought to get back with one of my favorite topics : Gaming.

Recently, I read about XBox Live new development kicked off by Microsoft, called, Project Natal. It is all about a different gaming style or I should call it as an attempt to the next generation gaming experience. Now, Nintendo has already started in that direction with the launch of Wii. And how can Microsoft be far behind in copying the idea. So, here comes the annoucement of Project Natal, a “controller free gaming and entertainment experience”.

With this, a gamer will be able to use his whole body for a rich gaming session just like in Nintendo Wii, except that there will not be any device tagged to the gamer’s body. The Xbox live sensor device will be able to capture the complete body movements of the gamer and translate them in action in the gaming scenario. The game will move according to user bodily reactions. Even to make the experience much better, there will be microphones embedded so as to enable to gamer to interact with the characters in the game. So, it seems like you can actually become “Templer” in “Kill Zone” (some future XBox version) and fire in whichever direction by just pointing your fingers. The sensors should also be able to recognize your facial expressions to understand you feelings and who knows, might be, “Lara Croft” falls in love with you.

As per the claims mentioned on Wikipedia, technical demos of the basic games are done and Microsoft is keen to invest more towards this technology.

I seriously doubt, not about the evolution of rich gaming experience, but about Microsoft’s credibility in producing such high end gaming experience. For Microsoft, sticking to Windows OS and making it stable should be a better and safer option.

Anyway, Lets wait and watch. Meanwhile, just have a look what Microsoft has to say about Project Natal here …

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My brother, Shantanu Goel and I, have started another blog called http://www.safercode.com which is an aim to tell people about some tips and tricks to make your code safer, secure and faster.

You’ll find quite a few interesting discussions and concepts about code optimization, securing coding, safety and reverse engineering on this website. The aim of this website is to cover those apects of programming and security which are not taught in schools and technical institutes.

Also, This site aims to bring all the information together on one page which is spread out or too vague or is not available on the internet.

The site supports RSS feeds also for the people who wish to be the regular readers.

Please do visit the site and leave your comments if you liked the posts there.

Regards,
Amit Goel

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Tbg gur guvat abj. “

What is this all about? is it all gibberish ? hey, i am just playing around being stupid. Just copy paste the above text in www.rot13.com and see what is written above and below?

” Vg vf whfg n cynva fhofgvghgvba pvcure. Vg ebgngrf rirel punenpgre ol 13 cynprf naq rapelcgf gur vasbezngvba. Vg vf whfg hfrq sbe cynva sha naq fvzcyr fghss naq fubhyq arire or nccyvrq ba erny frphevgl vffhrf. Vg vf n irel cbchyne pvcure bayvar hfrq va sbehzf, tnzrf rgp. “

Why I wrote a post like this? I am in a mood of fun. Most of the people know about this. In case you did not know, a good learning for you then.

For more details, check out the rot13 entry at wikipedia

Enjoy… I am just playing around..

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To cut the long story short, If we target such softwares, we actually don’t need to crack the license keys. In turn, what we can apply is the simple reverse engineering philosophy of reading the assembly and modifying it. This works with quite a few softwares. For example: Source Insight is a very popular IDE used for coding in C/C++/Java like languages and it widely used in the world. Its license is also very costly which is about INR 10,000 or approximately $200. Now, if you go wish to use this software, then you need to buy the license otherwise it won’t work after 30 days. Changing the system clock etc are outdated techniques which are no longer valid. Moreover, changing system clocks might affect the functioning of other softwares installed on your machine.

So, For softwares like Source Insight, you can try out few basic things. Disassemble the binary of the targeted software, for example: Source Insight binary is “insight3.exe”. Once disassembled, you need to look for pop up like “trial screens/license key input screen” etc. How does this occurs? Software itself might be checking for some date of installation reading from somewhere. In most of the cases, it is registry files but then, it can vary. So, Attach a debugger (Ollydbg/IDAPro) to this software and try to trace the call looking for date of installation. Once you find it, replace it with calls of NOP instruction. Yes, this is one of the most useful redundant instructions assembly language provide. Once you suppress this call, software thinks that it is a fresh installation. After that, just suppress the function call which displays the “trial version” popup. After this, just reset the installation date by again putting NOP instructions in place of function call of date replacement. There are lot of tools available to make changes to the binary like “HexEdit” etc. Once you do this, Source Insight will never ask you for a license as it thinks itself as a fresh installation every time.

Now, This leads us to think that why a company like source dynamics keeps such a weak licensing system? Either this is their marketing strategy or mere stupidity. I still give benefit of doubt to the former.

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