Mossad
The history of the Jewish Community in Manila begins with the Spanish Inquisition of the 16th century, when many Jews of Spain, who were forcibly converted to Christianity, observed their Jewish life in secret and found themselves tried, convicted, and expelled for heretical behavior. Known as Marranos or “New Christians,” these Crypto-Jews accompanied Spanish adventurers who settled in many Far Eastern ports, Manila included.

Steven Spielberg told the whole world about Oskar Schindler and his “List” which saved the lives of 1200 German Jews in World War II. But few know about the Philippine List compiled by the Frieder brothers which saved a similar number of German and Austrian Jews in 1939.

It was a shameful time in US history when US policy barred 900 Jewish refugees from disembarking from their liner (St. Louis) in Miami, forcing the ship to return back to Germany, dooming its hapless passengers to extermination in Nazi concentration camps.

But it was a proud moment in Philippine history even though it has never been the subject of a movie nor is it even widely known by Filipinos.

It was celebrated last year on February 12 2005 in Cincinnati, Ohio with a reunion of Jewish refugees from the Philippines who had gathered to mark the 60th anniversary of the destruction of their Manila synagogue, Temple Emil.

Organized by the Center for Holocaust and Humanity Education at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion of Cincinnati, the event culminated a weekend that reunited 98 Frieder relatives and seven surviving members of the 1939 List who gave testimony to the courage of the four Frieder brothers who organized the rescue effort in the darkening days before World War II. The event also honored Manuel L. Quezon, the first president of the Philippine Commonwealth.
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The story of the Manila rescue was recounted by Frank Ephraim in his book, “Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror” (University of Illinois Press, 2003). Ephraim’s book is based on his research, on his interviews with survivors, and on his own eyewitness account as a child who was one of 1200 Jewish refugees who arrived in Manila in 1939.

The history of the rescue begins with the decision of the Frieder brothers in 1918 to relocate its two-for-a-nickel cigar business from Manhattan to the Philippines, where production would be cheaper. Alex, Philip, Herbert and Morris Frieder took turns overseeing the business in Manila for two years each joining a community that had fewer than 200 Jews.

In 1937, Philip and Alex Frieder met European Jews who had straggled in to Manila’s port from Shanghai and heard harrowing accounts from them of the fate of the17,000 Jews in Shanghai who were seeking to flee the Japanese after they had fled the Nazis.

The Frieders decided to ask the help of their poker buddies to let the Philippines become a haven for the fleeing Jews.

Fortunately, one of their buddies was Paul V. McNutt, the American High Commissioner for the Philippines; and another was Manuel L. Quezon, the president of the Philippine Commonwealth. (Another poker crony was a young officer named Col. Dwight D. Eisenhower, the aide of Gen. Douglas MacArthur, then Field Marshall of the Philippines).

McNutt succeeded in convincing US State Department bureaucrats to turn a blind eye and to quietly allow Jews to enter Manila at a rate of 1,000 a year. (In 1939, it was increased to 1200).

But President Quezon had a more difficult task as many anti-semitic Filipinos in his administration opposed the proposal because they considered Jews to be “Communists and schemers” bent on “controlling the world”

In a letter written in August of 1939, Alex Frieder wrote of Mr. Quezon’s response: “He assured us that big or little, he raised hell with every one of those persons… He made them ashamed of themselves for being a victim of propaganda intended to further victimize an already persecuted people.”

Quezon even donated personal land he owned to the Jewish refugees.

At the Cincinnati event, Quezon was posthumously honored with the title “Righteous Person,” which, in the tradition of Israel and those commemorating the Holocaust, is the title given to Gentiles (non-Jews) who helped the Jewish people in their time of persecution.

Accepting the honor on behalf of the late President Manuel L. Quezon was his grandson, Manuel L. Quezon III, a Philippine Daily Inquirer columnist, who told the New York Times reporter “We’re a very hospitable people and we had experienced exile and imprisonment during the Spanish colonization and the early American occupation, so someone of my grandfather’s generation would have been conscious of the plight of refugees. We’re a sucker for anyone who’s suffering.”

Also at the Cincinnati celebration was Alex Frieder’s daughter, Alice Weston, who described his father and uncles as “the right persons in the right place at the right time.” Alice, now 78, was a young girl in Manila in 1939 when her father and her uncle Philip organized the rescue. “My father wasn’t an exceptional person,” she said. “He was an ordinary businessman and he saw this horrible situation and he thought of a way to help a little bit.”

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of the Philippines ended the Jewish rescue.

Interestingly enough, the Japanese did not intern the German Jews in the Philippines as they initially treated them as Germans, then as stateless. In his book, Ephraim wrote that the Japanese “had a dim view of German racial doctrines – they weren’t Aryans.”

The survivors at the Cincinnati gathering recounted their harrowing experience of subsisting on “cracked wheat and coconut milk” during the Japanese occupation.

In response to the arrival of the American liberation forces in the Philippines in 1945, the retreating Japanese burned much of Manila.

Eva Asner, a 1939 Manila refugee, told the audience in Cincinnati that when her father, Bernhard Süsskind, returned to the fire-engulfed city to rescue a nurse, he was shot to death. He was one of the sixty-seven Jewish refugees who were among the 100,000 Manilans killed by the retreating Japanese and the Americans who bombed the hell out of the city instead of risking more American lives in armed combat with the Japanese soldiers. In the course of the bombing, Temple Emil burned to the ground on February 11, 1945.

Philippine Ambassador to the US Albert F. del Rosario informed the Cincinnati celebrants that Philippine President Gloria Arroyo will present the National Legion of Honor, Commanders Class, to writer Frank Ephraim and posthumously to all the Frieder brothers and to McNutt.

“We recall today not only the justice in the face of tyranny,” Del Rosario said, “but just as importantly, the common humanity that we can share, even in the darkest of times.”

Thanks to history it had been proven that Jewish people were in the Iberian Peninsula in the first century and they spread across Spain and Portugal. We come from them because they create Spanish and Portuguese surname adapting our language.

According to the last investigations, the present Jewish people, “sensu latu”, aren’t a clear unity from a anthropological-physical point of view. The Sephardic Jewish (Spanish) are, overall people that belong to the “Mediterranean Race”, meanwhile the asquenasitas people have not only alpinos and above all dinaricos features but also some kind of proportion of Mediterranean elements.

For this reason, it’s no strange that, in theory, many Moroccan Hebrew and from the other lands next to Spain can be easily distinguish from the Spanish people or some kind of them. Although some anthropologists don’t think so, the experience shows that the concept of Mediterranean race is something generic and insufficient. So, when people from countries where there is a strong presence of Hebrew communities arrived at Spain, from all the points of view, they emphasize the JUDAIC aspect of some Spaniards.

The Jewish people were sent off from Spain in 1492. Those who went on staying here they became catholic and some of them until 1700 they did secret practices of Judaism. They were caught “in fraganti” (red-handing) burnt, convict and finally executed. They lived under filthy conditions as poor as a church mouse. After the expulsion edict, the Catholic King and Queen ordered confiscate all their means. They were persecuted and low-regarded by a society called old Christians, when in 1391, 101 years later before the expulsion, a massive conversion to the Christ faith and a bloody massacre due to religious matters.
Families such as Aznar, Fuster, Pujol, Pardo, Climent, Sanchis, Salvador, Serra, and more than 750 Spanish surnames (with a jewish origin) were executed by the Inquisition in Castilla, Aragón, Mallorca y Valencia. The court of Valencia from 1478 up to 1530 punished and rubbed out lots and lots of them for going back to secret practices of Judaism. They were called “Marranos” or secret Jewish people. They run into problems until the beginning of 1700 and once they came converted, some of them were famous tradesmen and very well grounded in every area they enroll. The March (banking) became from converted Jewish.

Families such as Aguilar, Aguiló, Aragón, Aznar, Badia, Barrachina, Berenguer, Cortés, Cuenca, Cristian, Dalmau, Daviu, David, Donlope, Egea, Esplugas, Esteban, Farrega, Fernandez, Ferrando, Galiana, Garcia de Moros, Garcia, Hernandez Hidalgo, Hita, Latorre, Leon, Lopez, Llorens, Lluch, Llevia, Madrid, Mendoza, Morales, Nadal, Narbona, Noguera, Oliber, Ortega, Ortiga, Pardo, Pedralbes, Perez, Quintanal, Quart, Ramon, Riera, Ribas, Salom, Segovia, Soto, Tarrega, Trapero, Ugolon, Urella, Urrea, Valdivia, Valls, Vidal, Xiger, Jimenez, Jime ez de Rueda, Zaflor, Zaragoza, Zaporta o Saporta, and more and more.

* Know your true ancestors in order to begin your investigation of your true roots.
* Know the bloody acts of the terrible Spanish Inquisition since 1391 up to 1700, the Spanish Jewish were obliged to become Christians and they lose all the Jewish culture.
* I’ve got DETAILED information on PARDO families.
* It is necessary to know your father, mother, grandfathers and grandmothers’ Spanish surnames.
If you are interested and you want more detailed information, contact with me:
José Pardo
My address is:
José Pardo Hidalgo. C/Arrixaca, 1, 1º. C.P.:30005 Murcia. España. Tlf: 968-901768
and my e-mail is: pardoinfo@ono.com
SPANISH-JEWISH “ROOTS”

This is a darling picture of Amparito Lhuillier with Jonathan Corners at Gustavian Cebu. John’s Father was Dr. Jerry Corners .

The term Pensionados has been used in many different ways in the Philippines. The following article is an interesting and important history about the Philippines, the United States and Education. Like the article says, “becoming a pensionado was prestigious.”

Thank You to The Office of Multicultural Student Services University of Hawaii.

Filipino Migration to the United States

Even prior to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines, there was already a Filipino community in Louisiana. However, it was the American colonization of the Philippines which paved the way for an exodus of Filipinos to the United States. There were two types of Filipinos who went to the United States. One type was comprised of the educated and, initially, middle class Filipinos who came as pensionados, or government scholars, for the purpose of furthering their education and training in the U.S. The second type were poor Filipinos who came as a cheap migrating labor supply for Hawaii plantations, California farms, and the Alaska fishing industry. While most of the pensionados went home after several years of schooling, most of the Filipino migrant workers eventually made the U.S. their new homeland. The collective experiences of the pensionados and migrant workers constitute the early history of the Filipino Americans, and they occupy a significant niche in the history of Filipino diaspora.

Louisiana Community

The earliest Filipino settlement in the United States was the Manila men of the Saint Malo village, Louisiana. Called the Louisiana community, the settlers were Filipino sailors who jumped from the Spanish vessels plying the famous Manila-Acapulco galleon trade during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. While the galleon was docked in the west coast of Mexico, many Filipinos escaped the oppressive colonial conditions and traveled east to Vera Cruz where they boarded another ship or traveled by land until Louisiana. An 1883 Harper’s Weekly report on the Louisiana community noted the presence of this Manila community which it dated at that time to be over fifty years, and which comprised of about a dozen small huts raised above the swamps. Almost entirely men, these Filipinos lived by fishing and catching alligators. They were said to speak Spanish and a Philippine language, most probably Tagalog since they were referred to in the report as Tagalas from the Philippine Islands. They were believed to have eventually assimilated that to date the Saint Malo village is no longer in existence.

Pensionados

Political tutelage was one of the goals set forth by the U.S. when it acquired the Philippines. One reason for training Filipinos in lessons of self-rule was to create a pool of qualified, highly educated civil servants embodying the American ideals. Thus, in 1903, through the passage of the Pensionado Act, qualified Filipino students could be sent to the United States to further their education. These students were called pensionados since they were scholars studying at the expense of the colonial government.

In the first decade of the American rule, pensionados, some of whom were women, were chosen from the wealthy, Filipino elite. It was members of this same privileged class who were able to acquire education during the late Spanish period. However, as the free and compulsory American colonial educational system took root in the Philippines, educational opportunities were democratized. As a result, many of the later pensionados were young and intelligent government employees who were not necessarily wealthy. Becoming a pensionado was prestigious, and it promised a bright future as well. Upon their return to the Philippines, pensionados were given promotions or better job opportunities in the colonial bureaucracy.

Not all Filipino students in the United States were pensionados. In the 1920s, most of them were sent by their wealthy parents for schooling. Others who did not have that distinguished background found jobs and were self-supporting. While many of these students stayed in the U.S. for good, most of them returned home. These U.S.-schooled students, especially the pensionados, were often accused of bringing home an American accent and a condescending attitude brought about by having been Americanized.

The Office of Multicultural Student Services University of Hawaii